
Book ^ 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX 

OF THE 

PAHLAVI TEXTS OF THE BOOK OF ARDA VIRAF, 

THE TALE OF 

GOSHT-I FRYAIO, THE HADOKHT IASK, 

AND 

TO SOME EXTRACTS FROM THE DIMARD AND NIRANGISTAN; 

PREPARED FROM 

DESTUR HOSHANGJI JAMASPjf ASA' S GLOSSARY TO THE ARDA 

VIRAF NAMAK, AND FROM THE ORIGINAL TEXTS, WITH NOTES 

ON PAHLAYI GRAMMAR 

BY 

E. W. WEST, Ph. D. 

REVISED BY 

MARTIN HAUG, Ph. D., 

PROFESSOR OP SANSCRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OP MUNICH, 



PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY. 



.®M3- 



BOMBAY: 1874. LONDON: 

GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BOOK MESSRS. TRUBNER AND CO. 

DEPOT, 5 " & 59 LTJDGATE HILL. 



1 1$ 



61&Q0 



PRINTED AT THE K. HOFBUCHDRUCKEREI ZU GUTTENBERG 

(CARL GRUNINGER) 

AT STUTTGART, WURTEMBERG. 



?T/ft*. 



ziio 






Preface. 

This glossary contains all the Pahlavi words which are found in 
the Book of Arda Yiraf and the two other texts which have been ap- 
pended to it, viz. G6sht-i Fryano and Hadokht $ask. Besides I thought 
it desirable to add all those Pahlavi words which occur in extracts 
from the Din-kard and Nirangistan which have been inserted in my 
former works on Pahlavi. The glossary is, in its present form, prin- 
cipally the work of Dr. West who made, however, very largely use of 
the valuable index glossary which had been prepared by Destur Hosh- 
angji Jamaspji to his MS. of the Arda Yiraf. My own share in this 
work has been considerably less than it was in the former publications, 
since I found it this time advisable to confine it only to a thorough 
revision and correction and the addition of occasional remarks which 
might seem to be to the point. 

As this glossary is intended to be of some use to readers of other 
Pahlavi texts, the words are arranged in the alphabetical order of the 
original Pahlavi letters, and without regard to the transliteration, or 
any diacritical marks ; so that the glossary can be easily consulted by 
those who read the words differently, or are uncertain about their pro- 
nunciation; while an alphabetical index of the transliterations is ap- 
pended to the glossary, for the convenience of those who may find it 
difficult to read the Pahlavi letters without pronouncing them. 

The alphabetical order which has been adopted, is based upon 
that of the Persian alphabet, so that the fourteen distinct Pahlavi letters 
are arranged- as follows : 



IV Preface. 

») y eh $•» &•> J> $i *, -^ i^ ^ f, )) •>♦ 

And in accordance with this arrangement, the letters with all their 
usual modifications and compounds, will be found in the following or- 
der, observing that the forms enclosed in parentheses are classed along 
with that one which precedes the parenthesis: 

* (-"'^jrt' *v Ony> a) 1 )' -wr* enxy, *oos tt)0^ «us 
£o»^ w^ £>o» ^ ^y* (^j>\xy, *>>, ^, ^jo^-ps Kg 1 , 
<tps #, ,£s >»> ^ « (■*!, -o>> j»)> t£> {pr 9 ^ ros 

a; ? («); (^ (<^ J, •); ^ (>, 5>), -A -A 4^, ^, 
fc, & ^ (J) ^ i*, >, ^, ^; 5, ^, «S, fc, £, 

c^) £, ^, £; * (-o).^jo (_*»), ra)> e» ; jp, ,$>, ro 

(>6> ttK *»5 -V OO* -tf, -£, -0, /v. r>), ^00, -KXX^ 

-»cooo wooo, tt>oo, e>oo^ -poo, k#oo, ^oo. wo, 
kjoo* _j*o ( ?b)i ft>o (sod): e>o (ex$, e>6), ^oo, $o 

:#$), «^ («$£), <l^ (g*6)> r^C9 ( r*6)' w (w), -co, 

W0 5 U ) (*» Jl)5 -f. ■*0*\ ^ ^i K\ rffi f£\ ^f, 

l^O, ^f (^); r, * (S, $r .■?. j O } O j ( — >°' *° 

t«(?>' *#> ^ ^ >* fy ^ ^' (SJ ( t£ )§ A few of these com ~ 

pounds occur in two places in the list, because they can be variously read. 

The references to AV. (Arda Viral), GF. (Gdsht-i Fryano), and 

Hn. (Hadokht Nask) are to the chapter and sentence as numbered in 

the texts ; when several chapters are mentioned together (as 2, 6, 1 8, 



Preface. V 

3,5.), the reference is to the same sentences in each of those chapters; 
and references joined by a hyphen (as 4-8, 12-14,2., or 5, 2-6,8,1 2-1 5*) 
include all the numbers intermediate between those which are so joined. 
The references to Dk. (Din-kard) and N. (Nirangistan) are, in like 
manner, to the page in which the extracts have been published, and 
to the line of Pahlavi type in each such page; the extracts from Dk. 
occur in p. 144-145 of AV. and p. 149-152 of my Essay on Pah- 
lavi; and those from N. occur in p. 76-78 and 126 of the Z.-Pahl. 
Glossary. 

All the Pahlavi words are transliterated according to the system 
proposed in the introduction to AV. p. xxii. — liv., and the traditional 
pronunciation is likewise given whenever it differs materially from the 
transliteration adopted. To ascertain this traditional reading, not only 
the Pahl.-Paz. Glos., but also Destur Peshutan's Pahlavi Grammar, 
and Destur Framji's Gujarati edition of the same Glos. (Bombay, A. Y. 
1238) have been consulted. 

In arranging the moods and tenses of the verbs, no notice is taken 
of persons in the preterit, nor of moods in the present tense, because 
they are not distinguished by any change of form in Pahlavi. The 
compound tenses are not noticed separately, but are referred to under 
the headings of the past participle and of one of the auxiliary verbs : 
£yo homan, ))^)i buclano, ))^)))H^ yehevuntano , or HfOMiM-i* V^ a " 
vimunadano. 

In the etymological remarks, the statement of the component parts 
of the word may often appear unnecessary, but it is given either as a 
reference to the components in their alphabetical order, or to prevent 
some anticipated misunderstanding of the construction of the word. 
The Zand forms which are entirely artificial, such as the verbal roots, 
are always given merely in a transliterated form ; and so are some 



VI Preface. 

Paz. words which have not been found written in Pahlavi characters. 
In all cases where the Huz. synonym of a Paz. word, or the Paz. sy- 
nonym of a Huz. word, is known, it is appended to the etymological 
remarks. 

The numeral ciphers are arranged in the alphabetical order of 
the letters which they most nearly resemble in form. Most of the suf- 
fixes which are of frequent occurrence, will be found entered in alpha- 
betical order. And many of the various readings of the texts, which are 
likely to be useful to the Pahlavi student, have been added to the 
glossary. 

A few Avesta words, which occur in AV. and in the Pahlavi text 
of Hn., are entered in the glossary, in order to complete the index, 
and have the letter Z. prefixed to them. 

The notes on Pahlavi grammar which have been added at my 
request by Dr. West will, in. connection with my Essay on the Pahlavi 
language, serve as an introduction into the grammatical study of this 
remarkable idiom. An exhaustive and complete Pahlavi grammar is 
still a great desideratum ; but before we shall possess fresh and reliable 
copies of the numerous Pahlavi inscriptions to be found in Persia, and 
a trustworthy translation of the Din-kard which is the largest and most 
important Pahlavi work in existence, it will be hardly possible to 
compile such a one as might be calculated to satisfy all reasonable de- 
mands. However if Pahlavi studies should be, meanwhile, furthered by 
the present work in connection with the text volume, we should find 
in this success an ample reward for our pains and labours. 

Munich, 3d October 1874. 

BL Haug. 



Abreviations. 



abst. — abstract, 
ace. — accusative case, 
adj. — adjective, or ad- 
jectival. 
adv. — adverb, or adverb- 
ial, 
anc. P. — ancient Persian 
of cuneiform inscrip- 
tions, 
aph. — aphel form of verb. 
Ar. — Arabic. 
As. — Assyrian, 
aux. — auxiliary verb. 
AV. - Arda Viraf. 
B. - MS. B. of AV. 
Bund. — Bundehesh, page 
andlineofWestergaard. 
caus. — causal form. 
Chald. - Chaldee. 
Ch. Pahl. - Chaldseo- 

Pahlavi of inscriptions, 
ciph. — cipher, 
comp. — comparative, or 

compare, 
cond. — conditional mood, 
conj. — conjunction, or 

conjunctive mood. 

const. — construct form. 

crd. — crude form of verb. 

Dad. b. Dad. - the book 

ofDadar binDad-dukht. 



dat. — dative case. 

denom. — denominative 
verb. 

[Dest.] — appended to re- 
marks by Destur Hosh- 
angji. 

Dk. — Din-kard, page and 
line as detailed above. 

DMG. — Zeitschrift der 
Deutschen Morgenlan- 
dischen Gesellschaft. 

emph. — emphatic form. 

Eth. — Ethiopic. 

F. — feminine gender. 

fr. — from. 

fut. — future tense. 

Gath. — Gatha dialect. 

gen. — genitive case. 

GF. - G6sht-i Fryano. 

Glos. — Glossary. 

Gr. — Greek. 

Gram. — Grammar. 

Guj. — Gujarati. 

H 6 , H 17 , H 18 — Dr. Haug's 
MSS. Nos. 6, 17, 18. 

hiph. — hiphil form of 
the verb. 

Hn. — Hadokht Nask. 

Huz. — Huzvaresh. 

hyb. — hybrid. 

imper, — imperative mood. 



impf. — imperfect tense, 
inf. — infinitive mood, 
ins. — inscriptions, 
inst. — instrumental case, 
interj. — interjection, 
interrog. — interrogative, 
introd. — introduction. 
K 2 0} K 2 6 — Kopenhagen 

MSS. Nos. 20, 26. 
Kn. — Kar-namak-i Ard- 

akhshir Papakan. 
L 15 — London MS. No. 15. 
Lat. — Latin. 
lin. — line, 
lit. — literally, 
loc. — locative case, 
m, — masculine gender. 
Mkh. — Mainyo-i khard, 

ch. and sent, of West. 
N. — Nirangistan, page 

and line as detailed 

above. 
N. - MS. N. of AV. 
n. — neuter gender, 
nom, — nominative case. 
N.K. — Naksh-i Rustam. 
num. — numeral, 
opp. — opposite, 
ord. — ordinal. 
P. - MS. P. of AV, 
p. — page. 



VIII 



Abreviations. 



Pahl. — Pahlvia. 
part. — participle, 
pas. — passive, 
patron. — patronymical. 
Paz. — Pazand. 
perf. — perfect tense. 
Pers. — Persian, 
pers. — person, 
pi. — piel form of the 

verb, 
pi. ■— plural number, 
pos. — possessive, 
postp. — postposition, 
p.p. — past participle, 
pref. — prefix, 
prep. — preposition, 
pres. — present tense. 



pret. — preterit tense. 

priv. — privative. 

pr. n. — proper name. 

pron. — pronoun. 

pr. p. — present parti- 
ciple. 

rel. — relative. 

s. — substantive. 

Sans. — Sanskrit. 

Sas. — Sasanian Pahlavi 
of inscriptions. 

Sg. — Shikand-gumani. 

sing. — singular number. 

Sp. — Spiegel's edition. 

suff. — suffix. 

sup. — superlative. 

syn. — synonym. 



Syr. — Syiiac. 

Tal. Jer. — Jerusalem 
Talmud. 

term. — termination. 

trad. — traditionally, er 
traditional. 

v. — verb. 

var. — variant. 

ved. — vedic. 

Vend. — Vendidad, We- 
stergaard's edition, un- 
less otherwise stated. 

Yas. — Yasna, Westerg. 
etc. 

Yt. — Yasht, Wester- 
gaard. 

Z. — Zand, i. e. Avesta. 



jj, «u, o, a, a, h, kh, or 2. 

* a, h, kh, or initial a, is the first letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, 
and the usual equivalent of Sas. ^/, $^, Pers. f, f, 5, • , Z. ij, w, 
$y, 5/y, and Chald. k, j-j, n. When final, it is written -a*; and when 
it stands for final h, or kh , it often becomes y. When not final, it 
is always joined to the succeeding letter; and if that letter be i, 3, 
i , 3 , JS , ^y , a , ^ , .£, ) , 3 , or \ , the form of the a* re- 
mains unaltered, as in the compounds jh am, ytan, tw III, etc.; 
but if the succeeding letter be u, ^a, (©, or J, the last turn of the 
ii is nearly always enlarged, so as to form the compounds -wy, J£)J, 
$)i and ^) ; and a similar enlargement often takes place before g) and 
j^j in some MSS. ; the letters £)jj are also often condensed into $y . 
In some MSS. a diacritical dot is written over a jj, which indicates 
that it has the sound of kh. It may be noticed that the compounds 
juy and -Q) can also be read as compounds of 3, or J, and uy, *q] 
so that some words beginning with ya, will be found under this letter 
"It also appears that jj is used, in a few common words, as a substi- 
tute for 3 s, or ^3 zd, see the remarks on 3 %. 

jj a-, a privative particle, equivalent to the English un-, in-, dis~, 
non-, often prefixed to substantives and adjectives, to form adjectives. 
Before a vowel, and usually before i3 s, it becomes y* an-. Z, as, JjjJ 
Sans, a-, an-; Gr. a-, ch- t 

jj is also sometimes used for y 2 in 3 )jj 200 and 9JJ1 2000. 

-A*, or y, -ih, suf. of pres. 2 d sing, of verbs (see ^u^aj, or 
yfiy*i homanih)', also written -Mt-ih, jy -ih, or u(y -?y?//. Pers. 



2 y - V»o» 

y II, or 2, (Paz. dd, or rfu) AY. 79,4. GF. 2, 6 5,6s. 3,64. Dk. 
150,2. num. ciph. two; see also \> -uu kola II. This cipher is so- 
metimes written jj, or /-J3 , and its tail is occasionally reversed in 
MSS. It is often used to represent the compound Li ib. gab, in printed 
texts, and cannot be distinguished from that compound in some MSS. 
For its ordinal form £)y Hum, see the next word to £yo, 

ay* ahli (trad, hhd) AY. 2, io, is. GF. 3, (i ,i5. s. a brother. Heb. 

p v s e \ 

HNj Chald. HK, Syr. ^ij ? Ar. • f, As. <:/7c/m; Paz. syn. y(yh brad. 

juy -?/?/*, suf. of pres. 2 d sing, of verbs (see j^y^y* homanyih). 
Comp. -o -ih. 

D^OOO* hishtano, v. to leave, to drop, to hang; past^part. ^HJO* 
hisht, AY. 70,2.; pret. ^HJO* ^*^j A ^. 29 > 2 - Pers - ^j^-^*** or 
„*JC&;a; Huz. syn. ))y*)^O0 shedMntano and ))^))5y$ shebkwitand. 

tf){V a variant of COO^ 2/ as ^ * n some MSS. It also stands for 
hat, )c^)0 ) ^*^> ' a section '> 7j - ty^W* 

i^^OO* ohhtman (trad, hhdtman) AY. 2,1,9,10,13. GF. 3,36,47. 
s. a sister; pi. ^^OO* akhtmandn, AY. 2, 2, 32,34, 36. 3,5. Heb. Dinty 
Chald. nnx, Syr. ftl, Ar. ^jJ} Paz. syn. ^ fc/wJfc. 

5)^00 J ^00* ^^"* 2/«^> GF ' 1,2,8,11,14-16,21,28. 2,1,7,9. 
3,0,9,46,49,60,03,67,81,83. 4,3,7,10,14,23,2 4,27. 5,6. pi', n. Akllt tlie 

sorcerer, who propounded enigmas for G6sht-i Fryano to answer cor- 
rectly on pain of death. Z. ftMjelb)j . 4^0** Yasht 5, 82 ; Paz. 

j-wy hhdr, AY. 70,2. s. a thorn, a spine, a prickle. Pers. 1~> 4 
3o^y ijashar (trad, ahl, did; dhar, or liar) Huz. syn. for Z. asft, 
asfta, «s//c, or ashi] sec ^djj)o(y yashardish, ^-*o» yasharmdk, 
)\Y J iy yoAharfibo and Jo^y^) fravyashar. Heb. "itf'. 
ijvy. ahhar, AY. 1,3,19,28,33,36,42. 2,17,20-22,24,29. 3,8, 12,16, 

17,18. 4,6. 5,1,6. 7,1. 10,8,11. 11,1,13. 16,1. 17,10,13,27. 18,1. 53,1,8. 
54, 2 , 08,14,20,22. 101,1,27. GF. 1, 7, 11, 20, 21, 27, 28. 3, 9, 53, 00, 72,77. 



W 3 

4,1,27. Hn. 1,13,33. adv. after, afterwards, then; AV. 28. '2. behind; 
£ ^j^y abhor min AY. 1, 12. 4, 31. 10, e. GF. 3,84. Hn. J, is. 2, 3, 39, 
39. Dk. 152, 2 . later than, after ;. ^ (oio^y akharich miw, Dk. 145, i. 
also after, sec O^^O* akharich ; -=>-*(y J)£J pavan dkhar, AY. 29,6. in 
the end, at last; i-*(y £ min akhar, . AY. 16,7,9. after; AY. 49, 3. 
50,3. from behind; AY. 53, 14. behind, in the rear. Sas, 2^^J akhar, 
Heb. inK, Chald. *1iriNi Ar. ^.|; Paz. syn. *0£J pas. 

.j^ujo^y yasharaish (trad, ahJdtsh) AY. 101, 15, ie. Hn. 1,2,6, 
36. s. righteousness, piety, holiness; ^-Mftl) u^jjjo^y yasharaish 
stdyad, AY. 101, 21. Hn. J, 13, is, 23, 28, 33. fQ)-^pQ) uy^jiJjuy yashar- 
aish stayed, Hn. 1,4. praises righteousness, that is, recites the Ashcm- 
vohu formula. Huz. )o^y yashar + suf. -j^jj -dish, see Pahl.-P^az. 
Glos. p. 52—55; Z. syn. ^^^qjj, 4 j O jj * 

-y^O^^fQ) -\3^"»}-*(y yashardish-stdyishnih, Hn. 1, 3, 9, 11, ie, 21, 

26,31,36. s. praise of righteousness, that is, the recital of the Ashem- 
vohu formula. *yO,u)ji£y yasharaish + J^O^FQ) stdyishn + abst. 
suf. -jy 4h; Z. .tyjpjafQ) • 4-K^ 

^o^y Akharman, AY. 5, 11,13. 17, 13,18. 53, 1. 68, 13. .GF. 0,75. 
4,n,ij,26. pr. n. the evil spirit, the devil, the anrd-mainyush of the 
Avesta, and opponent of Auharmazd, according to Yend. and later 
writings; but the original doctrine of the Gathas appears to have been 
that Ahura-mazda created two spirits, spcuto - mainyu and anhro- 
mainyu, from whom all the good and evil in the universe have respec- 
tively proceeded; see Yas. 30. 45. Sas. 9(0)^^J Akkarmani; Pers. 

v^ /^ v^/^9 or J*^* 

^w^O* yasharmok (trad, dharmog) AY. 1,8. 47, 5. s. and pr. n. 
a disturber of piety, or truth; an apostate, a heretic; the demon of 
apostasy. Z. ^oijj^M^jj, the Huz. )oq» yashar being substituted 
for the Z. jgQU) Pers. g^J, 

- J Ojw J iy yasharmokih (trad, dharmdgi) AY. 36,6. s. apostasy, 
heresy, heterodoxy. A^^y yasharmok + abst. suf. jy -2ft. 



4 Vy ~ £o* 

\Y~yy yashaiHb) Dk. 144,4. see uy^« 

)\r J iy V as harubo (trad, ahldb) AY. 1, i. 3, 9. 4,27, 34. 7, 9. 10, 3 . 

17.3. 21,5. 41,8. 55,7. 67,&. 76, 7 ,9. 78, g. 80, 5. 81,5. 84,4. 89, 5. 93,4. 

95.4. 101, 5 . GF. 2,34,35. 3,i4,62. Hn. 1,1,12,17,22,27,32,37. 2,1,2,1s, 
21,24,29,33,34,35,39. 3,3,17. adj. righteous, pious, religious, holy; see 

Hr a O' -^-^ zakar- yashar ubo and HV-*OOOr^ Srosh- yashar id>d. 
PI. used as a s. ^ujpu^» yasharubdn, AV. 1,40. 3, n. 7,2. 8, 2. .11, 2,1-1. 
15,2i. 52,0,7. 68,24. Hn. 1,9. ^ji^y yashartibdno, AY. 4,15,21. 5,4, 
5,7,12. 9,3. 15,13. the pious; strict Mazdayasnians. Comp. J^ouyjuy 
yasharubotar, GF. 3,55,62. more righteous, more pious. Z. _-u»iJi^iJ, 
the Huz. Jj^y yashar being substituted for the Z. -u^-a ; Paz. syn. 
a^jj ashok] or )*($** asho. 

^OOUr^C yasliarubo-ddd, AY. 17, 19. GF. 2,46. s. a pious gift, 

\ yv yv 

almsgiving, charity. )\Y Ji (y yashar ubo -f fOO c ^ (P- P- °^ M^OO 
dadano, I.); Paz. syn. ashoddd. 

))Y^y yasharuvo, GF. 3, 14. in K20, a variant of Uy^/y yashar ubo. 

^ij^y akharich, Hn. 2, 32. adv. with conj. afterwards, also ; like- 
wise written (^>^fy akharich. — i-*^ akhar + ^ 4ch ; Paz. syn. 

pasi-cha. 

))W)**iy khdstano, v. to rise, to get up; pret. fQ)-^ kftdst in 
TQ) J iy £$ madam khdst, AY. 3,3. rose up, arose. Pers. *XvX^> ; 
Huz. syn. ))?&)) £4 lamimastano. 

^oq» khdk, GF. 3, 91. s. earth, dust, soil. Pers. JLia. ; Huz. syn. 

^JtD^^O 1 khdkistar, AY. 27,2. 55, 1. s. ashes. Pers. jX~Sl~* t 
MQi ham, Dk. 144, 7. adj. all, the whole of; see jug hamdk. 
Pers. ^je . 

Z. jAw£ij ahmdl, AY. 4,11. pron. dat. sing, to this, to him, 



W> 5 

yjy ahu, AY. 101,5. )f(y ahvo, GF. 0,3,4. Hn. 1,4. s. life, liv- 
ing existence, the world; a spiritual protector, or guardian angel. 

Z. nom. ^cy-"? loo. ^O*}^* 

yy* hdn, AY. 78,7. 89, io. )y^y hand, 68,23. 69, 9". 83,5. Dk. 
144,9. pron. other, another ; see yo han. Paz. han, Z. -uj^JiJ ; or these 
words may be read akhar and akharan, and compared with Heb. *inx 
and Chald. pnN'. 

In: t 

* 

fty khan, AY. 93,5. s. a caravanserai, a dharmsdld. or lodging 
place for travellers. Pers. ^l^, 

yoyiji cihvdn, AY. 10, 4. 15, 21. Hn. 1, 35 «. 2, 6, 11,17, 36. 3, 36. )^)*0* 
ahvdno, Hn. 3,5. s. existence, world. Z. )&$**) perhaps a pi. of yfjt 
ahii. 

^OO W hdvishtj s. a pupil, a disciple, a follower; pi. ^tfJOW 
hdvishtdn, Dk. 145,4. Z. -u^jyj»jjjy> , 

/xyfji khdnak, AY. 2, n. s. a house, a dwelling, a residence, a 
habitation; H)»0> ^O* #vfiw khdnako, Dk. 152, 1. a court-house, a tri- 
bunal; or the passage may be read: dvdn dhanko kardano 'instituting 
a tribunal'. Pers. &jli*. 

)^fiy dhanko, Dk. 145,5. s. a design, a purpose, an intention, an 
institution, a custom, a rule. Pers. dCx&l , 

^)W Ahu-ver, or Ahiinvair, Hn. 1,7. N. 77, 12. the yatha-ahii- 
vairyo formula; see fftytyYiySlO ?J a t-cihuk-very6k. Z. 4w>**£? • -^W* 

WW ^ or 5W o^fcj see )^))))HJ»«0 yat-ahuk-veryok. Z. 
agyjJ* Eitlier ) is superfluous, or u) is substituted for jj. 

0)W hdvandich, AY. 4, 4. 54, n. 99, 1. adv. so much too, as many 
even, still also, as yet. $)f{)> hdvand (Z. ace. $iy &!*>)>#, J^y &**»*>& 1 
or -u^djgJJ».uJt)>) -f- (^ "^ j Pers. )+*&. 

**0(y**t)~H}5 W* akhveshkdryish, AY. 64, s. adv. lazily, idly, neg-~ 
ligently, undutifully. Priv. jj «- + >ua«¥«3mi khvcshkdr + adv. suf. 



6 w — *$y 

"^W khdnik, AY. 15, 12. 58, 5. s. a spring, a fountain. Pers. ^iU* ♦ 
M^OO^O* dkhezidand, v. to rise, to arise, to get np ; pret. 3 d sing. 

tyll-Hy uhhfaid, AY. 3,3.; crd. Q*(y dkhcz, see O^OTQ)^ rist-dkhcz 

and O^CJtl)^ rist-dkhcz. Pers. ^JowJ^, 

y> I//, for this cipher, and its compounds, see ** -f \, next 

after -ui. This cipher is sometimes used, in printed texts, for the 
compound iu a&. 

)p abu, AY. 65, 4,8,9. s. a father. Heb. 2N, Chald. 3K> emph. 
K2&; Syr. £s>]' Ar. ^f; As. «6w; Paz. syri. pc/. 

^Vfc) flyU^ aburd-farman , ))A>V£) flyU"** aburd-farmdno , AY. 
09,9. adj. intolerant of commands, disobedient. Priv. ji a- + flyu 
&#r«J (p. p. of ))$U burdano) + ^v£J farmdn. 

-y^Vfc) vt^H"* 1 aburd-farmdnih, AY. 63,7. s. disobedience, non- 
compliance. ^jv£) flOH JA aburd-farmdn -f- abst. suf. uy -£/j. 

3tf)UJ abidar, AY. 42,5-7. GF. 3, 31. s. a father, ^ijj a&«, for 
ujj afrw, -f- 3^ -dar (term, of Pers. >Jo); Paz. syn. pidar. 

c£)j ai, Hn. 2,29,30. unattached pron. suf. thee, thy; of (to, for, 
or by) thee. Pers. vs*I_, anc. P. -taiy. All the pronominal suffixes in 
Pahlavi, though usually attached to some particle which begins a clause 
in a sentence, are also found occasionally to begin a clause unattached, 
when no particle is used. 

fty hat (trad, at) AY. 1,40. GF. J, 13. 2, 31. 3,20,54,55,08,71,75, 
76. 4,2,9,15. Hn. 2,30. conj. if. Sas. jpV hat; Paz. syn. 3i\u agar. 

tfy ~<i ( !-> )9tV "^j or -ddo, suf. of past part, and pret. of verbs 
whose inf. suf. is ))^y ddand) also of conj. 3 d sing, of all verbs. 

-JO-MfCV dtdsh, AY. 2,32. 4,26. 10,6,n. 13,5. 17, 17. 20,5. 34,5-7. 
37,0,7. 38,r,. 41,7. 54,4. 55, 1. 72, 5. GF. 3,7,10,15,19-21. s. fire; 

Y*t ^C) •'^O^^O' dtdsli-i Vdhrdmdn, AY. 55,5. the fire of YAhrara 



(Behram), the most sacred fire; e/^O^fCV dtdshich, Hn. 2, 29. the fire also. 
PL >«00-w^O J cttdshdUy AY. 14, 12. Pers. ^T, Z. nom. ityxyju] 
Huz. syn. -uJ)) nurd and «J^i3) (trad.) nagalyd. 

ytfy hatat (trad, atat) GF. 2, 6 . conj. with suf. if of (to, for, by, 
or through) thee; if thy, or thee, ^y hat + pron, suf. ^a -at of 
2 d pers. sing. 

Y^^tfy hattdn (trad, attdn) AY. 1,38. eonj. with suf. if of (to, 
for, by, or through) you; if your, or you. ^y hat + pron. suf. y*y> -tan 
of 2 d pers. pi. 

))tfy Ataro, s. and pr. n. the angel of fire, Fire, sacred fire; 
auip£) J))fty Ataro-i Frobdg, AY. 1,21. omy^j ))fty Ataro Frobdg, 
AY. 1,28. the fire of Frobag, an ancient sacred fire removed, by king 
Yishtasp, from the mountain Gadman-homand in Khvarizem, to the 
mountain Roshan in Kabulistan, see Bund p. 41; )^){) ))tfy Ataro 
yedato, AY. 3, 10. 4, 5,2,6. 6,3,4. 7,4,5. 8,3,4. 9,5,6. 10, 6,9, 11. 41, 10, 
13. 13,4. 16,1,6. 17,3,4. 18,i,i4. 19,4,6. 20/21, 25-30,32-35,38,39,42, 
45-47, 51, 52, 58, 59, 61, 62, 74, 75, 84, 86, 93-96, 4. 22-24, 31, 36, 37, 40, 
41, 43, 44, 50, 60, 63,66, 70, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 5 . 48, 49, 67, 71, 73, 
78,6. 53,i,6,8,io. 55-57,72,82,83,90-92,97,98,3. 64,65,69,79,7. 
99,8. 10 J, i. Ataro the angel, the angel of fire, whose name is given 
to the ninth month and ninth day of each month in the Parsi year. 
PI. VW))^g>» dtarddnj AY. 14, 12. the sacred fires. Z. nom. ace. pi. 

4/.u^Jw; Pers. st>f, or , <M , 

))&y -ddano, inf. suf. of verbs whose Pers. equivalent ends in 

U^ — 

fO^M^O* Ataro-pdd, AY. l,ie. JfO^)))^) 4 Atord-pdto, Dk. 
144,6. 145,6. 152,2. pr. n. (the fire-protected) a Pars! man's name in 
former times; Ataro-pad-i Marspendan was a celebrated destur and 
prime minister of Shahpuhar-i Auharmazdan (Shapur II. AD. 309-379). 

Z. nom. 4^ JJJ £)^y* JjW ? Pers. J>Ls6| . 



8 )#y - -**y 

-myy ))V0 J Atard-Frobdg , see ^^g)j Ataro. 
& dv, AY. 10,12,14. s. water; pi. yo& avail, AY. 14, 12. )yo& 

dvdndj K. 76,2,3. Pers. l-jI, y, anc. P. dpi, Z. Sans, ap; IIuz. syn. 
*jy£ rnayd. 

$y as, AY. 6, s. 95,7. s. avarice, covetousness, greediness. Pers. 
vT; Z. iCut and >eldju>. 

$y af- (trad, at?-) codj. also, and; an inseparable particle to which 

the pron. suffixes are affixed, as entered below in alphabetical order ; it 
may be distinguished from the prep. $y az-, by its always commencing 

a clause in the sentence. Sas. Q-\l af-, Heb. Chald. P]X, Syr. ^s}| 

Paz. va-. 

0> az, prep, from; occasionally substituted for the Huz. £ min 
in Pahlavi, but oftener with pron. suffixes affixed, as entered below in 
alphabetical order. Pers. v|, Paz. ezh, anc. P. hachd, 7j. -u^u^y ; 
Huz. syn. £ min. 

J&}iyty apdkhtar, I.) AY. 17, 11,24. Hn. 3, is. adj. northern, re- 
mote from the zodiacal signs (Jo£){)> akhtar) which are supposed to 
protect the good creation (see Mkh. 8, is, 21.); comp. J^jc^^yo 1 a P' 
dkhtarUir, AY. 17,24. more northern. II.) s. a planet; pi. y^J^Uty 
apdkhtardn, Hn. 3, is. the planets, which are said to be malevolent 
creatures of Akharman (see Mkh. 12, 7,10). Z. -u/ij^^yjuu^jj . 

tfyty dzdd , Hn. 2,23. adj. noble, generous, liberal. Pers. j>f\f , 
Z. -j^ojjjC-uj. 

^jL^jj^ygy apddakhshahih, AY. 55, 7. misrule, anarchy. Priv. 
ii a- ■+■ ^^O^^^tVd) pudaklishahih. 

V^^VO* dvdddn, AY. 15, 11. adj. cultivated, inhabited, prosperous. 

Pers. ^bljT, d&iU or ^fol.f, 

^O^^tVO* dvdddnlh, AY. 15, 12. s. cultivation, population, pros- 
perity. Y*S£y& dvdddn -j- abst. suf. ^ -ih; Pers. ^jIjLj!, 



-»** 9 

~H}Ry& dvdtllh, AY. 14, is. Hn. 1, 2, e, se. s. welfare, prosperity; 
blessing, benediction; ))y^) ~\)#yty dvddih vazluno, AY. 101, 22. go 
in happiness, go and prosper. Pers. ^LjT + abst. suf. *jy -ih. 

0»0* avdz, adv. back, backwards, behind, again; seethe following. 
Pers. \Lj, or \|^ , Z. -^>£J.u; Huz. syn. iu^J lakhvdr. 

))j o»0» avdz-Mn, AY. 17, 12. adj. with deficient buttocks, flat- 
buttocked, lean-hipped. ^y^o ams + )u fe#w. 

J.UO* hazdr, AY. 54,3. num. a thousand; generally expressed by 
the cipher ^V. Pers. sL^, Z. _u73.uC.ufc)>, Sans, sahasra. 

rf*W avdrun, AY. 62, 6 . 71, s 101, 19. wy-uey avdruno, AY. 17, is. 
47,7. adj. improper, irregular, unnatural, wrong; opp. of ))3.u)£j frdrun. 
Z. -ug).u -f" Pahl. )j)rw; comp. Pers. u^fj, ^jl;, or *j^fj 'inverted'; 
J^l, or sjy 'injustice'; ^sfj! 'a wicked man'. 

jtQ^)yjifc)» avdrunyUh, AY. 60, 6. adv. improperly, wrongly. )yu%y 
avdrun ~f- adv. suf. o^^ -yish. 

Dpisd-G )r**ty avdrun- mar zishnik, AY/ 95, 7. adj. unlawfully 
cohabiting. )Y**ty avdrun + )H$d-$ marzishn + adj. suf. A) ih. As 
this compound is already an adj. without the suffix, it is probable that 
the adj. suf. .4) -ih is substituted for the abst. suf. -jy» -ih, and the 
compound is intended for a substantive, like the following. 

J0^O^ Dp-Ufcy avdruno-marzishnih , AY. 88,6. s. unlawful, or 
unnatural cohabitation; illicit intercourse. |)p^O* avdriino -f- yi$£)£ 
marzishn + abst. suf. *y -ih. 

.j^A.Ufc)> avdkih^ AY. 5,2. Dk. 144, 3. s. assistance, aid, help, co- 
operation. AUfcy avdk (Pers. Is, bt, or fjf) -f- abst. suf. j^ -ih; comp. 
Z. avanh and Pers. ii)b, 

^»o* dvdn. \y*W dvdndj pi. of $>» dv. Also the name of the 
eighth month and tenth day of each month in the Parsi year. 



10 -"*y - ^o» 

yoty avail, Dk. 152, 1. s. a palace, a court, a council, a tribunal. 
Pers. ^fji, or ^f^l . 

Myoty avdrik, AY. 3, n. 5,4. G, 12. 7, 9. 8, 6 . 11,2,3,15,16. 12,3,5. 
13,s. 14,4. 17,17. 19,3. 25,6. 30,5. 36,3. 37, 3. 38, 2. 53,4. 55, 1. 58, 5. 
GO, 8 . 65,3. 69,4. 80,6. 81, 2 . 89,3. 98,6. 101, 15. GF. 2, G i. Hn. 2,23. 
Dk. 144, 3. 149, 4. 15l,i,7. adj. other, the remaining, the rest of; Q^yo^y 
avdrikich, Dk. 151,8. and other. Z. -u/jj^jjj, Sans, apara. This adj. 
always precedes its substantive. 

flQ)3u$y avdyast, s. see past part, of ))W)***ty avdyastano. 

))ff))3u$y avdyastano , v. to be necessary, to be requisite, to be 
wanted; past part, used as a s. fQ)^0* avdyast, GF. 3,75. Hn. 2, 5,10. 
what is wanted, a desire, a wish; pret. flQ)^$y avdyast } AY. *49, 9.; 
pres. 3 d sing, (nearly always connected with an |mf.|, or a contracted 
inf.*, with the meaning of the auxiliary 'must 1 ) tf^o* ctvdyad, AY. 1,23. 
23,9.* 39,6.46,7.* 55,o. G4, 13. 77, m. 99, u. ftiHW avdySf, AY. 
68, 21 *. Pers. ^JuaoL . 

.Dj^jj^y avdyishnik, AY. 22, 3. adj. requisite, suitable, desirable, 
seemly; comp. 3^o.d^:>jjq>> avdyishniktar, AY. 4, 20. Hn. 2,23,24, 30. — 
5u$y avdy (crd. of jjftD-^O* avdyastano) + abst. suf. y^ -ishn + 
adj. suf. ±) -ik, 

JgJO* azvar, AY. 12,3,r,. 31,3. 93,2. Hn. 1,34. adv. and prep. 

above, aloft, over; sup. ■£)$£)$)* ^ zvar ^ m j AY. 14,7. uppermost, su- 

premcst. Pers. o\ , or s*\ ; Z. -uputy 'from' + ~u/jJ£)> 'above'. 

M^MfcJO* affftntano (trad, apapunatan) v. to cook, to boil, to stew; 
pret. ^))£)$y a/JCmd, AY. 22, 3.; pres. 3 d pi. 3))£)$y affund, AY. 60,2. 
Heb. DDK, Chald. i"lDK> Syr. ^ij- Paz. syn. M^Vlfc) pokhtan. 

yty ofot (trad, avat) AY. 3, 13. 4,26-32. 5,8-10,12,13. 17, 20-24. 
G8, 11,19. GF. l,io. 2,6. 3,15,39,46. 4,17. Hn. 2,29-31. conj. with suf. 



* The contracted inf. may be taken as the p. p. if avdy ad , or avdyed , be 
taken as a substantive meaning 'what is requisite, a necessity'. 



^o» - V 11 

also (or and) of (to, for, by, or through) thee ; also thy, or thee, qy af- 
-f- pron. suf. ^d -at of 2 d pers. sing. ; Paz. vat. 

q*ty azat, Hn. 2,29. piep. with suf. from (with, by, or through) 
thee, ty az -f- pron. suf. ^0 -at of 2 d pers. sing.; Huz. syn. qc£ 
minat. 

q>ty haft, AY. 1, 33, 34. 2,9,10,13,17,32,34-36.03,5. GF. 2,73. num. 
seven ; often expressed by the ciphe rs y j »* j ±)u& y& haft-sdlak, 
AY. 10, 9. adj. seven years old. Pers. ooi;*, Z. -u^g)JJg)>, Sans, sapta, 
Huz. syn. -u)>0 shibd. 

a)oq)^^)» apatiydrak, or apaitiydrak, AY. 10, 4. adj. unopposed, 
undisturbed, unmolested, unafflicted. Priv. & a — \- aJa^y^ patiydrak. 

$£)* a3j^^^>» apatiydrak-homand, or apaitiydrak-homand, Hn. 
2,3 6. adj. see the last. Priv. u a- -f- ^^aj ajoqi^c^ patiydrah-homand. 

^y$>ty avitakht, AY. 77, 2. inB. His, K20, P., a variant of tf)^o* 
dvikht] see Cjy^o* amtakht. 

^")^o* haftilm, AY. 3, 2 . GF. 2,37. num. seventh; sometimes 
expressed by the ciphers -£))» t»u . — ^^)» /j«f£ + ord. suf. £) -um] 
Pers. *jUs> . 

-^O* #f r ^ (trad, ayra) AY. 101, 20. -juj^ afrayd, or afrdk, AY. 

27,2,6. s. dust, earth, soil, rubbish. Chard. &T)5K> or 1S#, emph. SflSy; 

Heb. *1&K, ^; Syr. ^i, jjal; Ar. j^, ?££. 

jqaj3^» afrayd, or afrdih, AY. 101, 20. s. see the preceding, or 
it may be 'dustiness, earthiness, state of dust'. Probably -aO^ 1 a frd + 
abst. suf. j^j -ih. 

MfcW dzardano , v. to injure, to harass, to distress, to trouble, 
to molest; past part. $ty dzard, AY. 69, 10. 76,9. 82, 5.; prer. flyo* 
dzard, AY. 58 ; e. 72,5,7. Pers. ^p^l, (j4>;M , or [*)&&)h[* 

*$ty dzarm, GF. 3, 34, s. respect, reverence, honor, favor, Pers. 



12 V - S& 

^j>fyy& apercndyik , AV. 43,2,6. s. one who is not of full age, 
a non-adult, a youth, a child. Z. -M^jjjwj^/^ij , Paz, apumdij Pers. 

bo, bo, £lbo, vJLj^f , ilbo, (jbo, or sbo* 

^0*^0* afravaft, AV. 17, 21. adj. unpleasing, disagreeable, blame- 
able, unpraised; unobservant of rites and ceremonies, unholy; ex- 
plained by COO^D -*0^ saryci ddsht 'considered bad', and translated 
by Sans, aprasdrita, but the reading of the word requires confirmation. 
Priv. jj a- + ^0*r£J fr av dft (p« P- °f ))Y*0*r£) fravdftano). 

Uy>tyyty afravdftik, adj. see the preceding. Comp. Jfty^tyyty 
afravdftiktar, AV. 17, 21. — Wyty afravdft + adj. suf. .u 4A. This 
form requires confirmation, and Hi 7 omits A) -ik. 

)rO* cifrank, adj. ornamented, decorated, adorned; sec *ytyyt 
hu-afmnk. Pers. Jojit. 

^^o)p^)» khcfruntano (trad, azrunatan, or avrilnatari) v. to dig, 
to excavate, to extract, to scoop out, to root out, to demolish, to pe- 
netrate, to furrow, to rake; past part. ^)pO* khcfrund, AV. 23,3. 55, 5. 

79.2. 95,i.; pret. ^)vo* khefriind, AV. 44,2. 49,3. 50,2. 59,2. 78,2. 

87.3. 99,5.; pres. 1 st sing. •£))$$? hlicfrunam, AV. 87,8. Ileb. 1DH, 

Chald. IBH, Syr. jL* 5 Ar. Ift^; Paz. syn. W)3 kandan. 

3jj3^>> ctfzdr, Dk. 149,3. 151,7. s. a tool, an implement, a wea- 
pon, arms, equipment, means, appliances, resources; see J.m3$)>u3 
zcn-afzdr. Pers. Jvil, slv^l , or Jo, 

^^y«jjij3^y afzdr-Jidmand, adj. possessing means, appliances, or 
resources; competent, skilful, clever. PI. used as a s. y££yu)uJty 
afzdr-homanddn, AV. 1,9. — )u3^)» afzdr + pos. suf. 5^a> homand. 

VOWOm ^-^O 1 afzdr-barShinid , AV.'12,n. adj. appointed by 
means, skill -produced, material- fashioned. \u3$)> a/sar + p. p. of 
M^OKXVJ barehinidam. 



5& - *>o> 13 

e^3^)> afzdyad, pres. 3 d sing, of ))$£& afzudano. 

^tW afzUd, p. p. of ))^po* afzudano. 

)jip^)» du-zohar, IS. 76, 6. s. the zor water, water consecrated and 
made into holy-water, ty do -f- i^jp zohar. 

))^pO» ctfzudand, or ))^O0* afzudano, v. to increase, to augment, 
to abound, to enlarge, to swell, to add, to exceed; past part. ^tW 
afzud, see ^tW ***& gohar-afzud; pres. 3 d sing. o£)<u3gy afzdyad , 
AV. 16,8.; fut. 3 d sing. c£}A)3$)» -u)i bard afzdyad, Hn. 1,8. Pers. 

^)PO* afzunik, Hn. l,i. 2, i. adj. abounding, excelling, over- 
flowing, bountiful, munificent; sup. £)^&)p& afzuniMum, AV. 101, is. 
Pers. <jy>.it + adj. suf. & ~ik. 

))yO*Q£tyi or Mflu^^Wi avaspdrdano, v. to deliver up, to 
consign, to intrust, to resign, to hand over; fut. 1 st pi. ^±*Q&ty -**)] 

bard avaspdrcm, AV. 2, is. Pers. ^Jo*L.w, ^1^, or ^v-v^; 
Z. at'« -f- sp^r. 

^JtDO* avistdk, AY. 1,7. 2,32,35. GF. 5,2. Dk. 150, 1,4. 151, 9. 
s. scripture, the sacred writings of the Parsis in their original language, 
and hence applied to the language itself, which is commonly, but er- 
roneously, called Zend; any quotation, or text, from the same scriptures; 
also written ^-UJIQPO* avistdk. Pers. L^ol, or Lc*wif ; Z. d + vista, 
'known'; see Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 78—81. 

^^3jj^o» avaspdrishnik , Dk. 150,8. adj. delivered, consigned, 
intrusted to. )ji££0* avaspdr (crd. of ^fly^i^O* avaspdrdano) + 
abst. suf. y*$ -ishn -f- adj. suf. JD -ik. 

)&ty afsar, GF. 2,13. s. a crown, a diadem. Pers. wwuif. 

))(t)-^0* afsurdano, v. to cool, to chill, to freeze, to extinguish; 
past part, ftj-tto* afsurd, AY. 55,5. GF. 3, 19. fly^fc) 1 -*»U ha™ afsurd, 
GF. 3,i7. cooled down, chilled; pres. 3 d sing. c£)3i3$)» afmred, GF. 3, 20. 
Pers. ^jcX-w.il, or ^Owwui. 



14 £>& — -y^» 

M^r-^O 1 avasrudand, v. to recite, to repeat, to intone; past part. 
^y^O» avasrud, GF. 5,3, Z. ava, or apa, + srwto; Pers. ^.^, 

-O>00» «fsos 5 AY. 100,2. Hn. 2,28. s. ridicule, derision, contempt, 
Peis. y^-w.if . 

"^OO^^OrtJ^* afsoskaryish, AY. 100,5. adv. derisively, mockingly, 

contemptuously. -OXW a f s ^ s + ac U- su ^- ^5 ~^ ar + ac U- sut - -HV) 
-yish. 

h^jTCO* avi-gumdn, AY. 13, 9 . adj. undoubting, undoubtful, un- 
sceptical, unhesitating; comp. ^^f)Oo* av$-gumdntar, AY. 1,29. Priv. 

3^)» at;2 -f- ^fy gumdn ; Pers. ^ijuo . 

^0)^)00* avi-gumdnih, AY. 1,2. s. undoubtfulness, faith. y*£f(jty 
avi-gumdn -f- abst. suf. «jy -«/*. 

ITCO 1 cipiyfm, AY. 84, 5. s. opium. Gr. omov) Pers. ^j^il, jj^J, 
^^xjI, ^yjs>, jj^-V-^^ or u^j ^ r - [jf&U H eD » Tal. Jer. JVDN, 
Syr. ,a..sl, Sans, aphena ; but the word seems foreign to all these 
languages, although it can be etymologically explained in Greek. 

uyO» afash (trad. cwasft) AY. 1, 82, 83, 91,5. 2, 31. 3, 22. 4, 1,3, 

12,10,18,23. 10,38, 81, 85, 88,7. 11,2,8,10. 15,6,14. 17,6,12. 19,8. 23,3, 

8. 24,3,7. 28,2. 29, 46, 62, 84, 6 . 36, 40, 3,7. 44, 65,70,3. 60, 2, 7. 63, 7, 

8. 64,3,9,13. 67,3-5,10. 68,4. 78,8,9. 79,4-6,9. 96,6,7. 101,13. GF. 1, 3-6, 
8,16,22. 2,5,0,41,42,45-48,64. 3,6,7,11,47,48,56,6 2,70,73,75,78,79,94. 4,7, 

11,27. Hn. 2,3,5,7,12,23,24,35,37. 3,3,31. conj. with suf. also (or and) 
of (to, for, by, or through) him (her, or it); also (or and) his (her, its, 
him, or it); and thereby. ^ of- + pron. suf. ^yj -ash of 3 d pers. 
sing.; Sas. 22Q..U afash] Paz. vash. 

j(^$)» azash, AY.4,n,36. 7,2. 12,12,15. 14, 12. 15, 19, 22. 33,6.70,2. 
81,7. 101,16. GF. 1,5. 2,5. prep, with suf. from (with, by, or through) 
him (her, or it); therefrom, thereby, therewith. $y a% + pron. suf. jq 
-ash of 3 d pers. sing.; Huz. syn. ^^ minash. It is sometimes doubt- 
ful whether afash, or azash, is the correct reading of this word. 



)*000* afshdn (trad, avshdn) AY. 1,21,28-30. 2,3,30. 3, 6, go, 2s. 
6,12. 7,3,5,s. 8, 41, 55, 99,7. U,i4. 13,4,6. 14, 5, 17. 15, 12. 37, 88,3. 
54, 9 . 65,75,6. 69, 4 ,6. 73, 5,8. 74, 2. 76,4, 8,9. 77,80,4. 89,7,9. GF. 2, 
14,37. Hn. 2,28. JftJOO* ctfshand, GF. 3, 50. conj. with suf. also (or 
and) of (to, for, by, or through) them; also (or and) their, or them. 
O* a f~ + pron. suf. f{)Q -shdn of 3 d pres. pi.; Paz. vashd. 

y>()i}ty tizshdn, AY. 49, 4. GF. 3, 75. prep, with suf. from (with, by, 
or through) them, o* az + P ron - su ^- WO shdn of 3 d pres.pl.; Huz. 
syn. yWjC minshdn. Perhaps afshdn may be the correct reading in 
both places. 

Mv^WOO* afshdndano, or )W^OO* afshdndano, v. to scatter, to 
disperse, to sprinkle, to shed, to sow; past part. 3^00* afshdnd, AY. 
96,6. Pers. ^tXjL&if, or ^JoL&i ; Huz. syn. ))^^>A3g) peskhuntano 

and ))^)^3£j pezkuntano. 

D^OOO* dpikhtano, v. to hang, to suspend; past part. C§>00* 
dvikht, AY. 26, 67, 77, 88,2. 79, 3. 80, 1. Pers. ^jX&sjj. 

■^O* a fam (trad, avam) AY. 4, 9. 5, 9, 78, 5. 6,2,3. 7, 77, 80, 81, 
85, 87-89,4. 8, 58, 84, 86, 94-96, 3. I0,io. 11, 7,15,16. 12, 1, 5 - 7 , 10, u, 13, 

14,17-19. 13,1,3,12. 14,1-3,6,7,10,11,13,14,18,19,21. 15, 1 , 8, 9, 1 5 -1 S, 21 „ 

16,2,5. 17,i-3. 18,6,11,14. 19, 22-24, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 60, 
63, 70, 73, 76,i,4. 20, 21, 25-30, 32-35, 38, 39, 42, 45-47, 51, 52, 59, 
61, 62, 66, 74, 75, 93, 1,3. 48, 49, 65, 67, 69, 71, 1, 5. 53,79,99,6. 54, 1. 
55,56,82,83,90-92,97,98,2. 57, 72,i, 2 . 64,i, 6 . 68,i,e-8. 101, 11,12. 
GF. 2,i3,i6. conj. with suf. also (or and) of (to, for, by, or through) 
me; also (or and) my, or me. $y af — (- pron. suf. £ -am of 1 st pers. 
sing.; Sas. OQ-^J afam\ Paz. vacm. 

y*£& afmdn (trad, avmdri) AY. 10, 2. conj. with suf. also (or and) 
of (to, for, by, or through) us; also (or and) our, or us. $y af- -\- 
pron. suf. y±$ -man of 1 st pers. pi. 

))(t3)*>* dudrdano, v. I.) to bring, to fetch, to convey; IT.) avor- 
clano, to carry off, to abstract, to extort, to pillage; past part. )f£))0* 

dvorto, AY. 3, 19. (t))^ dvord, or avord , AY. 45,6. Pers. ^^1 and 



16 t*y — *w 

(jj^j; Z. d-\-bar; llu/. syn. I.) )$^))J>^H[) #d%t1rcfcmo and^^^J 
tipammfintand, II.) ))^)p£fO sochruntano, or jj^jpg^ shochruntano. 

In Zand there are two roots bar, the one signifying 'to bring', Skr. bird 
the other 'to take off' Skr. hri; see Zand-Pahl. Glos. s. v. bar eta pag. 107. 

-jyijO* dzurihj or dzvarih, AY. 55, 7. 91,6. s. covetousness, greed- 
iness, avarieionsness. ))ty dzur (Pers. v^vl) -f- abst. snf. ^ -ih. 

))Jt$))0* dpustand) AY. 64,8. 78,7,8. adj. pregnant, going with 
child, big with young. Pers. ^;c*of. See Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 67-68. 

y)ty dfrtn, )j))ty dfrino, AY. 10,2. 14, 15. 15, u. s. a blessing, a 
benediction; a formula for blessing the spiritual existences; ))^)4 )W)$y 
dfrino kardano, or ))^)M)M )^)0* dfrino vdduntand, to offer blessings. 

Pers. ^jJT, Z. nom. 4)^0^ • 

)*OVMO* dfrinagdn, or dfrinakdn, AY. 1,26. )ji(MJ)t)» dfrinagdno, 

AY. 3,21. adj. pi. used as a s. benedictions ; a formula for blessing and 
glorifying angels and departed souls ; also a ceremony for the same pur- 
pose, in which wine and fruit are consecrated by the priest, and tasted 
by all partakers in the ceremony; see AY. p. 147, note. ))^£)W )H$Y)W 

dfrinagdn guftano, to utter the benedictions. Pers. ^LxJLnj! ; \i)ty 
dfrm -j- adj. suf. x -ok -\- pi. suf. yo -an. 

Sty avt- (trad, av'e-) a privative particle often prefixed to sub- 
stantives and adjectives to form adjectives, and equivalent to the Eng- 
lish un-, in-, dis-, non-, -less, without. Pers. ^j, anc. P. Z. Sans. vi. 

Sty afd, Dk. 144,3. s. a wonder, a marvel, a prodigy, a miracle; 
pi. jyyjSty afdihd. Dk. 144, 9. Pers. tXil, crd. of ^JocXif: Paz. 
aw ad , Mkh. 1, 10. 

\sty avi-bar, AY. 49, s. adj. unfruitful, unproductive, fruitless* 
Priv. Sty avt- -f- \ bar) Pers. ..uj. 

)){Sty avi-biot, AY. 49,8. adj. without foundation, unsupported, 
unsettled, useless. Priv. Sty avt- + ju bint. 



*v 17 

-^J-^ *^^0»? or jq£}$o^ civi-bcsh, AY. 4, 25. Hn. 2, 20, 27. 
adj. undistressed, unannoyed, untroubled, unharmed. Priv. ^o* a ^- + 

>>,j^>» avi-bim, adj. unalarmed, undismayed, unterrified, fearless; 
unendangered. Comp. J^yjiJfcy avt-bi7iitar, GrF. 2, 54. Priv. 3^» av*t~ + 

■a^XJ/VO* avi-bimyish, AY. 53, 11. adv. fearlessly, intrepidly, un- 
disturbedly. J^O 1 avi-bim -f ac ^ r - su f- ^00 ~#* s ^» 

^y^->0* tivitakht, AY. 77,2. in He, a variant of ^>00* ctvikht] 

perhaps the past part, of jj^yc^O* avitakhtano, v. to melt, to liquify, 
to flow forth. Z. vi + tach : Pers. ^jc^jjj". 

^0* ctvcjak, or avczak, AY. 11, 9." adj. pure, unsullied, unmixed; 
uncorrupted. Pers. s^jt, ^FS?; 5 *M5? or r^V 

/V)O0*i or jy^OO* avejakih, or avczakih, AY. 1, 2 . s. purity, 
immaculateness. ^OO* at>4/ a ^ + abst. suf. jy -C/i. 

^OO^OO* avejakyish, or avczakyish, Dk. 150,4. adv. purely, un- 
corruptedly. ^OO* avcjak + adv. suf. o^y -?y?s/?. 

££30* avi-chim, AY. 2, ie. adj. unreasonable, causeless, purpose- 
less, without a motive. Priv. 3^» aiyl- -j- ug clum. 

15& aviTj AY. 14,6,i3,2i. 15,8,i5. adv. much, very, exceedingly. 
Paz. avir. 

1*0* a & r -> !•) ac ^ v - AY. *V li: 9 ^, 2. below; II.) prep. AY. 7, 3. 34,7. 
jJ3q)> azir-ij AY. 53,2,3, 63,3. 64,4. 75, 1. GF. 1,15,17. under, below, 
beneath. Pers. *->\, Z. j/j«U(giJ. In AY. 7,3. the correct reading may 
be avir, 

wui^gy aviran, AY. 1,6. 15, n. adj. uninhabited, depopulated, de- 
solate, desert. Pers. jjiv^, or ^fjjti, 

jS^op^, or i^fip^O^ apiruzkar, AY. 17, 15. adj. unsuccessful, 
unfortunate. Priv. .u « — |- )*(oy.i£j prruzkar. 



18 *w •— eP* 

v*fO;5*>* otfi-s&di AY. 40,6. adj. unprofitable, useless, disadvan- 
tageous, depreciating. Priv. 3ty avi- + ^/O swdJ 

-J^O* afdih, Dk. 145, s. s. wonderfulness, miraculousness, marvel- 
lousness, a miracle. 3%y afd + abst. suf. ^ -ih. 

oQy3^)» afdiha, pi. of 3$y fl/V/. 

AWjJ^y avi-jdmak, AY. 89, s. adj. unclothed, without clothes, 
garmentless. Priv. ^o* av ^ — h 4^h jdmak. 

•£^0* afdum, Hn. 1,33. adj. last, final, ultimate, concluding. Pers. 
*<Ai, Z. -u£tf£).u; adopted in Chald. in the form tiriDN; Paz. syn. Gyi^Q 
pa sum. 

H5*WW avi-vands, AY. 55, 7. GfF. 1, s. adj. sinless, guiltless, fault- 
less, innocent; comp. ~^.u)^o avands. Priv. Sty ovir + ^O^H ^ an ^\ 
Pers. sLJC/o . 

lu «Z (trad. «r) AY. 1, 38 . 2, 6, g. 16, 11. 53,7,9. 101, ie. GF. 1,s. 
3,78. Hn. 2, 3,37. adv. used with the imper. as a prohibitive, 'dont, 
not, nor'; sometimes with the pres., 'lest, nay but', as in ^y ku al hat, 
GF. 3,75. 'nay but if , peradventure , perhaps'. Heb. Chald. ^N, As. id; 
Paz. syn. ma, or -x£ md. 

$y3.u khardj, AY. 49,9. s. tribute, a tax, a toll. Ar. --C£, 
))f£2).u3.u drdstano, v. to adorn, to embellish, to decorate, to or- 
nament, to arrange; past part. y^uJjj didst, AY. 62,6. Pers. jju/M, 
Z. d + rdd (Sans. rddh). 

3pQ)£)Yu khrafstar, AY. 14, 11. 17, 18, 12. 25, 32, 47, 2. s. a noxious 
creature; any hurtful animal, reptile, or insect, whether beast of prey, 
or vermin, said to have been produced by Akharman for injuring the 
creatures and creation of Aiiharmazd. PI. ^jflQ)^)^ klirafstardn, AY. 
24, 37, 89,3. 29,34,81,2. 69, 4o -^OO^JtDe)^ khrafstarlhd, AY. 60, s. 
Z. -M/^^^u/^/y , Pers. wJCwL:b>. . 

^IftDd)^ khrafstor, AY. 47,2.; pi. y*))ft})Qj*> khrafstordn, AY. 



$* - e» 19 

89,3. •*()(p)fQ)$A u khrafstorihd , AY.- 60,8. in He and Kl>g , variants 
of the preceding. 

fly,u kliirad, GF. 0,94. s. wisdom, intellect, sagacity, judgment, 
understanding. Pers. t>^, Z. >^JJ/cy. 

«w^)^ ^ln/a, AY. 4,4. 5,4,5. 10,7. 11, s, 11. pr. n. a Persian title 
which commences many ancient Persian names of celebrated men, and 
appears to mean 'righteous, perfect, or eminent'; here it is applied to 
Yiraf, and in His to Zaratusht, see note to AY. 101, 8-13. Pers. |t>J, anc. 
P. arta, Z. ~"£0<tt for arta, Sans. rita. It is synonymous with j^jj asho, 
as ^wo arda is substituted for -jy.u asha in C£X3 ,u )y*)* > Ardavahisht 
= O^X^W- Ashavahisht, Pers. o.^^J, Z. as/*& vahishtci] comp. 

also flyy£) fravard = i^()y£J fravyashar == Z. fravashi. 

-jw^6U)vt)ij arad-khutldi, Hn. 3, 39. adj. uncontrolled by a master, 
not submissive to control, insubordinate. Priv. u a- .+ -^^^fly m< ^~ 
khuddi] Z. -A*/^i^O'>^^ Ji • 

$y.l>) -wft)"^ Ardd-Virdf, GF. 6, 1, 4. pr. n. the book, or narrative, 
of Arda-Yiraf. See -JuflU-u Arda, uo^iJ Arddi, and o*^) Vara/; 

au^jjJ Arddi, AY. 53, 11. 101,5,14,22. pr. n. see -ufly-u Ardd. 
The final uw may be variously explained: either as jjj «-i, the idha- 
fat J i connecting the two names put in apposition; or as 3.U dg , for 
a.u afc, the a fc being the usual final after jj a ; or merely as a substitu- 
tion of the Z. utti a for the Pahl. -u d. 

^■ u COO , *vt^' M aratcshtdr , s. a warrior, a soldier; an individual 
of the second class, or caste, of the Mazdayasnian community; pi. 
^^^OO^rt)"** arateshtdrdn, AY. 14,7. Z. nom. pl.^^^OJO^cW* Pers. 
s\(\&/Js\ 'a troop of horsemen'. 

^.u ot^'j GF. 4,4-6,u-i3. Hn. 1, i6, 26. s. value, worth, price. Pers. 
Jj or vJ; Z. nom. 4^^ 5 Huz - s y n - £)^> or ££?' hasp. 

gp-u^J 1 Arjdsp, Dk. 149,4. j££JJ#.tf Arjdspo, Dk. 149, 1. pr n.« 



20 eM - ^ 

a Turanian king who was an opponent of £)^•u^>0) ,, ) Kai-Vishtdsp. 
Pers. v_^L*.J , Z. nom. 4dJ- M,u • t^ W^ * 

pj^).u arjdn, adj. deserving, meriting, worthy ; see yoy j^ 3^* marfj- 
arjdn. Pers. ,jM; either the crd. of a v. ))?£))*>{)•» arjdnidano = 
Pers. ^cX^K;!, or the pr. p. of ))o£)$)a arjlduud. 

Aiyoyju arjdnik, AY. 4, 30. Hn. 1?, 30. adj. worthy, meritorious, de- 
serving, estimable; pi. used as a s. yoDyoyu arjdnikdn, AY. 17, 19. 
68,6,10. 89,7. GF. 3,97. the worthy. Comp. )y>i)y*yu, or )^^|aj^jj. 
arjdntktar , AY. 4, 30. Hn. 2, 30. — y*yu arjdn -f- adj. suf. J) -ik. 

))&}&** arjidano, v. to be worth, to be valued at; pres. 3 d sing. 
^d*> arjed, Hn. 1,9,10. Pers. ^c^sl, Z. arej\ Sans, arh 'to be 
worthy'. 

))^fi).u hhaleluntano (trad, ararunatan, or alalunatau), or 
1)FQ))r^ ,u khalelunastano (trad, arartmastan, or alaltmastaii) v. to 
wash, to bathe, to perform ablution; past part. ftl))r^ ,u khaldflnati, 
AY. 38,7.; pret. ^)p)<u khaleltmcl, AY. 58,5., ^J)-^ -**H bardkhalc- 
Itind, AY. 2,25. Chald. b^n, Syr. %.^I; Paz. syn. ))FQ))*0 shustand, 
whose term. ))fQ) -stand is sometimes adopted by its Huz. equivalent. 

-q}jj ars, AY. 16,7,8. s. a tear, weeping. Pers. j* J ? Sans. asVi£ 

jqXu kharish, s. a butt for ridicule, a laughing-stock; see -J(p-*(XV 
resh-kharish. Pers. J&j^-, or ^.jwi^. 

j^j)a jqjUi arashkoih, or arashkunih, AY. 55, 7. s. envy, jealousy, 
malice, spite. Pers. dL&%, or dLcJ, (Z. nom. -^ ja»jj/jj) , or perhaps 
jJC«U ? or ^.>Xco> , + abst. suf. j^ -?//. 

^y^Jii arshukJit, Hn. 1,7. p.p. rightly spoken, properly uttered, 
correctly recited. Z. icapodbj/f » or 4(5p' >i 0^ ii * 



5*) - ^ 21 

Jb^y^i Alaksandar, Dk. 150, g. )£.!£&).» Alaksagdar, AY. 1,4,8. 

pr. n. Alexander the great, called Arasaiigar in Midi. 8,29. Gr. ^XtJ-ardQog] 
Pers. ^tUX^!, or .Ju£w. 

MWfP' 11 ^helmiintand (trad, armunatan) v. to sleep, to lie down, 
to repose; past part. ^)fv.w khelmund, AY. 2,3i. 69,9. 85, 7.; fut. 3 d sing. 
tf))tfsu -wu bard khelmuned, Hn. 1,10,23. Heb. D^h, Chald. D^n, Syr. 
>o.^l ? Ar. Ili; Paz. syn. ))^£J)A> khoftano. 

-X^OIw-** khelmunishnih) see /vWJTv- 4 * -*M] bard-khelmunishnih. 

-fjyu khrus, GF. 2, 25. s. cock, a male fowl. Pers. u*j*^> . 

«{«pjj «r^5, Hn. 2,23. adj. shining, fair, white. Z. -juj^>/>jj ; 

ved. Sans, arusha, 'reddish'; Paz. aids, Mkh. 61, 10. 

£)i3yVu harvisp, Hn. 1,2, 6,36. 2,6. 3,5. adj. all, every; see £2>yu 
harvisp and t^Sy* harvisp. Pers. ^jc (anc. P. karma, Z. _u»/>,u^ , 
Sans, sarvva) + Z. -u^^/^ (anc. P. vispa, Sans, visva). 

fQ)y*> harvist, AY. 4, ie. 12, 9. Hn. l,si. adj. all, every, the 
whole of. This variant of Q&yu harvisp has probably originated 
from the junction of the letters )££ in )£25)5<»J harvispo which is a 
common form of the word in some MSS. 

fQ)yu- hu-rost, AY. 4, is. in all but Hi 7, a variant of fQ)y)*> 
hu-rost. 

C^yji harvisp, AY. 15, 21. in He, a variant of gfr*y** harvisp. 

•£y*J Arum, Dk. 151,8. pr. n. the eastern, or Greek, empire of 
the Romans ; Roumania, Rumelia ; the Greeks having succumbed to the 
Romans, the name of Rome was applied, by Persians of the Sasanian 
and later times, to ancient Greece. Lat. Roma, Pers. Ar. **y 

j-O^-Gy** Arumdi/tk, AY. 1,8. see ju-£y** Arumdk. Pers. ^Loj;. 
j-yjAi^yu Arumdydk, AY. 1,4. a variant of the preceding. 
Ai).£y.u Ariimdk, adj. Roumanian, Grecian, Greek; pi, used as a 



22 y* — ^jqu 

s. y^u£y* Arumdkdn, Dk. 150,6. — J$yu Arum -}- adj. suf. ** -dk, 

Q&syu harvisp, a variant of £)A3pJJ harvisp in: c^J^^) ^^^pji 
harvisp -pcsicl, AY. 14,8. 15, 21. all -embroidered, all-bedecked; and 
5^)5^0 C^r^ harvisp -shikuftak, AY. 15, 21. all -admired. 

IfH^^ij hu-rodishno, Hn.2, 23. adj. well-growing, well-proportion- 
ed, handsome, jj /rw- (for ^ hu-) + ))^p rodishndj Z. -hqLu) . 

a^Q)^)i* aristcik) adj. not dead, living, existing; pi. used as a s. 
)^)ApQ)^3jj aristalxdnd, Dk. 151, u. Priv. jj a- + ^ftl)^' ristah (Z. 
-u^oajj'j 1. It may also be read arajistak^ 'erring', see the remarks on 
4pQ)^3 ristah. 

^)jj . or A))ii, anfc, AY. 4,27. 17,i9. adv. far, remote, distant, 
away. Heb. ?pK, TpN, Ch. ^]N, TpK, Syr. j,L>( 'long, lasting, delay- 

e(F; As. arfta, 'afterwards'; Ar. ^Lf 'he delayed; Paz. syn. 3u rf#r. 
It is evident, from the meanings of the Semitic equivalents, that this 
word is wrongly used for the Paz. 3u dur which ought to be equivalent 
to the Huz. A-Q>) raklrik, while the proper Paz. syn. of this word is J)£ 
dcr which is wrongly connected with A-^i rakhik in the Pahl.-Paz. 
Glos. This erroneous use of Jt))a arih, 'long, delayed 1 , for )y diir, 
'far remote', is, however, common in Paid. MSS. 

5)u3jj argond, AY. 18,6. adj. greedy, voracious; fretful, raging, 
angry. Pers. JOLc-J, or sJ^^J; Z. ereghand. 

^u as, AY. 2,22,29,31. 3,19. 27,6. s. wine. Comp. Heb. D^py, 
Chald. D^Dg 'juice of the grape'; Paz. syn. *(y£ mat. 

yv&si dsdn, AY. 101,5. adj. quiet, comfortable, easy, courteous, 

gracious; comp. 3^^a)^u dsdntar, AY. 4, 14. GF. 2,52,54. Pers. jjLj. 

_j/ttu.tt.u, or ^yw-ttiJ, dsanih, AY. 3,n. 4,12,36. 5,7. Hn. 2,6. 
s. repose, comfort, ease, peace, quiet, ^j-^jj dsdn -{- abst. suf. ~yj -ih. 

Myi ai/jy- appears to be a IIuz. form of Sjj ay-, equivalent to 



j>o» - rea* 23 

an initial Pers. j, in a few Pahl. words; it may be explained as a 

modification of the Paz. j^jj «c, or of the Huz. \«qu khad-i- I, 
\)^oj khadu-I, \fl>f khadu-1 (Pers. ^Xj), or ^^ khaduk; but 
its transliteration is still uncertain. It is classed alphabetically as ash, 
which it closely resembles in form; see the following words. 

JjjAcgy^, aiyydd-kdr, Dk. 150, 9. s. a memorandum, a memorial, 
a record, a register. Pers. >b^L>, or JSc\S. 

))^uc£yyy, alyydclinidand, v. to remember, to recollect, to com- 
memorate; pret. C^H^tyvyj cnyyddinid, AY. 2,28. Denom. fr. ^VVV* 
aiyydd (Pers. jL>). 

jiAQjj aiyydr, s. a friend, a helper, an assistant; see ^V^Jj^OO 
Shatro-aiyydr and 3^)O , ) 4 0- i Daliislm-aiyydr. Pers. sL>, Paz. Jj^j 

j(jW« aiyyarih, GrF. 1, 1. 3, s:>, 94. s. friendship, fondness, favor, 

assistance, help. JiWyj aiyydr -f- abst. suf. oy -?/*. 

£)i3ii asp, AY. 54, 5. GF. 2, 10, 49, 51. 3, sg, ss. s. a horse; see e^ji 
asp) pi. yA)^)i5iJ aspdn, GrF. 3, ss. Pers. i— *.^l, or ^^l, Z. -u^jaju, 
Sans. asW ; Huz. syn. ,j/»iij^ susyd. 

&)&&*> aspanjj AVJ 17, 19. 93,5. s. a lodging, a resting-place, 
a serai. Pers. >s-U-w, or ^ju**; comp. Lat. hospitium. 

•£?.japj£)i3.*j ayiplrusrem , H-. 126,2. s. the aiwisrCdhrem gah, or 
period of the day, which lasts from dusk till midnight; the orthography 
s corrupt, as the word is commonly written ^£>y&g)5si mpisriLsrcm, 
^toytoyy* ayibisrusrcjn, or u^y&iu aibisrutcm. Z. -M^/^/^OiJ-"* 

|^j)U fta'«£, GF. 2,44. 3,95,97. substituted in H6 for the Huz. e^jJ 
«?£; v. s. pre?. 3 d sing, is, it is, there is. Pers. c^-m^, or ou*f; anc. 
P. «$£/?/, Z. j^ODJi, Sans, asfo'; Huz. syn. tfjjj a*7. 

f)^O j rCl> JJ ustddano (trad, estddari) v. to stand, to stay, to remain, 
to stop; also wriettn ^^VfQP ^tddand] past part, used as an adj. 



24 w>* 

A^ypQ)Ji astddak in ^JtVFQ)-" -u)jj) Idld-astddak. Pers. ^joUuJ, 

or jjoLc^of; anc. P. Z. s£«, Sans, shthd; Huz. syn. ))^£y) am.d yekavi- 
munddano. 



yoytffl)** astukhvdn, AV. 75, 2. s. a bone, a skeleton. Pers. ^jLiajuJ, 
or jjlj^ju*. 

^^A>^Q)iJ ast-homand, AV. 10J , 5. Hn. 2, 3,36. adj. furnished 
with material existences, provided with bodies, supplied with creatures, 
corporeal, material; pi. yi$£y»fQ)u ast-homanddn, Hn. 1, 2,i. — ftl)^ 
as£ (Z. >^djj) -f pos. suf. ^^> hdmand; Z. ^j£jj»^a>jj . 

>*05tl) Ji hastishn (?), or astisJm (trad, cstashri) AV. 18, 9. s. exi- 
stence (?), standing, remaining, stay, endurance, continuance. ?t$)i* r/s ^ 
(crd. of JJ^yftD"* 1 astddano) -}- abst. suf. )*0 -ishn ; Huz. syn. j^j am.d 
yehavimunishn. 

^oi)fQ)ji aslobdn, AV. 68,9,13. j^ojjpQ)^ astobdno, AV. 12,8. 

adj. strong, firm, secure, steadfast, constant, faithful. Pers. j!j;J, or 

MftD ^OirCD-^ khadituni-ha&tano, Dk. 144, 6. v. to be seen, to be 
observed, to be perceived, to be beheld; ))ffl)~\))St!&** OMS) frdzkha- 
dituni-hastano, what is forth to be observed, an exhibition, a mani- 
festation. — )ftl) Ji khaditun (crd. of Nv^jftD-** khadlt'Cmtano) -f- abst. 
suf. $ -i + Mfti) 11 hastano (Pers. ^Ju*#). These words can also be 
read frdz hastol-ha stand, 'to be in existence, to occur', or frdz hast 
nishastano, 'being up and subsiding, rising and setting'. 

))v*))JtD JA khadituntand (trad, aslunatan) AV. 4, is. v. to see, to 
observe, to perceive, to behold, to look; past part. y«))jti).u khaditund, 

AV. 3,5,14. 4,9,13,22. 6,2. 11,4,15. 12,1,7,11,14,18. 13,1. 14,1,3,7,11, 

14,19. 15,1,9,16,18,21. 16,2. 17,2,n-i3. 18,3, 4, c. 19-52, 54-56, 58, 59, 
61-92, 94-98, 100, i. 99, 1,3. GF. 3,74. Hn. 2,e,M,28. 3,5. ^)ftD* -jMJ 
bard khadiiund, Dk. 152,5.; pret. ^))R2)ai khadMnd, AV. 3,8. 17, 
ic,i9. GF. 3,36.; pres. 1 st sing. •£))?£})** khtidUCinam, AV. 7,8,2. 9 3.; 



pres. 3 d sing. ^DfQ)* khadituned, AY. 64, 13. GF. 2, 41,42, 48.; pros. 
2d pJ-^OMt*)* khadituned, AY. 10, 5.; pres. 3* pi. $))pft).u MiadUund, 
AY. 54,7. Heb. nrn, Chald. NTH, or hjn, Syr. j^* P&z. syn. ))tf>$ 
did and. This verb is sometimes written ))^))C£)3.u khazituntano. which 
corresponds exactly with the Semitic equivalents quoted above, and its 
alteration into )) v ^))ttl) JJ khadituntano arises from the common Pahl. 
interchange of 3 % and 5 d. The meaning of the Sas. ^"^{if^^^J 
astundij N. R. ins. lin. 21, is too doubtful to allow of its identification 
with this verb. 

^000) *ft&* Asti-vihdd, GF. 2,41,42, 48. pr. 11. the demon of 
death who is said to cast a halter around the neck of the dead to drag 
them to hell, but if their good works have exceeded their sins, they 

throw off the noose and go to heaven (Dad. b. Dad.). Paz. Ast-vahdd, 
oljXwl, jbjXwl, t>fjXx*uf, or oI^a^; Z. >^4(5^?^ • 4^ JWI • 

))p^wfQ)^ astinidano, Dk. 151, 11. v. to make stand, to establish, 
to confirm, to steady, to fix, to settle. Caus. of ))^0 J ftl) iJ Qstddafio, 
Pers. ^cX^ibi^l , or .jtXjLcwJ . 

£2>u asp, AY. 101,20. GF. 2, 10. s. a horse; see y&u asp. 

jU£2)4* asazdk : AY. 18, 13. adj. unworthy, undeserved, unmerited, 
incongruous, incompatible, inconsistent. Priv. jj a- -f- 41^ sazdk. 

3i3J4 asar, AY. 101,3. Hn. 2,34. 8,33. adj. unlimited, boundless, 
eternal. Priv. a» a- + )i3 sar. 

<j(y£>u asryd, GF. 2, n. num. ten; generally expressed by the 
cipher a with a circumflex, which is here classed with the letter a k. 
Heb. *)&y, ITlM, Chald. *qp#, *©![. Syr. 4*1 . |il, As. f. Hsriti, 

Ar. ~«&£, sl&i; Paz. syn. jy, °£JO ? <^. 

))^)yi)ii asruntano, or ))?Q))p-£-D asrunastand , v. to bind, to tie, 
to fasten, to close, to shut, to confine, to captivate; past part, ^ojpi^jj 
asrund, AY. 73, s-, ^d)y.tfiJ -uu hard asrund, AY. 17, 20., fQ)))3i3.u jju 



LZ, 



26 ^o^ - ro* 

bard asrunast, Hn. 2,28. shut up, ^jpjdjj f ^')^) pumman asrund 
AY. 75,:,. muzzled. Ilcb. TON, Chald. *1DK, Syr. jlj, Ar. 'L|; Pi 
syn. ))fQ)i bast and, whose term. ))^Q) stand is often adopted by its 
lluz. equivalent. 

£X5-£jj dsyav, AY. 44,3. s. a mill-stone, a mill. Pers. LyJ, v_>LuJ, 
or «l.£>wvf . 

y*C*i*i* or ^/pii, a smalls AY. 14; 5. 72,6. GF. 2, 10, ei. Hn. 1,36. 
s. the sky, the firmament, the heavens; the 27 th day of each Parsi month. 
Pers. jjLfr^f, anc. P. ace. asmemam, Z. ace. ££Jjj£.ujj; Huz. syn. -X3.H3 
shemayd) or ^fyxt* shemayyd. 

tfju adin, (trad, agin , or aigiri) Hn. 2, 29,30, 32. jjtyu adino (trad. 
aswn) GF. 3, so. adv. then, thereupon, at that time. Sas. l?3^ adin, 
Ileb. ?N, *ivX, Chahl. pHK, Ar. ^3>|, 131, 6|, ot ; Paz. syn. (rarely 
used) JOO)^ dn-gdhj or JOO))^ dno-gdh. 

j^jj <7//£w, JJty* dyindj s. custom, usage, a habit, a rule; see 
^UA(© 1 bazak-ayino. Pers. .jjof, Z. _uJjjj,>.u c a way', Sans, ay ana. 

y^JO-" odinat (trad. a£#?0 AY. 08, is. GF. l,is. 3,68. 4,9. adv. 
with suf. then of (to, for, by, or through) thee; then thy, or thee, j^a 
adin + pron. suf. ^ -at of 2 d pers. sing. 

•G^fO* dyintHm, sec •fw;0 JJ 4fi ] bazak-dyintum. 

u OfC iJ adinash (trad, aigish) GF. 2,6. 3, 21, 36,74. adv. with suf. 
ilien of (to, for, by, or through) him (her, or it); then his (her, it, or 
him); then so. j£)jj adin + pron. suf. ^ -ash of 3 d pers. sing. 

ytyOji}** ad ni shun (trad, aigishdn) AY. 2,4. GF. 8,59. adv. with 
suf. then of (to, for, by, or through) them; then their, or them. j(}.u 
adin + pron. suf. yyQ -*hdn of 3 d pers. pi. 

•Gjtl** adinam (trad, aigim) AY. 1,38. 55, 56, 58, 77-92, 94-98, 
100,i. 99,3. GF. 1,19,26. 3,54,76. adv. with suf. then of (to, for, by, or 



10* - ->0» 27 

through) mc; then my, or me. jtyu adin + pron. suf. <$ -am of 1 st 
pers. sing. 

)}U** adino and ayind, see ftu adin and a?/w2. 

uj^jj asinin , AT. TO, 78,2. in K20, a variant of uu-ttJJ asinin. 

^i^jj asc/j AY. 10, 4. adj. imperishable, indestructible, incorruptible, 
untroubled. Priv. i) a — f- £}JS s£jf; Z. -^O^g* JO^^""* 

^j^V^O-*^ C(scj-h6?na?id, Hn. 2,36. adj. see the preceding, y&u 
ascj -f- pos. suf. 5j£)aj homand] Z. ace. ££^)>O l $- u &)0 ,>,> ^ ,)Ji * 

^id^idjj aiyivisrem, N. 126,3. a variant of /pjoj/jgiDii a*/£- 
pirusrem. 

u&u asim, AY. 101, 20. s. silver. Pers. *^^; Huz. syn. -u£)i^ 
kaspd. 

yjjiiij asimni, adj. made of silver, silvered, silvery ; c£}^£) Kf "^^ 
asimin-pesid , AY. 12,9. 13,2. silver-embroidered. Pers. ^j^ju*. 

)W-£j) asinin, AY. 51, 2. in K26, a variant of ^uiiiJ asinin. 

~H})y&u Dk. 152,6. = -^JjO^ agdinoih == -j^^^^jj akdinoih, 
or akdcnoih, s. evil religion, heterodoxy, infidelity, irreligion, (in trie 
phrase: 'they should not allow the infidelity of anyone whatever'). )jO^ 
agdino (often written )f(^^ akdino, Z. _u|j(j.ujjj^j) + abst. suf. 
oy -Vu 

uuad^j asinin, AY. 51, 2. 67, 3, 4. 70, 2. 71,4. 78, 2. 70,5. 85,2. 87,2,3. 
99, 5. )YY&u asinino, AY. 62, 2. adj. made of iron. Pers. ^jajef. 
Z. -uJujij^^^jiJ. 

jyjJ Cfs/? , Hn. 1, 16, 26,31,36, 38a. 2, 4, 6, T , 1 2, 1 S . 21 , 2 2, 37. 3,5,17,37. 

unattached pron. suf. him, his, her, it, its; of (to, for, by, or through) 
him, her, or it. Pers. ^— ] ane. P. ace. -shim, gen. -shaiy: As. m. -sw, 
f. -sa. See the remarks on e£y at. 

-jy.u khayd (trad, at/a) GF. 2,26. Hn. 1,10,33. s. life, vitality. 



28 -*00* "" - ^b* 

Heb. irn; Chald. MJQ 'living'; Syr. Jlul, (J 'living'; Ar. iui; Paz, 

pyO-u ashdn, Hn. 2,28. ^J^K)* ashdno, Dk. 145,9. unattached 
pron. suf. them, their; of (to, for, by, or through) them, -jyu -ash -f- 
pl. suf. ^A) -an. See the remarks on ^y a£. 

C£){J JJ hasht, num. eight; often expressed by the ciphers yu >uj ♦ 

Pers. v^^s* , Z. -jj^>j^jj , Sans, asto ; Huz. syn. Jy^)^ tomanyd. 

?0 J ^OO iJ Ashtdd, AY. 5,3. pr. n. a female yazad, or angel, who 
is said to promote, increase, and utilize, the settlements, or colonies, 
of mankind in the world; her name is given to the 26 th day of each 
Parsi month. Pers. oUi^l, Z. gen. Jgyjuynyu . 

^O^OO 11 hashtih, GF. 2, a. s. an octade, an assemblage of eight. 
C^O* hasht + abst. suf. jy "^ The P^ z * hashtdah, 'eighteen', is 
similarly written. 

^O^OO* dshtih, s. concord, peace, harmony; see /-vjCOO"^ 
andshtih. Pers. ,-&&(, Z. jq3J^</y.ui. 

■^OO^OO* udddyish, AY. 16, 8, u. 23, g. 30,5. 74,5. 77,7. adv. 
unlawfully, unjustly, irreligiously. Priv. a a — (- -*()(5^>0 dddyish. 

)Vi$)\ ^O^OO* dshtih-bavihun , adj. peace-seeking, conciliating, 
pacifying, appeasing; pi. used as a s. ^))*0H ^OSOO* dshtih-bavihundn, 
AY." 15,i8. peace -seekers, conciliators. -J^^OO* dshtih + ))*OH 
bavihun (crd. of ))Jtl))WH bavihunastano. 

■^I^OO* Jtashtiim, GF. 2, 4i. num. eighth; sometimes expressed by 
the ciphers ^)^)U). — ^xjjj frasM + ord. suf. ^) r#mj Pers. 

*£&#, Z. -ju££^j^.u, Sans, ashtama). 

W%)0** aydftano, v. to obtain, to acquire, to get; to discover, to 
find; past part. )^£>OiJ aydfto in f^fcx>u -*m bard aydfto, H. 77, i. 
procured. Pers. jjJiiLj, Z. d + ap, Sans. tfp. 

J^qu MkhaVj AY. 38, 5. 41, 7. 49, 2. s. any waste, or impure, matter 



separated from the living bodies of mankind, or dogs, such as saliva, 
skin, hair, nail-parings, etc.; bodily refuse, Z. -m/cl^O* 5 ^^ z * hihar, 
or hihar] Fers. wp 'a pustule'. 

^^j^i> ashgahdn, AY. 32, 1, 5. adj. lazy, slothful, indolent. Pers. 
Jit?)}, ^5)1, ^t, or ^1. 

AJijA^yji dshkdrak, ^jmj^qu dshkdrako, Dk. 144,4. adj. evi- 
dent, manifest, clear, open, public. Pers. SslSUut, KK*ol, or sK^I. 

jjo^a^u Ashkdndn, Dk. 150, 4. pr. n. pi. the Ashkanians, or Arsa- 
cidan dynasty of Persian kings. Pers. ^LoK^it. 

))9t>M)*'9~ , 0' u hashkckhunddano , or ))^*))ma,-J(9<u hashkckhunanot 
(trad, ashkahiinatan) v. to obtain, to get, to acquire, to find; past part. 
yO^jAUj^ hashkekhimdd , GF. 2, 13. Ghald. aph. PDtfK, Syr. aph. 
*-44iuf; Paz. syn. ))tf)0)) vindddam, whose term. ))tfy -ddano is usu- 
ally adopted by its Huz. equivalent. The initial h is used in accordance 
with the usual Sas. orthography in verbs of this form. 

J\4)$^0 M ashkombo, AY. 48, 4 . 75, 76, 84, 2. GF. 2, 31. s. the 

belly, the abdomen. Pers. aujLjC&[, *x*X.w, *£&!, or *X&; Huz. syn. 

K^ja kresmafi, or K)^-^ kresman (sometimes corrupted into JO-^3 

,£(3«u khcshm, AY. 91,6. s. anger, rage, wrath, fury, indignation; 
see JgfaS** khcshm. 

Z. $jflb** ashem, Hn. 1,11,13. s. n. nom. truth, piety, righteous- 
ness; the first word of the sacred ashem-vohu formula of the Parsis; 
-VhSuij^y y ash ar dish in Pahlavi. 

AWk) w*jj ashem-voMik , Hn. 1, 3, 9, 16, is, 23, 26, 28, 33, 35«, 38*. s. the 
sacred formula which is most frequently recited by the Parsis; it is so 
called from its first two words, and is as follows: 

Ashem vohu vahishtem asti, 

ushtd asti; ushtd ahmdi 

hyad ashdi vahishtdi ashem. 



30 >*0* - »}# 

This formula may be translated thus: 
Righteousness is the best good, 
a blessing it is ; a blessing be to that 

which is righteousness towards Asha-vahishta, (the best righteousness). 
It is called in Pahl. -J(})*0^fQ) ^^^C yashardish-st&yishnih, 
Upraise of righteousness'; Z. 30>^t? • 6{£b**« 

&)*&** dshup, AY. 1,12. s. confusion, tumult, disorder, discord, 
disturbance. Pers. ^->*.xo! . 

jyXu^^^JJ dshuftkdrih, Dk. 150,6. s. disturbance, turbulence, 
rioting, devastation, ravages. ^£))*OiJ dshuft (Pers. &Z&M) + )^i^ /v«r 
+ abst. suf. jy -i/?. 

^j^J)*0^ ashnuvcd, pres. 3 d sing, of ))^)ji($i> ashnudano. 

5)Q)yi$u ashnuvand , pres. 3 d pi. of ))^)^x> ashnudano. 

^^dj^jj ashnudano, v. to hear, to hearken, to listen, to attend to; 
past part. ^))*0.u ashnud , AY. 1,36. 2, 4,17. GF. 2,7. 3, go, 83.: pret. 
^))*0-" ashnud, AY. 53,5. GF. 3, 74, so.; pres. 3 d sing. ^£J)*0^ ash- 
nuved, AY. 64, 10,12.; pres. 3 d pi. $)Q))H5* ashnuvand, AY, 54,7. Pers. 

\^\£j,X*h) , .jcV^A.w!., ^VAil.A.w!, ^t>».A.w, ^jtX-5*.A^w ? ^jtXxA^t, ^jcX-oLa^, 

or ^iL^; Z. surunaoiti (Sans, srinoti) 'he hears'; Huz. syn. J)^)^^) 

ajj -e//c, adj. suf. affixed to crude verbs to form adjectives with the 
meaning of present participles; see ^jj^u burzdk, A^()(3-M)y* tiikhshdk, 
^iJiy rubdk, ^^{y^ zahdk, ^jj^ stf*«ft, ^£fO *W&j ^W ddndk, 
etc. Sometimes affixed to substantives. Pers. I , 

)jja.u akdr, GF. 4, 18,27. adj. inactive, ineffective, inefficient, in- 
operative, inert, impotent, powerless, useless, extinct. Priv. u a- + 3jj4 kdr. 

-O-uax) dkds, AY. 101,2o. adj. aware, intelligent, acquainted, know- 
ing, attentive; see -O-u^ )ffc dino-dkds. Pers. suf. 

oy^ijju dkdsih, AY. 1,24. Dk. 145, 7. 151,3, s. intelligence, at- 



*** — )$» 31 

tention, understanding, knowledge; see j^^j^jUdJ^ tars-dkdsih. — 

^ii^ii dkds -f abst. suf. uq *4h\ Pers. ^L^L 

o^^ij^ii dkdsyish, Dk. 149,6. adv. intelligently, attentively, 
judiciously. -45^4^ a/c«s -f" adv. suf. -yish. 

$£)** $$** ak&mak-hdmand) AY. 1,33. adj. undesirous, unwilling, 
uncovering. Priv. u a- + ^j^V* ^5 kdmak-homand. 

e^u akaraz, AY. 4, 22. 11, 4. 17, 2, 13. 18,4. 32, 5. 53, 9. 54, 4. 70,7. 
GF. 2,32,36. 3,4,48. Hn. 2, 2 1, 24. 3, 20. adv. ever, always, perpetually, 
continually; always used with a negative, except in the translations 
from the Avesta. Comp. Pers. '<£+&• 

•jy^Aij akdindih, or akdcnoih, see ^jui^jj. 

WtVH 1 * akankhtanoj v. to hook, to suspend, to hang; past part. 
tfy\\*s akankht, AY. 24,2. 37,2. Comp. Pers. ^JtfT, ^y^ pry^U 
gS\ , ^.5 , >s^, ^^y, *^jT, or *-^?^ <a hook'. 

ajjJ)^jj akandrak) adj. unlimited, boundless, infinite; J£o a)jj)&ji 
cikandrak-darim, AY. 17, 12. unlimitedly spotted, or scaled. Priv. jj a- 
-J- 4)^)4 kandrak (Pers. aXtf); Z. -ju)jj/jj4.m « 

d)Ajj akoraz, AY. 11,4. in K20, K26; a variant of fchu akaraz. 

))TO))^ dkustand, v. to tie, to bind, to fasten, to chain, to fetter; 

past part. flQ))^ dkust, AY. 69,3. 74, 1. Comp. Pers. &Z„*f\, K&&TI, 

jU^M, 'bound', or ^j.Z»S Ho seize'. 

ujajj aA;vm (trad, aknin) AY. 66, e. jWH-tf akvino, AY. 68,4. s, 
or adv. once, one time or place, unity, union, unison; W)4<u ))& yavan 
akvin, in union, together, in company, ajj ak (Pers, 1X3) -f- ujj or )U), 
whose reading is doubtful, although it must mean 'time', as it occurs 
in «)y Ilvin 'twice', yj^ Illvin 'thrice', )^)y -uu &o7a Ilvino 'both 
times', )W) 3ia fca6cd t;2wo 'many times', )it) 3)£ chand vino 'how 
often?', etc. In GF. 2, gs. )ii) means 'air, breath' (comp. Z.-Pahl. Glos. 



32 £ - *£ 

p. 8,3.) and is read vayo (Z. ^j«)ij/^), being a synonym of Pers. *t>; 
but as this latter word also means 'a moment, or period of time' (in 
r>£j& and ,* JOo), it is possible that y) may likewise be read vayo when 
it means 'time'. The word y) 'time' may, however, be connected with 
the Huz. -ui>) vidand 'time', in which case it should be read vidan, 
and compared with Chald. jiy- 

jw am, AV. 65,4,8,9. 78,4. s. a mother. Heb. Chald. DK, Syr. 

]io)i As. ummu, Ar. If or It, 

p km, AY. 52,7. Hn. 3, 3. adj. and adv. the same, equally, alike, 
likewise, together, mutual, (for compounds sec in alphabetical order). 
Pers. *.#; Z. G^O** -u£.uo> , $**& ' or $4r&i anc - **• h ama j Sans. 



sam, or sama. 



aji0»u/ hamkhdk, s. a companion, an associate, a comrade, a fellow- 
creature; pi. yo^j^yw hamkhdkdn , Hn. 2, 28. Z. -u^ij^y, Sans. nom. 
sakhd. The adv. 4-^5 J Jf hamishak is often written in the same manner. 

^Wi? amdvand, AY. 4,7. 5,3. adj. strong, powerful, mighty; 
see 5))A)jv amdvand. The reduplication of the medial jj a appears 
unnecessary. 

W hatndk, AY. 1,7,2s. 2,36. 4, 13. 10, 9. 12, 14, 19, 24, 37, 3. 13, 
99,5. 32, 34, 45, 47, 2. 54,4. GO, 7. 68,15. 101,15,24,25. GF. 2, 12,67. 3, 

21,04. 4,1,15,18,22. 5,6. Hn. 1,2,6. Dk. 150,1,12. 151,11,13. 152,1,3. 

adj. all, every, the whole. Pers. x+ja, anc. P. henna, Z. -u£i)t)>, Sans. 
sama. Often substituted for -jjjs» hamdi in K20, as in AY. 7, 2. 15, 19. 
19,3. 20-22,2. etc. 

-Hyuy* ^Am* hamdk-khvdrih, AV. 10, 1. 15, 21. adj. all-glorious, 
all-radiant. ^*g hamdk + -\yuy> khvdrih. 

Ajiwovu humdndk, AY. 36,3. in He, K20, K26 ; GF. 2,55. in K20; 
a variant of t)*y±£y* hfimdndk. 

$)&&m» amahraspend (trad. amMspend) s. ; pi. y&)&**y»g a™- 
uhraspenddn, AY. 3,8. )yb)&>y*g amahraspenddno, Dk. 144, 2. the 



ameshaspends, or archangels; variants of «*)£p3)*0j*' umcslwspcncl and 
)H^)^)H^ ameslwspcnddn. The medial y* is probably merely a mis- 
writing of jq$, although common in many MSS. 

3))tt£f amdvand, AY. 1*2,4. Hn. 2,23. adj. strong, powerful, mighty; 

see $)Yiy\» amdvand. Z. ace. ^^^jj»»^u. 

jy^^ua* amavundih, AY. 12, is. 14,9. 15, i3. Hn. 1,8. s. strength, 
power, might. «*)W* amdvand -f- abst. suf. uy -£/?. 

juyojuju; amdvandyish) AY. 15, 20. in K20, adv. strongly, power- 
fully, mightily; substituted for jnyys^yo homandyish. $))*))» amdvand 
-j- adv. suf. o^ -?/£s/?. 

uuo/ hamdij adv. ever, continually, always, perpetually; used with 
the pres. in AY. 12, 65,4. 19, 41, 43, 80, 100,3. 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 38, 
4G, 52, 58, 60, 96, 99, 2. 40,7. 42, 2, 7. 48, 2, 4. 55, 90, 1. 64, 5, 6,12. 68, 
2,5. 87,8. with the pret, in AY. 7, 23, 25, 32-34, 39, 43-45, 59, 62, 66, 
76,88,2. 12,12,15. 14,12.15,19. 16, 4 . 22,31,37,65,70, 77,3. 29, 47, 2,0. 
49,3,4,9. 50, 63, 71, 73, 78, 81, 87, 89, 2, 3. 56, 57, 83, 91, 1. 64, 2-4. 
95,i,2. 99,5. 100,2,5. GF. 4,23. with the past part, in AY. 23, 44, 67,3. 
26, 35, 40, 49, 51, 94, 2. 66, g. 72, 1. 76, 1,8. 79,4. and with the perf. in 
AY. 15,20. 20,2, 99,4.; it is often, however, widely separated from the 
verb, or used independently, as in Mkh. 7, 17. 15,6. 62, 36, ss, 40. etc. 
Pers. ^4.& , or x> ; comp. Z. ju^^u^y . 

M^O"^ ham-actun, GF. 2, 15. adv. in like manner, so also, for the 
same reason, w ham -j- ))tfy* aetun, Pers. (j^tXfc+J*, 

j-fm_p ham-babd, Dk. 145, 8. in the adv. phrase _ = ^j) P £$ ma ~ 

dam ham-babd, on the same subject, in like manner, jj* ham + -fjjt 
babd. 

,1)^1 us ham-badik, Dk. 144, 1. adj. coexistent, simultaneous, in- 
herent, j* ham -j- yi bud (Pers. Jo , or juo) -j- adj. suf. .!> -ih. Neither 
the reading, nor the meaning, is quite certain. 

W^Mdlf ham-piirsishn, AY. 4,35. in K20, adj. substituted for 
the s. -^.attjjgJl* ham-pursaliih. g ham + )*0^))£J pursishn. 



34 



&$> - up. 



-\}*&))&}» ham-pursakih, AY. 4,35. Hn. 2,32. s. mutual inquiry, 
conversation, colloquy, communion; see ^-^JlfcJ-^hOV dush-ham-pm- 
sakih. p ham + 4-^))£) pursak (Pers. auw^jj + abst. suf. *jy -%h. 

*rg amat, AY. l,ie. 4,8,35. 8, 9, 1. 16, n. 17, 1 6, 19. 18, 5,11. 42,6. 

101,10,24-26. GP. 1,2,4,18. 2,26,34-36,61. 3,8,16,80. 4,21. Hn. 1,7,13, 
18,23,28,33. 2,2,28,37. adv. when, aSJ AY. 4,28-32. 17,21-24. 54,4. GF. 

4,20. though, although; AY. 4,25. 17, 15. 64, e. that; AY. 18, 2. so that, 
whereupon; AY. 68,19. even, yet; &g> -uw hard amat, Glj\ 3, 55. be- 
sides, when, moreover; ^ia> )f(3(° clrigim amat] AY. 3,-s, 17, n. GF. 
5,3. ^w 5)(o chand amat, GF. 2, s. as though, as when, as if. Sas. 

(^O^J amat, Hcb. in», Chalcl. TIE, TO, D^N, Syr. *2u>f Ar. Jte, 
which words are generally, but not always, jnterrogatives. Paz. syn. 
ka, or 3a he, which being also the Paz. of )£ man, often leads to er- 
roneous interchanges of )£ mun and ^ p amat. 

^j-u humat, adj. used as a s. what is well-thought, a good thought; 
see ^QO^ dush-humat. A variant of y-£yo humat. 

v*^i^ vmiatat, AY. 4,4. adv. with suf. when (as, or though) of 
(to, for, by, or through) thee; when (as, or though) thy, or thee. ^j* 
amat -j- pron. suf. ^s -at of 2 d pers. sing*. 

(O^a; amatich, Dk. 144,2. adv. with conj. when also, and when, 
though even, ^j* amat + g -ich, 

^^Sf amatash, AY. 12, 12. GF. 3, eo, sb. Hn. l,io. 2,4,37. 3, 37. 
adv. with suf. when (as, or though) of (to, for, by, or through) him, her, 
or it; when (as, or though) his, her, its, him, or it; -^j^p )fO& 
cliifjun amatash, GF. 2,7. as soon as by him. ^p amat + pron. suf. 
^ -ash of 3 d pers. sing. 

POO-^lJ' amatshdn, AY. 2,4.4,9. 12, 10. 14, 15, 20. 15,13. 17,2. 
GF. 2,12,13. 3,44,r,i. Hn. 2, 2s, 32. IftJO^j*' amatshdno, GF. 3,58,59, 
88. adv. with suf. when (as, or though) of (to, for, by, or through) them; 
when (as, or though) their, or them. ^p> amat + pron. suf, p£)0 
-shdn of 3 a pers. pi. 



«£ ~ Htt£ 35 

•^Jf cimatam, AV. 12, a. 101,4. GF. 2,i4. 3,53. adv. with suf. 
when (as, or though) of (to, for, by, or through) me; when (as, or 
though) my, or me. ^g> amat + pron. suf. £ -am of 1 st pers. sing. 

^f^p amatmdn, AV. 54, n. 68, 4. )^£\^ p amatmdno, Dk. 152, 5. 
adv. with suf. when (as, or though) of (to, for, by, or through) us; 
when, (as, or though) our, or us. ^p amat -\- prom suf. ^-f -man 
of 1 st pers. pi. 

(ou» hamich, Dk. 149, 3. adv. with conj. together also, w ham 
-f £ -ich. 

Y*$Yf ham-zamdn, J^pV ham-zamdno , in the adv. phrase ))g 
Y*S)» pavan ham-zamdn, GF. 1, 13. 3, si, 85. J^pV ))£) pet van ham- 
zamdno, GF. 3, 60, 6i,68, 83. 4,2,9,19,27. at the same time, at once, im- 
mediately, simultaneously, g ham + yoS zamdn. 

-Hffow ham-dind, GF. 3,49. adj. of the same opinion, unanimous, 
acquiescent, p ham + -Ufa dind; Paz. syn. ^ftDfOOL^ ^tf/n- 
dddistdn. 

)tOi? ham-dino, or ham-deno, AV. 101, is. of the same religion, 
having the same form of worship, w ham -f )ffo dind) Z. . !g$JUty 

JWI^fOOOj*' Dk. 151,8-9. probably for H^^tf}^)" ham-ydit- 
yuntano, s. bringing together, combination, union. j*> /iam + — CO^O 
)^)W ydityuntano. 

Y*TQ)SfoVJ? ham-dddistdn, AV. 2,20. )^FQ)^>0 P ham-dddistdnd, 
N. 78,9. adj. of the same opinion, unanimous, acquiescent, consenting. 
\» ham + ^JftD^OO dddistdn] Huz. syn. -ujoj*' ham-dind. 

/\))^rQ)^00^ ham-dddistdmh, AV. 1, 28. s. unanimity, acquies- 
cence, concurrence, consent. )*>Jt2)^004f ham-dddistdn + abst. suf. 

^l^-^WJf ameshospend , AV. 58,6. s. an ameshaspend, immortal 
benefactor, or archangel; one of the seven principal good spirits whose 



36 -VX ~ £ 

chief duty is the preservation of the universe, and whose names are: 
uj^yty* Auharmazd (who being the creator, is usually mentioned 
separately from the other six), ^a>) Yohuman, ^OO^)^ 6 ^ Ardavahisht 
(Z. asha vahishta), ))>)tfJO Shaiv&rd, y>fy)y& Spendarmad , ty)y* 
Horvadad, and C^P Amerodad; see $)££>)H5W ameshospend and 
3)£)A3va»j* amahraspend. PI. )*0)^>*0JJ' amcsliospcnddn, AV. 3, 21. 5,n. 
11,2,15. GF. 2,59. 4,25. )^)^i3j4(5_pamc5^spmc?ttMo, GP. 1,25. Z. nom. 
ace, pi. -u^j£££p . Jawj^^jj; Paz. ameshdspend] Pers. cU^Lc^f, 
or <XoLwwLk/of , 

j )^)*OP ameshospend, AV. 11, 1. GF. 2, 73. s. see the preceding; 
pi. JH^^Wif ameshospenddn, AV. 3, 21. 5, 10,12. 101, 3. GF. 2,55,57. 
)> i O^)*OiJ' emicshospenddnd, GF. 1, is, 19. 

^ hamak, see ^£jj bar-hamak. 

-mjj* khamrd (trad, amnd) GF. 2,49,51. s. an ass, a donkey. 
Heb. Tl'OT, Chalcl. "1DH, N^Hi tQBDi Syr. [$blL, 1^^, ^ r - ;U^>s 
Paz. syn. 3jj fe/iar. 

^9£>» j* dmukhtand, v. to teach, to instruct, to learn; past part. 
tey p dmukht, AY. 68,19. see also fty w fy*i khup-dmiikht and 
fty w*QJ> dush-dmukht. Pers. ^iia^ot , or ^ia^f ; Huz. syn. ))^))£)}«u 
cdpuntano. 

3iJ »* liamvdr, AY. 38, c. adv. at all times, always, constantly, 
continually. Pers. y^tf, or s^tf. 

MOWS -C dmuzdnidand. AY. 68, 24. v. to make teach, or learn; 
to teach. Pers. jjiX*M)j*t, or ^cXif^of. 

u^ p dmurzishn. AY. 65, 9. s. forgiveness, pardon. $) o» dmurz 
(crd. of Pers. ^Jo^T) + abst. suf. -&An; Pers. J^jJoT. 

jjfrgtg w dmfirziddr, s. a forgiver, a pardoner; (used as adj.) 
forgiving, merciful. Comp. V^^oSj* dmurztddrtar, GF. 3,«4. more 



£-* 37 

of a forgiver, more merciful, more compassionate. From ^Cf^j* 
dmiirzidcmo (Pers. ^Jov^f), 

1?iJ* hamd-kun, Dk. 150, 12. probably for )up hamo-gun : ovhamd- 
gon, s. every kind, all sorts, everything; gup hamo-kunich, Dk. 150, 5. 
every kind also, w hamo (Pers. *#, x+s*, 'all', anc. P. hama, Z. 
_u£jJO> , 4^0* i S ans - sama) + u feww (— )p gun, 'kind, sort'). The 
same word might be taken as an adj. 'of the same kind, alike, similar', 
but it must be a s. in Dk. 150, 5, 12. as it is followed by an idhafat; 
and the Paz. hamoin appears to be merely a misreading of it. 

yfy) w Amerddad, AY. 3, 21. 23,6,8. 72, 5, GF. 6,1. Hn. 1, 13. pr. 

n. the ameshaspend, or archangel, who is said to have special charge of 

vegetation, and is styled Jc^^ujJi bar-liomandtar, 'the more fruitful', 

as he supplies herds of cattle (He extra fol. 10-11); his name is applied 
to the fifth month and seventh day of each month in the Parsi year. 

Z. nom. du. -ai^.u>^/£G.u 'immortality', Paz. Amerddd, jbycf. 

^O-C am idar, AY. 42,5. 78,4. GF. 3, 31. s. a mother. 3p ami 
(for p am) + )^o -tiar (term, of Pers. sjLo); Paz. syn. )tfy-£ mddar. 

J^ftD^J? hamistakdno, AY. 6, 5, 11. Hn. 1,351. s. pi. the departed 
souls whose sins and good works have been exactly equal , and who 
are supposed to remain stationary, till the day of judgment, in an 
intermediate place between heaven and hell; the term hamtstakdn, 'the 
stationary', is also applied to the locality itself in some cases. _p ham 
+ Ajtl)^ tstak (fr. Z. std) -J- pi. suf. )yo -and', comp. Sans, sanstha; 
or 5j» hami may perhaps stand for -jluu» hamdi. 

Ajy^p harnishak, adv. always, ever, continually, perpetually, 
constantly. Pers. &&£+*&« 

£T0 j~*0*£ hamishak-sdj, AY. 2, 32. adj. ever-burning. 5-^P 
hamishak -f- <oj^ soj. 

$&)£)-*>£ ham-yekavimundd, AY. 6,2. adj. standing together; 
in the adv. phrase ^y) M-*^ ))£) pavan ham-yekavimundd, in the 



38 *g - y* 

same position, stationary, w ham -f ^y) k>)U yckavimundd (p. p. of 
Dffcyj £)•*> yckavimunddano); Paz. syn. ftyrO)^ ham-istdd. 

Y»H>» ham-daman, GF. 3, si. )y*N}» ham-damdno, GF. 3, es. in 
K20. variants of (JWpjj' ham-zamdn and ^pV ham-zamdno. 

)yw hamhiOf ]N. 77, 9. 126,6. s. summer, the summer time, the 
hot season. Z. -u^-u^y, or 4) J G£0** 

^P ham-gunak, AY. 2,23. GF. 3,7 6. adj. and adv. of a like kind, 
similar, alike, such; so, accordingly; 4)Wjf ))Q pavan ham-gimak, AY. 
101, 25. in such a mode, in like manner, similarly, jw ft am -f- ^)>* gunah; 
Sas. ?|{2>©S J ham-gunaki. 

y> an*, a privative particle used for jj -a before vowels and 43 5. 
Z. -|j* 9 Sans. a#-, Gr. av-. 

y* an, pron. that, that one, those; he, she, it, him, her, they, them; 
see )(*y* dnicho and )yo and. 

y* -an, )yo -and, the plural suffix, used with both animate and 
inanimate objects, and with adjectives used as substantives; it is also 
added to the pron. suffixes to form their plurals. Sas. IU -an, Pers. 
^IL., As. emph. pi. suf. -dim, -dni, -ana. The suf. o^^ -ihd is also 
used to form the pi. of a few nouns. 

yo -an , )yo -and, patron, suf. affixed to proper names to form 
patronymical adjectives; see yy>£yoy) Auharmazddn , )y^u£yiyi 
Auharmazdakdno, ))**}&& Pdpakdnd, ^^OO^Jft)-^ Zavatuhashtdn, 
Y&)Q**Y*G Mdrspcnddn, ^d^^^OO) Vishtdspdno, etc. 

yo -an , )yt -and, pr. p. suf. affixed to crude verbs to form present 
participles, see )yo^i baramdno, ^>£>OM nlydzdn, yoJ^t) ndldn, y^u)* 
drdydn, ytyi girydn, etc. Pers. ^C, Z. -ana, -an, Sans. -ana. 
The suf. 4) -and (Paz. -ihd) is also used sometimes to form a present 
participle. 

yi hu-, adv. pref. well, good, right, proper, opp. of ^y dush^\ 



^ »)» 39 

see compounds in alphabetical order. Anc. P. u-, Z. ->o»» Sans. 6W-, 
Gr. ei-. . Sometimes £)^aj fe/ii/p (Pers. ^^i>) is substituted for this prefix. 
yo han, Hn. 2. 20. pron. other, another; see y^jt hdn. It is pro- 
bable that yo ^3 zak han is merely a variant of -juo3 zakdi, comp. 
-uyo 3 3 *#/>; a?w, Hn. 2,2s. 

-uyo and, or hand, Hn. 2,21,27,32. 3, 20. Dk. 145, a. pron. this; 
used as interj. GF. 3,82. Hn. 2,26. this is it! lo ! behold!; in AY. 54,io. 
-juu> and may be substituted for -juj ae, or khad, 'one', or it may mean 
'time, period' (see the next word); -jjj) -u^a> and rdi, AY. 68,6. on 
account of this, for this reason, because; -*yo ))£) pavan and, AY. 
53 )5 . 54,8. 64,io. in this way, thus, because; -o^> ^3 zak and, Hn. 
2,28. appears to stand for ui>33 zakdi , 'another', comp. u) ^3 zak 

han, Hn. 2,20. Z. inst. sing. m. n. -u)jj v or .-u>|jj J but as it is a 
Huz. word, whose Paz. syn. is c, it is probably Semitic, comp. Heb. 
Chald. [h 'this, these, there! lo ! behold!'; Heb. haf] 'behold!'; Syr. 
pTi. —A. — -*j)A) ^ma, 'this', and -jw «c, or khad, 'one', being both 
expressed by the Paz. syn. e : , are sometimes confounded by the writers 
of MSS. 

j)U) and, GF. 1,2. s. time, period, occasion. Ar. ^.j ; comp. Heb. 
i"Diy, Chald. Njiy 'stated period (for cohabitation)'. This word can hardly 
be a miswriting of p-|w anbdm, or -uu) vidand , as it occurs also in 

Dk., see Hi3<», p. 343, 1.4,15. 

juui a variant of yy* Hn. 1,28. in K20. 

yu> khvdp, or khvdb, Hn. 4, 10, 23, 2s. s. sleep, slumber. Pers. 
u^L^, or J*i*-, Z. -wj^ii^), Sans, svapna. The final j> stands 
for either $y , or jji. 

3j^y^» khvdhar, s. a sister; pi. ^)3o^y^ khvdhardn, AY. 2,17. 
Pers. v^!^, or >i^ , Z..acc. .GjAu*) 1 ** 1 ^ Sans, smm, 

^jOO*^ khvdhcnd, pres. 3 d pi. of ))fQ)D*4j khvdstano. 



40 -m^ 

tfyyo kukht, AY. 1,43. 2, 30. 4, 7, 33. 8,1. 11, 2. 68,7. 101, 17. GF. 
2, eg. Hn. 1, 14, 19. 2, 32, 33. adj. used as s. what is well-said, good speech, 
good discourse, good words; a word often spoken on solemn occasions; 
in AY. 8,1. Hn. 2,33. it is also used as the name of the second place, 
or grade, in heaven, which is called hukht gdh, 'the place of good 
speech', in Mkh. 57, 13.; see fltVft^g) frd-hukht , ^ty>*OO)0r£J f rc( ' 
dush-hukht and y&YijO)* d^-/m/iR Z. -Hyo>aty, Sans, suhtd. 

))tfy))^tyy» hankhettindd&nd, or j^l^y^ hankhetuntano (trad 
andtunatan) v. to put, to place, to set, to deposit, to lay; past part. 
^))9£y^ hankhetund, AY. 1,7. 10, 12. 94, 1. ffcyjj^y^ £$ ma " 
dam hankhdundd, AY. 31,2. placed upon, laid upon, ^tVMSO 3 ^ K5 
yin hankhelundd, AY. 2, 11. y*))^)^ U} yln hankhctund, AY. 34,7. 
put in, introduced, fixed; pret. ^fcyu^ty^ hankhctundd , AY. 10, 9, 14.; 
pres. 1 st sing. ^j^tV^ *>M£) f r ® % hcmkhetunctm , AY. 7-10, 1. I put 
forth, I stretch forth; pres. 3 d sing. tf)))^)^ hankhctancd, GF. 2, 20, 22. 
3,39,40.; pres. 3 d pi. i))^yyo hankhctund, AY.54,4. 85,3. Sas. £2^$^ 
hankhetitn, Heb. hiph. JTPUn 'thrust do wir, Chald. aph. HPIR, Syr. aph. 
hit); Paz. syn. ))CgX)>) nihddano, whose term. ))^y -ddano is often 
adopted by its Huz. equivalent. 

^Yiyyi hit-afrank, AY. 14, s. adj. well-ornamented, well-decorated, 
much adorned, yo liu- -f- *yty afrank. 

3jjja> khvdr, GF. 2, 42,43. adj. I.) easy, facile, comfortable; see 
)**yt}0)> dush-khvur. II.) (sometimes) radiant, glorious. Comp. )^)jj^ 
khvdrtar, AY. G, s. 16, 10. I. Pers. sL^. II. Z, -jj/^jw^o. 

-qyuyo khvdrih, s. I.) ease, comfort; see ->(yJ*yt)0)> dush-khv&rih. 
II.) AY. 5,7. radiance, glory; see -\yuyo jug hamdk- khvdrih and 
-\y**yi)Oy dush-khvdrih. 3jjja) khvdr -f- abst. suf. *j^ -ih. 

-H)-QJUyo khvdrytsh, AY. 5, 2. 1G,4. 18, 14. adv. I.) easily, comfortably. 
II.) radiantly, gloriously. )uyo khvdr + adv. suf. *\){^ -yUh. 



-u^ 41 

*Hjyo&uy* andsdnth, Ha. 3, 5. s. disquietude, uneasiness, discomfort. 
Priv. ye an- + ^yo^>si ds&nih. 

ffl)*yo andst , AY. 40, 55,6. 90, 97,4. GF. 3, 29. s. dispraise, 
irreverence, profanity. Priv. yo an — |- fQ)i) dst (Pers. o^l, orLcwf, 
'praise'); comp. Z. -u^>oo.u.ujJjj . This word is usually associated with 
some other noun meaning 'falsehood', and it can itself be read ardsf, 
'untrue', but in that case, it would be properly an adj. 

<PQ)-u)aj hhvdst : p. p. of ))ffl)uy» khvdstano. 

)jjpQ)jJWkj khvdstdr, s. a demancler, an entreater, a petitioner, a 
suitor, an applicant; pi. y»)*ifQ)uyu khvdstdrdri, AY. 9 J, 6. see also 
Y*'*>fQ)**Y» JS&) vajir-khvdstdffln. From ^fQ)^^ khvdstano ; Pers. 

)e^3pQ)iJ^o anastareto, see )tfyFQ)^)}*> dnodstareto. 

jfQ)*yo khvdstak, AY. 31, 45,6. 46,5. 63, 3. 87,7. 89, 10. GF. 3, 
95,97. s. wealth, riches, treasure, property, opulence. Pers. aJCwLi*^ or 
o<^wf*i*; Huz. syn. -ua)) varkd and J^-^A) niksayd. 

^a£a )jftyuyo klwdstako-Mmakih, AY. 91,6. s. a desire for 
wealth, cupidity. jfQ)*>ys) khvdstak + 4^ kdmak -f- abst. suf. j(j -///. 

))^Q)jiU) khvdstano, v. to wish, to will, to desire, to want, to 
require, to demand, to summon, to solicit, to beg, to petition, to entreat, 
to implore; past part. flQ).u^ khvdst, AY. 1,21.: pres. 3 d pi. SftyyY* 
khvdhcnd, Hn. 2, 35. Pers.^c^L^: Huz. syn. ))f^)yq$ubavihunastand. 

HMH tti)^^ cmdst-gubishn, adj. talking irreverently, speaking 
profanely; pi. used as a s. ^J*(MW TO}**?* andst-gubishndn, AY. 90,4. 
irreverent speakers. ^Q)^^ flwastf + WjH gubishn* 

/V^O"^ andshtih, AY. i, 10. s. discord, strife, enmity. Priv. 
ja> a«- + ^O^OO-" dshtih. 



42 -»r> 

Ai)}A) andk, GF. 3, 63. adj. evil, vile, wicked, mischievous. Comp. 
Pers. db 'adulterated, polluted'. 

*jy<)*iy* andMh, AY. 5,8, io. 1('», 12. 17,2,8,9. 31,3. 55, 1. 61, 7. 
68,21. GF. 2,9. Tin. 3,36. s. evil, harm, mischief, brutality, torment, 
distress, misfortune; see «J()^JJ)A>3)g} pur-andkih and j^a^ 5ia ka- 
bed-'andkih. $s*y* andk -f- abst. suf. jy -fh. 

Ju^ juy* andk-karddr, AY. l,s. adj. evil-doing, mischief- 
causing, devastating, ^jjjju andk -f- 3jj^ karddr. 

V&Y* andmurz, AY. 28,6. adj. unforgiving, pitiless, unmerciful. 
Priv. pi an- + gjp dmurz (crd. of Pers. ^Jowvcf). 

() £>)*> andmurz, AY. 28,6. in Hi?, a variant of the preceding. 
-u£yoyi Auharmazd (trad. Anhoma) AY. 3, 21. 4, 35, 5, 10, 12. 10, 

6,11. 11,2,6. 12,4,8. 13,5. 17, 13. 98,6. 100,3. 101,3,4,7,10,12. GF. 2,17,20, 
23, 26, 55, 57. 4, 19, 2 5. Hll. 1, 1 , 3, 1 2, 1 7, 22, 27, 32, 37. 2, 1 , 3, 5, 10, 29, 3 2, 37. 3, 3, 4. 

Dk. 150, 2. pr. n. the creator of all good, who permits the existence of evil, 
produced by the influence of the evil spirit, Akharman, for only a limited 
period; he is also considered the chief of the ameshaspends, or archangels, 
and is styled i(t)^^>0 ddddrtar, 'the more creative' (He extra fol. 11); 
his name is applied to the planet Jupiter, and to the first day of each 
Parsi month, while the 8 th , 15 th , and 23 d days of the month are dedi- 
cated to him as the creative being. Also the name of several kings of 
the Sasanian dynasty, and still common among the Parsis. J-u£yoy» 
ow^uj Auharmazd-i khuddi, GF. 3, 72, 79, 85. uu^opj -xt^yoyo Auhar- 
mazd kliuddi, AY. 3, s. Auharmazd the ruler, or lord; -u^yoyo jv^X} 
ddddr Auharmazd, AY. 17,7. 61, 6. 10J , 13, 2c the creator Auharmazd. 
Sas. ^JQl^lSJ Auharmazdi, anc. P. Ailrammdd, Z. inst. .-u?>$yj), 

A 9 9 \ ' 9 

-u^j.uG , nom. ahuro mazddo, Pers. £y*^l, ^V )'? 7 V ' ^r )' 5 ^ 
y*)j#, &y*y&i or y«vi; comp. Sans, asura, which in the Yeda is an 
epithet applied to the gods. The final -ju.£ is cither a contraction of 



-°^ - ^jr> 43 

$j£ mazd, or a corruption of it through the intermediate forms d*£ 
and jj£ madad] comp. ^)J-^) Yazdakard and fQ)^^ Mazdayast. 

fty^yoy* Aiiharmazddn, Dk. 15J, 13. )y(y£yoy» Auharmazdano, 

Dk. 144, s. patron, adj. the Aiiharmazdan; the son, or descendant, of 
Aiiharmazd. -v£y)yt Auharmazd + patron, suf. yo -an. 

tfyi$-»£yoy* Aiiharmazd-ddd, Hn. 1, 6 ,3 6 . j^J-w^yu^ Aiihar- 
mazd-ddto, AY. 4,7. adj. created by Aiiharmazd. -»£yoyo Aiiharmazd 
+ ^OO d&i (p.p. of ))^>0 fiddandj II.), Z. -ju^juj^/^d^ . 

I^O^-f^)^ Aiiharmazdakdno, GF. 6, 4. adj. a variant of y^yfyy* 
Auharmazdan. 

£)-u£yoy^ Auharmazd -6m, Hn. 1,5. the Paz. equivalent of the 
Huz. £fiy* -ufyiy* Auharmazd homanam, AV. 101, 7. (I who) am 
Aiiharmazd. 

&$<$Y*Y* anaiimcd, GF. 4,23. Hn. 3,4. adj. hopeless, desponding, 
despairing. Priv. yo an- ~f- CO-f)^ aumed. 

y^Suyo khvahishn, AY. 53,6. s. wishing, begging, a request, an 
entreaty, a petition. #y* khvah (crd. of ))fQ)A*)A> khvdstano) -f- abst. 
suf, jq$d -nhri] Pers. Jte*j± , or ji*^!^ , 

^^^g j^jjjjo khvahishn-homand , Hn. 0,35. adj. desire-supplied, 
wishful, concupiscent, j^jjjaj khvahishn + pos. suf. ^^*)A) homand. 

S^y^tuy* khv alii shnm and, Hn. 2,35. adj. a variant of the pre- 
ceding. yq$5uyo khvahishn + pos. suf. $£ -niand. 

Hyy* hu-kliim, AY. 85,6. adj. well-disposed, good-natured, good- 
tempered, y* Mi- + uj khlm\ Paz, hu-him. 

)iij}A> anbdr , AY. 31,7. s. a heap, a collection, a store, a stock, 

Pers. sUMj Z. G£0» + &«r. 

J*i)*> anbdm, AY. 1,25. 15,6. s. time, period, age, season; Wtf* 



44 



_J^ W 



j^i^o anbdm anbdm, Dk. 144,5. various times, Comp. Ileb. D7IJ?, 
Chald. D^tf. Cfe, Syr. x±LL , see Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 61; but it is not 
certain that it is a Semitic word, as it may be merely a variant of 

J? \Y° = M?*Y* = -El3^ hangdm, 

jqi^) aubashj AY. 67,7. 68,24. GF. 3,4. prep, with suf. to (unto, 
for, before, or concerning) him, her, or it. i^u udb- (Z. j».u ; or 0Oi£j.u, 
jijij) + pron. suf. jy -ash of 3 d pers. sing.; Paz. havash. 

jyipj khubih, AY. 4, 12. s. goodness, pleasantness, enjoyment; 
usually written -Jy£)^> khupiJi. Pers. ^js** 

)4(M^> khub-dd/i, adj. well-knowing, fully understanding, learned, 
erudite; pi. used as a s. yvy^iyo khub-ddndn, Dk. 144, 1. Pers. o*^ 

4- )*0 &* n ( crc ^ °f JlftDW ddnistano). This reading is doubtful, as 
the form cited may be a miswriting of yuy^wyo Jifi-gubishndn, 'the 
well-speaking'. 

u^o hu-bo, AY. 15,2i. -iupo hu-Mi, AY. 3, 19. 4,25. 3)i^ few- 
hod, Hn. 2,20,20,27. adj. well-smelling, sweet-scented, perfumed, fragrant, 
savory; comp. 3^)iy*> hii-bodtar, Hn. 2, 21.; sup. ^)^H^ hu-bodtum, 
Hn. 2,20. — yo ha- -f- u bo, 3u bof, or in bod] Z. ,>(aj-bjjj>^» . 

-j^hjaj hu-boith, AV. 5, 7. s. sweet scent, perfume, fragrance. 
^)i^A> hu-boi -\- abst. suf. u^j -?/?. 

yyo khup, AV. 2.4,24. 12, 14. 15,9. Hn. 2, 30. adj. and adv. good, 
fine, excellent, pleasant; well, perfectly; comp. )y*£)^ kliuptar, Hn. 2,30. 
Pers. u>jia>; Z. >o>. 

^O-MXX^YtVfc)^ ^ l ^-P^4dkhshdhih » A.V. 9,8. s. good monarchy, 
good government. y*> /m- -f- -^-^OOO^^tVfc) pddakhshdhih. 

))yu*QY* Qfip&rdand, v. to swallow, to devour; past part. fly-U£)}*> 
aftpdrd 3 AV. 61,2. (t)-"£J^ -"H bard aupdrd, AY. 61,2. swallowed 
up. Pers. ^JoJ-jJ, ^t>o^l. or ^JuiL^f. 



6Y» 45 

fty g &y* khup-dmukht, Hn. 2,39. adj. well-instructed, well-in- 
formed. Qy* khup -\- tfy Y» dmukht (p.p. of jj^jjw dmukhtano.) 

))&y^Q)H avdpatadandj or auftddanu. or ))^^£}va> avapatadand, 

or auftadano, v. to fall, to drop, to descend; imper. 2 d sing. ^£))*> 

CtUCtpClt, Or ailft, GF. 2, 3, 18, 21,24, 28, 33 f 38,43, 50, 53, 56,63,661 3,2,13,18, 

28, 37, 42, 63, St, 90, 93, 96. Pers. ^t>UCijf, ^jiXXi^ ^XiJ, ^j>t>UCSl 5 ^jlVa3(. 

jjJuuCil, or jjJCil; Z. a^ -f- £>«£; Sans. at;a + V a *" 
)^£)^> khuptar, comp. of £j)*i feMp. 

))C£}V^£JH> aufthiulcmd, v. to make fall, to throw down; fut. 3 d pi. 
Ajy^^^j -uji 6«ra auftinand , AT. 2,12. Caus. of ))^y^^^> «#f- 
tddano. 

J^OOp^OO^d^ hu-frdishmo^ddto, N. 76, s. jSOOpPO^d)^ ^ 
frdshmd-dato , N. 77, 8,11. 126,5. s. the forth-going, onward progress, 
or withdrawal, of the sun; sunset and evening twilight; the first quarter 
of the night (see Z.-Pahl. Glos. 42, 7.). Z. j^huj • 4c£gM ut "d • #0* i 
see. farther Haug, Ueber den gegenwartigen Stand der Zendphilologie. 
p. 17-21. few is the same as Z. hvare 'sun'; frdshmo (to he derived 
from as 'to reach') probably means 'arrival'. 

-iyj£))A> Hu-parskj GF. 3,36, 40,47, 49,53,60,61. pr. n. the sister of 

G6sht-i Fryano, and wife of Aklit the sorcerer. Pars! j£)%J*, or y^yc; 
but this reading wants confirmation, and perhaps Ilti-fnja, 'the well- 
beloved', would le preferable. 

^>p£)^> hu-fravad l AY. l.ie. in all MSS. butHi?, )^y£Jfu hu- 
fravado, Dk. 145,6. variants of the following. y» hu- + ^Y£) fravad. 

tfyyU)*) hu-f award, or hu-f 'reward, AY. l,ie. jflyy^j^ hu-fra- 
vardo, Dk. 144,6. adj. having an excellent fravashi, spiritual counter- 
part, or guardian angel; a term of respect applied to deceased persons: 
blessed, yo hu- + $yQ f reward. 

))fQ)QY* aiipastano, v. to fall, to drop; past part. JtDd)^ aupast. 



46 e)^ — ^ 

AY. 93,i.; pret. ftDfc)^ dupast, AY. 43, 2 .* Sec ))^ty^£)^ auftd- 
dand] and perhaps this verb, which is also traditionally pronounced 

hupastan, might be better read aufdidand] Huz. syn. J)fQ)tr£)) ncflCm- 
astaiid, or neflunidano. 

^)) &Y* khup-kard, AY. 14,8. adj. well-made, well-constructed. 
#y) khtip -f- ^)j hard (p.p. of ))^)^ karclano). 

fty)$Y* Int-pokht, AY. 3, 19. adj. well-cooked. y<i liu- -f- fty)£) 
pokht (p. p. of ))^y)£) pokhtano). 

)H$$Y) QY* khup-varoishn, adj. well-believing, firmly reliant, stead- 
fast in faith; pi. used as a s. uj^^^ yyi khup-varoishndn, AY. 
0,10. firm believers, yy> khup + ^O^K) varoishn. 

fluf£2)l QY* khup-vastard, AY. 14, 20. adj. well -clothed, well- 
draped, well-carpeted, yyo khup + flufQ)) vastard (p.p. of ))^y^Q)) 
vastardano). 

yyo khud, pron. self, himself, herself, itself, (or with any other 

personal pron.); see 4-wtf}£J yy* kJiud-pcddk. Pers. dy&., Z. 4^-"^ > 
Sans, svatas. 

-u^o^o khudd, AY. J, 13. s. a ruler, a sovereign, a monarch, a lord, 

a master; see -u^ofiy rad-khudd] pi. y^ji^yt khudddn^ see — a^a 

yytyyi kadak-khadddn. Pers. ItXis.. More commonly written -ju>^)aj 



khuddi. 

A 



^^y^jj^yA) khudd-homand, AY. 1, 20. adj. having a master, subdued, 
loyal, obedient, -u^o^j khudd + pos. suf. ^j£y> homand. 

fyjU^yo khuddih, AY. 1,g. s. rule, sovereignty, monarchy, empire, 
lordship; see jjyjj^cyA) khfiddyih. — -u^y*> khfidd -f- abst. suf. ^ -2/<. 

^COO^v^K Artakhshatar , see i^OO^^^ ArtokhsJiatar. 



* This sentence may be more literally translated: 'who fell at the feet of 
several children, and ever screamed'. 



tyu - <** 47 

H^qOO^)* Artakhshatardn, see )fM$yyti$)y* Arotakhshatardno. 
fH^u^yo khucldydn, pi. of -Jjjyy* khuddt 

^u^yo hu-tdk, AY. 55,5. adj. well -flowing, quick -running, rapid. 
yoh&- + )ii^> tdk (Z, -u^^; Pers. db'-, crd. of jjOuJo'; comp. ^^b'), 

■jw^^w khuddi, AY. 3, 8 . GP. 3, 34, 72, 79, s 5. ?. an autocrat, a ruler, 
a sovereign, a monarch, a lord, a master; see uuj^uj^) rad-khuddi 
and Juu^A>fle)u arad-khuddi] pi. ffluyyo khficldydn, AY. 12, 14. 14, 19. 
99,9,io. see also )^.u^a> ^^ kadak-khuddydn. Pers. ^fJ^, Z. 
-ucdiuQjJMj . Sometimes written -ju^aw khudd. 

.jyjw^u, or uy^^^A), khiiddyih, AY. 7,8. Dk. 144, g, 10. 145,4. 
s. rule, sovereignty, monarchy, empire, reign, lordship; see /yjUyyo 

khuddih. — -M*^yo khuddi -f- abst. suf. j^ -?ft; Pers. ^j|<X~>. 

^ii^j^J $>)*) khud-pcddk, GP. 2, 40. adj. self-evident, yy* khud 
+ ^^£J pcddk. 

a-jq{)jj)^u) hu-tukhshdk, adj. well-endeavoring, properly industri- 
ous; pi. used as a s. )*0~¥)(3-U)^W hu-tukhshdkdn, AY. 14, 19. artizans, 
workpeople, laborers; the fourth class, or caste, of the Mazdayasnian 
community, yt hu- -f- A^j^jii)^ tukhshdk] syn. of Z. J^J^flO 1 ' 

^COO^Iy*^ Artokhshatar, Dk. 150, 11. pr. n. the first king of the 
Sasanian dynasty, who reigned A.D. 226-240; also written )«|>0 JJ ^ d ) A * 
Artokhshatar, J5^^y4 and j3,jyjj^)jj Artakhshadar, or Ardakhshir; 
other kings of the same dynasty, as well as some of the Achaemenians r 
bore the same name. Sas. iftll^jpi^) Ariakhshatar, anc. P. Artakh- 
shathrd (Z. areta + khshathra), Pers. %j^££>I , Gr. l4Qza^£Q§?-g. 

iVQ&Y* auzpatak, Dk. 145,4. s. upsetting, overthrow, fall. Z. us 
4* pat The reading is uncertain. 

)-J0^ja) hu-cMhar, adj. well- faced, handsome, beautiful; comp. 
iflyj^^j hii-chihartar, AY. 4, 22. — }a> /m- + )-^<® cMhar. 



48 <2>* — V 

"OO-^fi y° hu-chashmyish, AY. 91, 5. adv. with a kind eye, with 
a good aspect, favorably, propitiously, indulgently, wo hu- + £(*(* 
chashm + adv. suf. *jq{) -ijUIi. 

^owo hdnjaman, AY. 1,21. 2, 6 . 101,3. )£(oy* Jtavjamano, AY. 8,2. 
s. an assembly, a meeting, a convention, a council, a congregation. Pers. 
^.♦ipjf , Z. ace. pi. Jujjjj^iJM jgij^y ; Huz. syn. jjaXa (trad.) arsan and 
.j^j^ja lxc?iishayd 1 or klnshyd. 

)&Y° anichq, Dk. 152,4. pron. with conj. those also, them also. 

1**TQ)5(*YS auzdistdr, AY. G8, n. s. an image, a graven image, 
an idol. Auzdist means originally 'built up, or made lofty', and hence 
any building which has high towers, or minarets, such as idol temples 
and tombs for the dead, which have always been objects, or places, of 
worship among idolatrous people; but the erection of lofty buildings 
for such purposes, is as much opposed to the spirit of the Mazdayasnian 
religion, as idolatry itself. [Dest.] The form of the noun appears to be 
that of the agent, 'a setter up', from a verb auzdistano, 'to heap up, 
to erect'. Z. -u^oj^jas>; comp. nzdest, Mkh. 2, 93, 95. 36, 11. His sub* 
stitutes uzdezdr (comp. Mkh. 2, 95. 6,7. 27, gi.) the Jug Jx$3.u of Bund. 



41, 15, IT. 



~u)wo acid, AY. 3, 15. 4,2. in K20, substituted for ■^flyg) /Va- 
turn; adj. first, primary. Chald. ?1N, K7IK, Ar. Jy, ^ J ; Paz. syn. 
•f )W£J frcdum. 

4^)wo kliurclalcj GF. 2, gi. adj. small, little, minute. Pers. so^, 

))(t)wv> khfirdand, AY. 20, 51,2. 76,7. GF. 2,12. v. to cat, to devour, 
to feed upon, to swallow, to consume, to drink; past part. ^)wo hhurd, 
A.V. 96, 7.; pret. $wo kliiird, AY. 73, 2. Pers. ^^^ , Z. khvar; 
Huz, syn. ))y*)j£<^>0) vashtamiintand. 



V 49 

■^vt)^ khiirdik, AY. 3, 19. s. broth, soup. Pers. ^tW-*, The 
form of the word is that of an adj. from f£)*AJ hhurd (Fere. j^^. 
'meat') meaning 'belonging to, or extracted from, meat, or food'. 

f*t$)f*i khurishn, AY. 2, 22, 28. 3. ie, 20. 15, 3, e. 48, 7. 68, 17. 76, 89, 5 . 
77,8. Tin. 3,38,39. )yiyy* khurishno] AY. 3 1 9. GF. 2, 27, 29, 3*, 62, 64. 
Hn. 2, 38; 39. s. eating, food, victuals, eatables. jy$ khur (erd. of ))^jf^ 
khurdano) -{- abst. suf. y^ -ishri. 

^y$y* khurishnih, see f^yiyy* ^3iM bisraid-khurishnih 
and ~J0^3^A) $>»)£) frdz-khurishnih. 

yfy-Hyy* khurshcd, AY. 9,4. 15, 19. 72,6. GF. 2, 6 7. 3, 4.7,10, 15. 
s. the sun; the eleventh day of each Parsi month; 4«£)*£) ^-^yf^ 
khurshed pdyak, AY. 9, 7. the sun-track, the firmament of the sup. Pers. 
tX^-w^i^, or J^wis*; Z. -u^«3-u>W>> ♦ £/.u»$)» J Huz. syr. -mi3s3 
(trad.) zabzaba. 

*$y* kharam,, AY. 3,4,5. adj. joyful, glad, cheerful, delighted; 

comp. J^fyu khuramtar, AY. 4, 14. Pers. +1^ ? or |»**^; Z. 7iw + 



ram. 



)jy33 ■£?)*> Horniazd-ydr , GF. 6, 5. pr. n. a Pars! mobacl, or piiest, 
who lived in the 13 th century A.D. The Paz. form of J*i^j^y£y*yg 
Auharmazd-aiyydr, '& friend, or adherent, of Auhaimazd'. 

-j^TMj khuramih, AY. 5, 7. s. joyfulness, gladness, cheerfulness, 
delight. -$y* khuram -f- abst, suf. ^ -ih ; Pers. ,-xvi* . 

*y*M^UA;^jyuj hu-ravdkh-mi?iishnih , AY. 14, 7. s. joyful-minded- 
ness, happiness, blissfulness, felicity, p /m- + ^yp ravdkh (Z. ra- 
vawft., comp. also j^^.uj»/>) + y^f^ mlnishn -j- abst. suf. ^y -z/?. 

^p aurvar, AY. 4, 14, 15. 13, 5. 15, is. 17, 17. 23,6,8. GF. 2, 70. 
Hn. 1,6. 2,i8,28. s. a tree, a plant, vegetation, vegetables; pi. ^)p^» 

aurvardH) AY. 14, 12. Z. -w).m»/>. 

■7 



50 V " *Y* 

St&YY M-rGst, AV. 4, is. 18, i*. Hn. 2, 23. adj. well-grown, high- 
statured, beautiful, yo hu- -f- ?Q)y rost (p.p. of ))?tDr rostano)] Z. 



-u^Jsjj/)^ 



ytfiy* hiizvdn, AV. 2G, 33, 63, 79, 2. 81, 97, 1. Dk. 149,4. 150, 7. 
)wfiyo huzvdno, AV. 90, 96, 1. GF. 3, 30. s. the tongue; a language, 
speech. Z. jj»(jj)>; anc. P. izdva?; Pers. ,jIj\, ub)*» or u'"')' Sans. 
jihvd; Huz. syn. -w)^ shand. 

)yk.!>y4 auzayerino, N. 77,8. s. the Uzayeirina Gah, or period 
of the day, which lasts from 3 P. M. till dusk. Z. -ujj/j^jj-uC) . 

yiQ)u> khust, GF. 1,3,8. s. a beaten road, a trodden track, a 
highway. Pers. ouw.,a> . 

^OTtD^ austdd, GF. 6,5. s. a teacher, a preceptor, a tutor, a 
master. Pers. oUuJ , or t>lu*.! . 

A^)pQ)^o austurdah, AV. 47,2. p.p. used as adj. shaven, shaved. 
Pers. 84>*JC*w!. 

)j*)fQ))A> hustovdr, or austovdr, adj. strong, firm, secure, steadfast, 
constant, faithful, trusty; pi. used as a s. ^o)jj)fQ)yAj hiistovdrdn, AV. 
15,i6. Pers. sLaawI, >lyc-u/, or s^yc^; perhaps yo hu- + Z. -u/O^FQ) 
(Sans, sthdvara). 

*ui)fQ)VU hustobdr, or austobdr, GF. 2,6i. adj. see the preceding. 
Huz. syn. -u))^ sharird. 

^WlfQ)^ austurdah, AV. 47, 2. in K20, a variant of )flyjtl)^> 

^u) = QjSyO) which see in alphabetical order. 

-MJJfc}}^ ansipds, AV. 61,6. adj. unthankful, ungrateful. Priv. 
y* an- + -<j-M££ sipds. 

\y*>y» hu-srdb, adj. well-famed, well spoken of, of good repute, 



*r> - ^^ 51 

respected, honored, renowned; see uytaj^ Kai-Khusrobo. Comp. 
3j6jyii^) hit-srobtar, AY. 1,32. — yo hit- + jy^ srob; Z. nom. 
jj»ij/j))^. This is also a pr. n. of two kings of the Sasanian dynasty, 
and of others ; Pers. )y+>^ ♦ 

jyA3^» = ^j^jaj, which see in alphabetical order. 

)jj^.ttyu hib-sikdl, AY. 1,22. Dk. 151, 11. 152,2. adj. used as a s. 
good thinking, careful consideration, deliberation, a good idea, wo hu- 
-j- Jau^ sikdl. Perhaps yo hit may be here read as a separate adj., 

as in hit pddishdh, Mkh. 15, 26. 

• 

^O^TO^ auadfrid, AY. 13, 7. s. a religious duty, a duty [DesrJ; 
an offering up with prayer, or consecration, probably of food to some 
spiritual being; the word occurs several times in the Nirangistan, but 
without explanation, and is occasionally written tfyfcjjtl)^ austafrid, 
Z. j^j/^£j)>. 

)tOY° hu-dino, Hn. 2,25,27,3s. adj. of good religion, ritualistic, 
religious, godly. y* hu- + )fO dino; Z. -m)^^A>0» • 

-J^^y khush, AY. 2, 26. adj. and adv. pleasant, agreeable, delight- 
ful, sweet, good, well; A^l ) - J 0) JV, khush va basim, AY. 3, is. well 

and good. Pers. \J*y&>, or J^L\ comp. Z. nom. J^>$y$.uZ? j fluz. syn. 
a>jOj basim. 

-*(JY* hush, GF. 3,84. s. the understanding, intellect, sense, con- 
sciousness. Pers. jjfcyt, or jL& , Z. Jft(3>» 

jy^A) ads/?, GF. 4,23. s. destruction, ruin, perdition, death. Z. ^ffC^? 
Pers. jfcya , or ^kje . 

D^OOOO)^ Dk - 151? 9. for ))^MJO^ anttdkhtano '., v. to collect, 
to accumulate, to amass, to gather together; see ))^£yujA> andokhtarid] 
(this Pahl. verb has rarely the meaning of Pers. .jJC^I Jo!) . Pers. 



52 ^0^> 

piJ(j)A) aushbdm (trad. Jwshbdm) AY. 4, 15. Hn. 2, is. 3, 17. s. 
daybreak, the dawn. Z. -^(jO> (Sans, wsfta) -j- -UJJG-UM (Pers. (•Lj); 

II^OO)^ widalxhtcnio, v. to throw, to cast, to hurl; pret. ^>0)^ 
andaklit, AY. 49,3. The MSS. have ^j^O)^ (for $£yo ^O0^)> and 
the text can be read andakhtand, afshdn, etc. Pers. v;c~J Jo| , 

Y^^OOy** Aushtuvatj Hn. 2,5. adj. and s. the Ushtavaiti Gatha, 
collection of metrical verses (Yas. 43-46), so called from its beginning 
with the word ush td. Z. sy jjj»jj^j^> . 

)YQQOY* unddzishnd , Dk. 144,7. s. a conjecture, an estimate, an 
opinion. £>0^ anddz (crd. of ))tf}£)0^ anddzidano) + abst. suf. 

5&0)* 3 Qnddzak, AY. 27, 5. s. a measuring rod, a linear measure, 
a measure of length. Pers. svljuf. 

M^OfcJO^ anddzidano, v. to put together, to conje.ture, to estimate, 
to compute, to calculate, to measure, to weigh; comp. ))tf)O0^ an ~ 
ddkhtand] pret. c£}£>0^ anddzld, AY. 5,5. Pers. ^jcXjsIlXM. 

Mrt) J 6y JS) angdrdano, v. to enumerate, to recount, to repeat, to 
relate; pret. ^)-J(3^> angdrd, AY. 3, 21.; pres. 3 d pi. 5jj)j(5^) angd- 
rend, AY. 15, 14. Per?. ^sl£j|, or ^Jovlxjj; Z. hankcre, Sans. 
sauskri. 

\ 

a 00 -^O^O^ hushy dryish, AY. 2, 31. adv. consciously, intelligently, 

whilst conscious. )jqj^jaj hushydr (Pers. vbyks*, or X^^x) + adv. 
siif. -«^3 -yish. 

j^yo khushk, GF. 3, 40, 89,91. adj. dry, arid. Pers. \iL&±., Z. 

j^ajq^ khushkih, AY. 18,3. s. dryness, drought. 5^5^) khiishk 
+ abst. suf. uq -fA; Pers. _CcLi*. 

v^^*j hangdm, AY. 15,3. N. 76,3. 77,6. 126,3. s. time, period, 



^y)A> — tya 53 

season, hour. Pers. JJj&, or *Uo! ; Paz. ogam] comp. Z. -^o^S-* 1 
~u£au^ 'winter' ; Huz. syn. WtW anbdm, which may, however, be merely 
a variant produced by writing pi wu for jjOuj, 

v/j^ anddm, AY. 19, 65, 89,3. 30, 45,2. 58,5. s. a part of the 
body, a limb, a member. Pers. J Jot, Z. _u£.uJ^J£iJg)> ; Huz. syn. ja^uj 
handm, or anam, which is probably a mere variant. 

))^) w*^> boshmurdand, v. to count, to enumerate, to recapitulate, 

to recite; prst part, fly -ft})*' hdshmiird, Dk. 152,4. Pers. ^J^^-co, 

Z. pait. 4^4~r aU € J 0< > 0' ! ^ llz * s y n * D^II^OfT manHuntand. 

-m^)*0)A) anshutd, AY. 1, 2. 7, 9, 4. 16, 5. 55, 7. GF. 2, 41, 46, 54, ei. 
Hn. 1,31. s. man (without distinction of sex), mankind, a human being, 
a person, an individual; pi. pyj^jA^u anshirtdan, AY. 6,7. 38,2,5. 
40, 47, 84,6. 46,2. 51,5. 80,2,7. GF. 1,18*24. j^^ao^j cmshiitddnd, 
AY. 1, 3. GF. 1,17. people. Heb. tfi:K, Chald. Etta, KtfJK, nvtf-ljN, Syr. 

w^jj J, ^lij, i^olSj, As. msw, Ar. ^L^|; Paz. syn. £)$£ mardum. 

^})*0)AJ khushnud, AY. 70,7. adj. contented, satisfied, acquiescent, 

pleased. Pers. a^JL&ji* , dyu&i*, or <XuiX, Z. ^y*)fWy * 

^O^IW^ lihuslinudih) AY. 13,8. s. contentment, satisfaction, ac- 
quiescence, pleasure. ^c)^u» khushnud -f- abst. suf. j^j -T/i; Pers. 

^ J.-LCvj.i* , or ^t>«J.xoJfe. . 

*yo khuk, GF. 2,49,51. s. a pig, a hog, a sow. Pers. cLi*? Z. 
*$>», Sans, siikara. This word must not be confounded with the sim- 
ilarly-written a^a) feMA; — Pers. s..^ 'a sister'. 

yfy))*y* hu-kunisk?i, Hn. 2,25,27,3s. adj. well-doing, well- acting, 
well-performing, doing good deeds, y* hu- -f )*0)H kunishn] Z. syn. 

j$y* horn, Hn. 1, is. s. the name of a plant, brought from Persia, 
whose juice, extracted by bruising it in a mortar and called •GYtyJQ 



54 $y» 

pardhom, is tasted, as an essential rite, in the most solemn re^gious 
ceremonies of the Parsis; the Brahmans use another plant, with the 
equivalent name soma, for a similar purpose. The word £y* horn is 
also applied to the juice itself, and to a yazad, or angel, supposed to 

preside over it. Z. -ju^iu^», Pers. *ye, Sans. soma. 

£)y Hum, or 2um> GF. 2, 17. 3, 92. num. second. y II, or 2, -f- 
ord. suf. .£) -um. 

)TQ)* i -$Y* homdsto (trad, humast) "N. 78, 1. s. (probably) some por- 
tion of a religious ritual, or ceremony. This word occurs frequently 
in IS. and its meaning seems to be defined in the following passage 
(Ha, fol. 54b): |K»tttyi )%yt uu )#))))£ ty )$)V* \£ W 
)&}))) A> 'there are (some) who utter part of a Yasht, that is, there 
are (some who) utter a homdsV) one homdst of the Yisparad, one of 
the Hadokht, and two, ten and twelve homdst ^ftfiufyfJQty)* , or 
)StD* i Y*u$yy ) are likewise mentioned. In the Pahl. translation of Yasht 
11,18. (L12, fol. 112 b) the first Yasht is said to be the Mvar ()$>») ) ; 
the uppermost, the Yisparad; the middle, one homdst of the Hadokht; 
the foremost, twelve homdst (ftl^-O^OO^) • ^ n tne Pabl,-Paz. Glos. 
p. 23, the name of the 20 th Nask is given as Jtl^-OHaO*^ VtVI^OO'' 
which may be 'the twelve homasts of the Hadokht', as the name civdz- 
dahomdst does not occur in the list of the IS asks given in the Din-kard, 
although it is substituted for ddmddd in some later lists (see Pahl.- 
Paz. Glos. p. 108). In a Paz. Rivayat, copied by Peshotan bin Fredun 
in A.Y. 1020 (Ls, fol. 72b), the words buni humdst , 'the beginning 
of the homdsV, have had a Pers. gloss (struck out by a later hand) as 

follows : cXa3L.£X^o |*Lof cXjf AjuOySt xS ^L*. y&- ) (**■"*«! )t <^*J iS^ X - 

'that is, after the Yesnim (ycsmm, Yas. 21) and just the place where 
they recite the Homanam-uzdatanam' (haomandm uzddtandm, Yisp. 10, 
which follows Yas. 21 in the Yendiclad-sadah) ; from this it would ap- 
pear that Yisp. 10 is the beginning of the homdst of the Yisparad. 
Perhaps £yo horn -f- tftD* ^sto (Pers. vsm,f, or Uu*f, 'praise'). 



Q» 55 

i)xy*4yt humdndk, AV. 8, 7. 9, 4 . 15, 19. 19, 48, 70, 2. 36, 43, 44, 3. 
GF. 2,55,57-61. s. often used as adv. a likeness, a resemblance; in 
appearance, like, alike, resembling. Pers. bU#, or bLo, Z. -uJ.uG.daj>, 
Sans, upamdna. 

-us£yo N. 77, 2. probably a miswriting of -m£yo homande. 

y£y* humat, AV. 1,43. 2, 30. 4, 7,33. 7, 1. 11, 2. 68,7. 101, 17. GF. 
2,69. Hn. I,i4 ; i9. 2,32,33. adj. used as s. what is well-thought, a good 
thought, proper thinking; a word often spoken on solemn occasions; 
in AV. 7,i. Hn. 2,33. it is also used as the name of the first place, 
or lowest grade, in heaven, which is called humat gdh, 'the place of 
good thought', in Mkh. 57, 13.; see ^^^jj3aj frd-humat and ^>£fi)C)> 
dush-humat. Z. _u^6Jj£)gy, Sans, sumata. 

£yo homan, crude form of the verb Ho be, to exist', used for 
-GjCy* homanam* in Hn. 2, 27. Pres. 1 st sing. $£y* homanam, AV. 4, 
5,24,25. 17,i4,i5. 18,io. 54,8. 101,7. GF. 3, 62, 78. Hn. 2,25. am, I am; 
(used as an aux. to form a perf.) AV. 4,7,8,28-32. 5, 54,2. 6, 19, 20, 1. 

10,8. 11,4,15. 12,1,9. 16,1,2. 17,1,21-24. 18,2,5. 53,5,11. 68,9. 78,8. 

101,10. GF. 2, li. 3,62. Hn. 2, 30, 3i. have, I have; (to forma pas. pres.) 
AV. 4,28-32. U,i4. 17,21-24. 68,i8. GF. 3,78. Hn. 2,30,31. am, I am. 
Pres. 2 d sing, -u^^) homanih, AV. 17, 13. GF. 2, 9,10. (in AV. 12, 5. -u 
becomes aw by the addition of the idhafat) -m£yo homanih, Hn. 2, 24. 
tfyfi)** homanyih, AV. 4,22. art, thou art; (used as an aux. to form 
a perf.) -**£y* homanih, AV. 4, 4. 10,3,4. 11,8,9. y^Y* homanih, 
Hn. 2,36. -Mi^yo homanih, Hn. 2,29,35. 3,34. ^fiy* homanih, AV. 
68,13, 19. GF. 4, 25. J^y^^i homanyih, AV. 3,6. /y^^y* homanyih, 
GF. 3,63. 4,i7. hast, thou hast. These various forms of the suffix of 



+ In translations from the Avesta j£yo , )t£V° ' or ££)** ' * s some ^ mes 
uBed to express azem, T, as in Hn. 2, 25. Vend. 2, 13 , 93 . 19, 39 . 22, 2 , 2 i, «4, 34, 39. 
Yt. 1, 6 . etc., and occasionally where azem does not occur, as in Yend. 18, 19 .; but 
it is doubtful if any instances of these words being clearly used as pronouns can 
be quoted from pure Pahlavi works. The most usual form in old MSS. is \£y** 



56 D» 

the 2 d sing, appear to be used quite indiscriminately, thus K20 substi- 
tutes -xu for -ju in AY. 10, 3,4. II, 8,9. GF. 2,i . 3, 21. and for rf in 
GF. 3,63. 4,i7., -m for oq» in AY. 3, 6 . and for riy in AY. 4,22., and 
y for an in Hn. 2,24,35.; it may also be remarked that the suf. 
_u, o, au, or yj, of the cond. can hardly be distinguished from 
that of the 2 d sing., unless the nom. be in the 1 st , or 3 d , person. 
Pres. 3 d sing. y£y* horn and , Hn. f,35«, 38« )^£y* humanto , IN". 78, 
7,8. is, there is, be there, if there be; this foim is that of the pret., 
or p.p., but it appears to be used as a substitute either for p£*u ait 
at the beginning of a phrase and often in a cond. sense, or for p£o tj\A) 
yekavimuned as an aux. forming the perf.; the form &j£yo Jwmancd, 
which might be expected to represent the 3 d sing., is usually confined 
to the 2 d pi. in old MSS. Pre?. l fat pi. v£y* homancm, AY. 2, 9,10. 
are, we are. Pres. 3 d pi. *£yo hdmand, AY. 1,25. G, 2,3. 7,4,6. 8, 13, 
47, 61,74, 75,3. 9, 5, 7. 16, 5, 9. 42,3,5. 66, 77, 4. 99, i. GF. 1,18,25. 2, 6 i. 
3,75. N. 78,8. are, they are; (used as an aux. to form a perf.) AY. 

1,2,14,18-20,29,33.2,2,4-7,20,33,34. 3,47,5. 4,2. 5,9,3. 13,5,9,11. 14,20. 

15,10,20. 16,3,4. 20,2. 32, 74,1. 41, 6 , s. 42, 6 . 49, 55, 8 . 61,6,7. 69,9. 

70,7. 75,i,2. 99,4,9,io. GF. 3,49. 4,25,26. have, they have; (to form a 

pas. pres.) AY. 1,28. Hn. 2,28. are, they are; 3)£y* homanand, AY. 

37,4,6. are, they are; (used as an aux. to form a perf.) Dk. 149,6. 

have, they have; this form is also used as a pos. suf. as detailed below. 

Conj. 3 d sing. tfy£yo homandd , GF. 3, 71. would be. Cond. -*>£)*> 

hdmanue, GF. 3, 21. would be; (used as an aux.) -»£y* homandc, 

AY. 68,20. -***£)** homandc, N. 77,2. had, would have, might have. 

Homan is used for hovan (v and m being indistinguishable in Assyrian), 

Chald. pres. part. m. pi. jTl from &0H, Syr. ^poi fr. jccn: see Haug's 

Essay on Pahlavi, p. 98-99. Sas. rtl^ homan or hovan] Paz. syn. 

■ 
1 st sing, jw am, or horn £) 6m] 2 d sing, -u ih (trad. Acre); 3 d sing. 

yiQ).tf hast, or ast] 1 st pi. k> cm] 2 d pi. ^. eel] 3 d pi. 5y* handy 

or and, (trad. hend). 



* This is erroneously read homanih in the te\t. 



4y 57 

£yo khetmu, (trad, human) a proposed reading of ^ij AY. 3, 3. 

s. a dream, a vision, a trance, a sleep. Heb. Cfrn , Chald. Q^n, N£^n, 
Syr. ^r>\iT . Ar. pJ^. or *.l^ . 

)*O^V° hu-minishn, or hu-mainishn, Hn. 2,25. adj. see ^u.£yj 
hu-minishn. — ^aj hit- -f- ^^ minishn. 

y&£fH h&mandan, pi. of pos. suf. 3^aj homand, see ^K5^U>3ii3^)> 
afzdr-hdmanddn and ^Oj^^itl)-" ast-hdmanddn. 

-*fj)£f>> Jwmanoih, or homonih, AY. 68,13. in He, K20, and AY. 
68,19. in He, a variant of -Jy^» hdmanih, pres. 2 d sing, of ^ja; Iwman. 

£)£y* hfonanoam », or homonam, AY. 10,8. in He, K20, K26, a 
variant of ^^ homanam, pres. 1 st sing. o r ' j£)u horn an. 

3^0 homand, I.) pres. 3 d pi. of ^a) homan. II.) pos. suf. 
meaning 'they have, that have, having', added to substantives to form 
possessive adjectives, and is usually written separately when the sub- 
stantive is long; see 5^aj ^ij^y^^y apatiydrak-homand, $fiy*jujty 
afzdr-homand. s^ftf^)** ast-homand. ^^pugj^jj asej-homand . J^ju 
s^jAs akdmak-homand , ^^^ y^jjjAj khvahuhn-hdmand, s^fQi^yj 
khudd-homand, 3j£ja> A^y^'g) patiydrak-homand, s^yey) rayc-ho- 
mand, s^ys hp gadman-hbmand, sfyuQ** scj-homand, $<£)** J*(2 )**"£* 
mdnishn-homand, 3j£U$ vM/Cf^ mdyuvad-hdmand : 3^W jy^U^-f 9 w?a- 
yuvatd-homand r , and ^'^a» 3)^p gospend-homand r ; in the 1 st , 4 th , and 
5 th of these instances, the suf. 3y^U? homand appears to be added to 
an adj. and to have the meaning 'that are, being', but it is more correct, 
in such cases, to assume that the priv. & a- has been prefixed to a 
pos. adj. formed from a s. by adding the pos. suf. ; for the pi. yj^j^tAi 
homanddn, see the 2 d and 3 d of the adjectives quoted above; and for 
the comp. jtfofiy* homandtar , see the 8 th and 11 th . This pos. suf. 
appears to be identical with the Huz. verbal form, and traces of it are 
still preserved in such Pers. adj. as JOvo^j , although it has generally 
been replaced in Persian by its Paz. syn. o^ -mand. see Hang's Essay 

8 



58 ty* - )yi 

on Pahl. p. 11G; whether the resemblnnoe between the Huz. suf. $.£U> 
homand and the Paz. sfi -mand be anything more than accidental, 
remains to be investigated. 

^VW homandih, s?ej^3^h (j ar -homandih . Pos. suf. S^o 
homand -f- abst. suf. ^ -ih. 

a OO i T^V J hdmandyishj see a^^^j j^-^ rdmishn-hdmandytsh 
and ^(XJ^^V ^) kdmak-homandyish. Pos. suf. ^^ homand -f adv. 
suf. o^j -?y£s/i. 

^■C)a> aumcd, GF. 3,85. 4,26. s. hope, expectation, trust, con- 
fidence. Pers. tX^f, or dux» J ; Huz. syn. -u\;0 sobrd. 

y^y^yo hu-minishfij or hu-mainishn, Hn. 2, 27, 38. adj. well-think- 
ing, right-minded, having good thoughts; see Yb£y* hu-minishn. — 
ys hu- -\- yi$y£ minishn) Z. syn. 4)-"G>£V» 

)yo khun, AY. 73, 2. 80, 2. ))y» hhund, AY. 23,3. 38, 2. s. blood, 
gore. Pers. <j*^>, Z. jj>^»i^ ; Huz. syn. -iqjj damijd. 

)yo avo (trad. 6) Hn. 1,12,17,22,32. prep, to, unto, towards, for; 
substituted for i) ral in AY. 5,7. by K20, and in Iln. 1,37. by He. — 
Z. ,»>jj; Huz. syn. J») vaZ and ^ #//«/. 

jyjo «?*o, substituted for sS %dk in AY. 12,7. by II17, pron. that, 
those. Pers. ^7, anc, P. inst. and, Z. inst. -u)d; Huz. syn. a>, or a3, 
safe and A3 dak. 

~0»)yo avands, N. 78,6. adj. sinless, guiltless, innocent, unoffend- 
ing, faultless; comp. *Q»))>W avt-vands. Comp. V-O^J" avandstar, 
AY. 1, 32. Priv. jj a- + -0^)) vands. 

)<£)\tl)*)>" anddstarftd, N. 78,6. for f$eW*>* andstarftd, adj. 
undejected, unconfounded, uninjured, unharmed, unhurt. Z. ^/^^K 
^ij)^) hu-vakhsh, N. 76,8. -*00*)>* hu-vakhshd , N. 76,5. s. 
sunrise. Z. -JAQxyup • a*) 1 ' 



IP 59 

))^>j^X)-u^)A) Ardtakhshatardno, Dk. 151,4. for j^JcOO^P 

Artakhshatardno, patron, adj. the Aitakhshataran ; the son, or descendant, 
of Artakhshatar. J^X?^)*> Artakhshatar + patron, suf. y* -an. 

^tXV)P hfivarsht, AY. 1,43. 2, 3 o. 4, 7,33. 9, 1. 11, 2. 68, 7. 101, 17. 
Hn. J, 19. 2,32,39. )COO^)P huvarshto, GF. 2,cd. Hn. I,i4. adj. used as 
s. what is well-done, a good deed, a proper action ; a word often spoken 
on solemn occasions; in AY. 9, 1. Hn. 2, 33. it is also used as the name 
of the third place, or grade, in heaven, which is called hvaresht gdh, 
'the place of good deeds', in Mkh. 57, 13.; see tf>>O^PO^£) frd-huvarsht^ 
9O<V)WO)0P£J frd-dush-huvarsht , and ^XVIWO^ dush-hiwarsht. 

z. -Aj^i^;.u»$)» . 

^)fO)P khfirsvand, GF. 2, 54. for S;0)P kh&rsand, adj. content, 
contented, satisfied, pleased. Pers. cVju^i* , or JULu^*..^. . 

/\>$;0)^ klnirsandih, AY. 2, 17. s. contentment, satisfaction, plea- 
sure; ))^))o^ ^O^fO)^ khursandih ychab tint and, to give satisfaction, 
to pacify. 3f(j)yo khursand -f abst. suf. ^ -2/&; Pers. ^(Umja, or 

jqj^ tf?ws/?, AY. 10,5, adj. used as s. what is deathless, im- 
mortality, or some food, or drink, producing immortality. Z. ■u fy^ )^ * 

^^0)jA> andshak, adj. immortal, deathless, imperishable :)AJjjJ 5-^)^ 
anoshak-rubdn , AY. J,i6. having an immortal soul (i. e. a soul freed 
from the torments of hell), a term of respect applied to deceased per- 
sons [Dest.]. Z. _jjM0±>jj)iJ . 

))fu khuno, see )y* khun. 

tf)))* Horvadad (trad. Khondad and Awerddd) AY. 3, 21. 23, e, 8 . 
58,6. 72,5. Hn. l,is. pr. n. the ameshaspend, or archangel, who is said 
to have special charge of water, and is styled \rya charbtar, 'the 
more exuberant', as he supplies plenty and prosperity (He extra fol. 
10-11); his name is applied to the third month and sixth day of each 



60 tyu — *)H 

month in the Parsi year. Z. gen. 4^au^.u»/>4jd> 'completeness' ; Paz. 
Khorddd, ol^^, or Awerddd, oft>>J, 

))^0)^ hftnidano, v. to bring forth, to extract, to force out, to 
squeeze out, to bruise out; past part, used as adj. <tfj))Aj hunhl, Hn. 
1,i8. — Z. hu, Sans. shu. 

-0-b)^> Khvaniras, Hn. l,3i. Dk. 144,7. 149,5. pr. n. the central 
v*0^ kcshvar, region, or continent, in which the countries best known 
to the Mazclayasnians are said to be situated; it is 'supposed to be as 
large as the other six keshvars united. Z. -ju^itjjjjj}*), 

)p)ju)y4 Dk. 151,7. for )yj*i)y* Hindukdno (pi. of byy* Hinduk) 
the Hindus, the Indians; (used for) India, Hindustan. 

3yo and, GF. 2, 12. adv. such, so much, so many, as much, as 

many; 5)(9 — 3y$ and chand, AY. 17, 2, 8-9. as much as; 3wm ^3 

zdk and, Hn. l,io. that much, so much; S)(o — ^^aj ^3 sa/c £mt/ 

chand, AY. 4, 12-13. Hn. 2,6. 3,5. so much as; 3ja> ^y dcnman and, 
AY. 16, 12. N. 77, 3. this much, thus much. Pers. Juf 5 Z. ace. £^oj£.u».u. 

)W£p^v> angupindj GF. 3,24,31. s. honey. Pers. ^juJSI; Huz. 
syn. -JQ^iVJ dubshayd. 

c^^j khavul, I.) AY. 10,7, 10, 12. GF. 3, 89,91. adj. green, unripe, 
undried, damp, humid, wet. II.) GF. 3,39. s. green grass, or corn ve- 
getation. Pers. (\j*±> , or (\*± . 

r£))A> khunid, GF. 2,34. s. approbation, celebrity, fame. Pers. 

-O^^^O)^ khvcttdi-das, AY. 7, 7. 8, 86,5. GF. 4, 6 , 13. s. the giving 
(in mairiage) among kinsfolk, next-of-kin marriage, which is now un- 
derstood as marriage between first cousins; pi. J-^-O^jCO)^ ^ lV ^^ c ~ 
damn, AY. 12, h. (appears to mean) those who contract such mar- 
riages. Z. -Jj®*}b*i»yu2uyu . 

MfCD))^)^ khavitunastano (trad, anilunastan) v. to know, to 



>Y» 61 

understand, to comprehend, to be aware of, to acknowledge; past part 
JtJ)))^©^ khavitimast, XY. 101,6, 12.; pret. f^)))c^^ khavUunast, GF. 
4,7.; pres. 1 st sing. £))<$3)*> khavitunam, AY. 101, s, 25. GF. 1,13. 3,3, 
43,68. 4,9. Hn. 2,24.; pres. 3 d sing. cg)))c^p khavttuned, AY. 15, 22.; 
fut. 3 d pi. 3))^)AJ -a)i bard khavitund, AY. 1,25. Heb. iiTl, Chald. ^n, 

Syr. ^a^, ja^, Ar. ts ^ ; , 'to indicate, to announce' ; Paz .syn. ))$t2)}S3 
ddnistano, whose term. ))?£%) -stand is nearly always adopted by its 
Huz. equivalent, the form )^))^p khavitvntand being very rare. 



g)^}Aj andarz, AY. 2,22. s. a last will, or testament, a precept, 
admonition, instruction. Pers. >)<XM. 

-uip^jA* andarvai, AY. 6, 12. 15, 20. 26,2. 28, 1. s. the atmosphere, 
the air, the firmament, space. Comp. Pers. ^L.lXM 'suspended'. 

^P^jaj andarun, adv. inside, within; comp. J^jp^^j andaruntar, 
AY. 53, 11. further in. Pers. ^.Jof, Z. -w/ai^^jj, Sans, antara. 

ij5y$ andarg-j Hn. 1,36. prep, inside, within, the midst o p . Pers. 
%Jjf, anc. P. antaf, Z. gAM^^u, Sans, anta^^ Lat. inter.- The final 3 
may be either the adj. suf. a -a&, or a miswriting of the idhafat J i; 
in the former case, the word is an adj. andarak, 'inner'; in the latter, 
it is a s. andar-i, 'the inside of. 

.j0£|4) khvesh : substituted for ^j^j) nafshman in AY. 34, 7. by 
H6, Hi 7, pron. one's own, his own, her own, (or with any other per- 
sonal pron.). Pers. jfcj,^', comp. Z. inst. 

))\t)0«^ hhvesh tanu, substituted for 5)^0 &a&) nafshman tanu 

in AY. 89, e. by all MSS. except K20, pron. one's own body, one's self, 
himself, herself, etc. ^Sy* khvcsh 4 ))$> tanu\ Pers. ( jJCwj^ . 

IKOO^^ angikhtano, v. to excite, to provoke, to rouse, to ex- 
tract, to produce, to occasion; pres. 3 d sing. tf)£3-3)*> a?igezed, GF. 2, 31. 
Pers. ^Jc^UjXi! 5 comp. Z. *;«/*, p. p. vikhta. 



62 >y> 

^00-^5^ khvcshijish , AY. l,3i. adv. by one's self, separately, 
individually, personally. ~J03^ khvcsh -f- adv. suf. -iq^ -//£s/?. 

3aia.j/Ovu khvcshkdr , GF. 2, ei. adj. self-employed, industrious, 
diligent, busy, occupied. -Hjrl)** khvcsh -j- 3aja kdr. 

-iHA> ? or 4^V*> > andak , GF. 2,27,29,31. adj. little, minute, small. 
few. Pers. J Jul. 

YY* d'ngun (trad. «#;#, or aviri) AY. 2, 4, is. 28, g. adj. and adv. 
see juwu d?i(jun 1 whose final ) is omitted 8 times out of 49 occurrences 
of the word in He, see various readings of AY. 17, 11. 20,3. 55,9. 64, 
69,6. 70, 88, 4 . 97, 98, 2. 

c^yvwu andokht, AY. 63, s. p.p. used as s. what is collected, a 
collection, a store, a hoard, gain, profit. Past part, of ))^yj^j an- 
dokhtano; Pers. xjci^.jo!, 

))C£yj^ andckhtano, v. to collect, to accumulate, to acquire, to 
amass, to gain; past part. ^yVyv anddkht, GF. 2,64.; see ))c£)O0/ A ' 
anddkhtano. Pers. w,xi>..Ju!. 

j*(mu^ hu-gubishn,) or hu-gobishn, Hn. 1,25,27,3s. adj. well-speak- 
ing, speaking good words, yo hu- -f- )H5\\* gubishn] Z. syr. -£j\>jj»£)>. 

yiQ)pyA* angust, AY. 50, 73, 2. 70, 3. GF. 2, 76. s. a finger, a finger's 
breadth. Pers. o^cjCil, Z. -u^o^Q^-a 'a toe', Sans, an^ushtha 'the 
thumb'; Hu/. syn. ^j^o^o^) aiiehtapman. 

Aj^y^) ])u-doshak y adj. well-pleasing, desirable, delightful; comp. 
i^j^u^ hfi-doshaktar , AY. 4, 20. — ^ Z&ti — |- ^^j^ doshak. 

^^^Of)^ hu-gfiMdakdj Dk. 144, 3. adj. well-heard, well listened 
to, well understood, weH examined, yv hu- + )^^^Q)J gushk/akd 
(p.p. of Pers. ^Jucww«JT, Z. gushla, Sans, ghushfa), 

^y* Ilindak, adj. Hindu, Indian; pi. used as a s. )^)J^ Hm- 
dukdno, see )^jajj)^. Pers. ^cU#; anc. P. Hindu, Z-J^^O** Sans. 
Sindhu, 'India'. 



)y£yyo angiumno, GF. 3, 24. in K20, a variant of )U£pu> angupino, 
)\iyo fingun (trad, awci, or aviri) AY. 20, 21, 25, 27, 29, 51,3. 

22-24, 70,4. 28,3. 64, 11. adj., AY. 17, 11. 19, 48, 49, 7 i, 73, 78, 100, 5. 

40,7. 41, 43, 44, 63, 88,4. 54, 64, 65, 69,6. 55, 2, 9. 59, 62, 8 5, 93, 94, 

96,3. 72, 90-92, 97, 98,2. 77, 10. 89, 4, 11. 99, 7,11. GF. 2,47. 3, 66 . adv. 

of that kind, of that sort, such; in that maimer, so; se? yyu dngun\ 

it is twice written wyi dnino in He. — yv tin (Pers. ^f, see )u> 
and) -f )ii gun (Pers. ^y, or &jy$). 

))?fe$S$Y* angezidano, v. see M^X^V* a ngtkhtand. Pers. ^Jovdol. 

^c^j^^^o, or ))tf}-*(j-^^ andcxhidand, v. to think, to consider, 
to meditate, to reflect, to imagine; past part. c£)~J0^V*> andcshid, 
AY. 54,2. GF. 3,70,75.; pret. ' ^jqA^^j andeshid, GF. 3,53.; pres. 
1 st sing, £y^±5yd andcshom, substituted for ^))^JA> khavitunam, in 
GF. 3,43. by He, Lis; pres. 2 d sing. jy-jQ^^, or -s^^i^, an- 
deshih, GF. 3,3-5,43,44. Pers. ^Juukjjul, Z. hah + dishj Sans, san- 
dis 'to show'; Huz. syn. j)^)^) lekekhuntano. 

ou ae , or hi, AY. 17,25. Hn. 2,21. 3, 20. pron. this; sometimes 
written y> , and in Band. 3, 19. K20 substitutes \. Paz. e; if the 
word be Aryan, it may be compared with Pers. ^L&jI 'these', Lj! 
'on this account', Z. gu^Jt, .-mm^u^-u, }0& 1 Sans, es/i#, ayam, etc.; 
if it be Semitic, it may be compared with Heb. &OH> Chald. TI> Wb 
Syr. ^5 but it seems to be the Paz. of Huz. -u^> ftarca, (Pahl.-Paz, 
Glos. 18, 8 ). 

aw #£, or hhqd, num. I.) GF. 4, u. one, a single one; generally 
appended to a s. , as in AY. 36,2. Hn. 1, 9,16, is. 2,24. N. 78,8., as a 
substitute for \ I ) or 2, the idhafat of unity, and it is sometimes written 
^y , the last letter being circumflexed. in N., so as to confirm the read- 
ing khcCd\ 5)(* -Mi ae-chand, AY. 25, 65, 1. many a one, several, see 
5)^ji and $)(* \J ais Ji>3 N. 78,6. other, see -*&$-> zakdt; >Mi 

is also occasionally appended to the fut. and p.p. in N., and seems to 



64 -w - )»>» 

give a conditional meaning to the verb. Pers. ^ ; this word may be 
compared with Z. -w»«3aj, or with Chalcl. *in> Syr. ^t*; in Paz. it is 

read e, like the pron. -w^o and-Au. IL) occasionally used for the cipher 
y* III, or 3, in the compounds 3 )jjj 300 and gjau #000. 

^jy -ih, snf. of pres. 2 d sing, of verbs (see -*w^w homaniK); 
usually written jy -£/&. Comp. -w -tft. 

-jyy a£, Kn. 2,5. N. 78, i. y) at, Iln. 3,35. conj. thus, that is, 
that is to say; see &au aigh, from which this word is derived by omitting 
the final q . 

y> ae, or /iz, Hn. 2,24. pron. this; generally written ~u> (see 

above). 

yi ac, or khacl. N. 78,9. num. (appended to s.) one; see -*« ft^, 
or /c/icrcZ. This reading is uncertain. 

ys III, or 5, (Paz. se, or sc) AY. 1,34. 2,29. 4,9, 12. G, 9. 17, 2. 
18,n. GF. 2,51,65.69. 3, 64, S3, 84, 97. 4,2,8,26. 5,3. num. cipli. three; 
jp ) y XXX va III, GF. 1,12. 4,i. y^) Dk. 145, 3. thirty- 
three, 33; us -uja fcoZa 111, Hn. 2, ie. all three, each of the three. 
This cipher is sometimes written ut (see )3).uj CCCo), or ^Oii, and 
its tail is occasionally reversed, like ua , in MSS. It is often used to 
represent the compound ias ab in printed texts. 

yyj V, or 5, (Paz. pa?5;, panch, or panzh) GF. 2,51,65,72. 
num. ciph. five; see y'jua XV. — y* III + ja I/; it is also 
sometimes written f> y, or yi« . Paz. syn. ^jaj panch. 

£)y y* Yum, or owm, num. fifth; .fjy y* ) ->3 XX va Yum, 
GF. 3, 17. twenty-fifth, 25 lh . yja V + ord. suf. J$) -tint] Paz. syn. 
•£)&)& panchum. 

yjjw TT, or 6, (Paz. s/ias/*) GF. 2,65,72. 3,64. N. 78,3. num. 
ciph. six; see y> vw ~q3 3)y» ^ DCCLXVI. — ^j^ ZTi + u> 
JII; Paz. syn. -JQ-^5 sJiash. 



__)^J» TX, or 9, (Paz. rct/fe, or no/,) AY. 5,i. GF. 2,6*, 75- 

num. cipli. nine. yt III -f , ^ 177 + y> 7/7; Paz. syn. yo) ndu, 

ndv 1 or nuliu, or -uj ww/i. 

„J1XJ? DCtJCC, or .900, (Paz. nuh raz) GF. 2, n. num. ciph. 
nine hundred. ^u*%muj IX X 3) C, or 700; Paz. syn. ^Q) ^>j 

ft## Sff<7. 

uL^yty* ^^ (Paz. mJ* rogr/t) AY. 18, 54. u. num. ciph. nine 

thousand. yM*M 4J ^ X u*^ 01 ^^ ^ z * s >' ! -' ^O 1 H»J w "^ 

Jieizdr. 

■g)y>y>y> /Awrii, or ,9«/Wl, num. ninth: ^)yi yj yj ) jj XX va 

IXiim,, GF. 3,64. twenty-ninth, 29 th . ^_J^J^J*> JX-j- ord. suf. .£) -#m; 
Paz. syn. ^k>) nuhum. 

33jj^* DC, or 600, (Paz. sfes/j r&s) GF. 6, i. num. ciph. six 
hundred ^_J*ju VI X 3 ) C, or 100] Paz. syn. ^Q) ^0^0 9h&8h sod. 

j£) ^>m Ylum, or 6Y/??i, num. sixth: .fjya^M j j3 XI «fl Vlum, 
GF. 3,22. twenty-sixth, 26 th . — ^P*J* V4 + ord. suf. ^) -wm; Paz. 
syn. ^^O-J^ shashum. 

£)f> Ilium, or #wm, GF. 2. 20. num. third; £) tu j jj XX va 
Ilium, GF. 3, 1. twenty-third, 23 d ; fju* j j3 AALA va 7/70/n , GF. 

3,95. thirty-third, 33 d . ^ju 7/1 + ord. suf. £) -urn. 

ym IV, for this cipher, and its compounds, see jlu -J- \? 
next after the words beginning with j^y. 

yto* ait (trad, hed) AY. 2,22. 9, 16, 22, 52,7. 10, 14. 11, e. 54,4. 

101,12,15. GF. 1,9,24. 2,22,44.55,57,5,9-61. 3,73,79,82,91. Hn. 2, 3,38. 

)&}** culd. GF. 2,19,39. v. s. 3 d pers. is, it is, theie is, there are, are, 
be it, be there, if there be; \£ ^jj ait man, AY. 1,35. -^-^ aifci, 
AY. 16,4. there are who, some; Yfjty^ ^-m ait zyashun, AY. 16,4. 
there are who are of them, some of them; ^.u ^Vv — JWO^V 



66 ft* — o* 

amatshdno — levatman alt, GF. 3,59. when there is with them, when 
they have; )^a — £ ^>)£) frdz min — aito, AY. 2, 14. is forth from, 
proceeds from; c^jj - -juj) ) li rdi — ait, GF. 3,97. there are for 
me, I have; cy.u — -jujj — a) lak — rdi — ait, GF. 3, 6, 95. there is 
(or are) for thee, thou hast; )tf)i* — -JwJ — £y lanman — rdi — aito, 
AY. 2,13. there is for us, we have, cyii ait is also used as a suf., or 
aux. , in certain verbal forms which have a pas. pres. signification ('it 
is said') and appear to consist of the crude verb + a bst. su f- ^ * + 
^}JJ ait ('there is a saying'); see CgJ-JyiJAOH bavihuni-dit and C^-JQ)))^ 
yemaleluni-ait. Sas. ?^?>J aiti, Chald. JTK, TPK, atfyKi Syr. Lf; 
Paz. syn. fQ)i* 80*£ 

-jy^ji* aitih, AY. 5, 11. s. existence, being, reality, continuance, 
permanence, p^jj ait -\- abst. suf. u^ -ih\ Paz. syn. -jyft2)JJ hastih] 
comp. however, Syr. (.Lf 'eternal'. 

)&}** aito, see c£}U aft. 

))$}* aetun, AY. 16, 5. 18, 7-10. 19, 9. 23,8,9. 54, 2. GF. J, 2. 2, 9,41. 
3,4,44,45,54. Hn. 2, 3c. )))c^-^ aetuno, AY. 1, 4, 1. 12,5. Hn. 2,25,39. 
3,3,36,38,39. adv. thus, so, such, as; ))?£)•"£' — Mtf)- Q&An — ham- 
actun, GF. 2, 15. as — so; )f(}(° ))&}** aetun chigun, GF. 3,3,5,43. 
5, 2, 3. )f0(° — )))&}** aetuno — chigun, AY. 4, 20, 25. 18, 13. Hn. 2, 23, 
26, 27. so as, such as, as — as. so — as. Pers. ^Jof . 

M^JH^O^ QitypN&QtoOi or haityuntano, (trad, didgunatan) v. to 
bring, to fetch, to convey; to cause, to produce; pres. 3 d pi. 5)y&}** 
aityund, AY. 80,2. Heb. hiph. Tin, Chald. aph. TO, Syr. apli.Juf, 
Ar.^Sf; Paz. syn. ))tf}^ dnidano, 

qu hich, AY. 2,36. 4,22. 32,5. 10J,ig. adj. (generally used with 
a negative) any. Pers. ^jJb ? or ^J\ ; probably a compound of uu 
ac, hi, or hhad -f- G -ich. 

-^O^ hiehih, GF. 3, 34. s. anything, pi* Inch + abst. suf. ^ -?/*. 



-^J^O^ ayazishnih, GF. 5,4. s. non-worship, non-performance 
of religious ceremonies, neglect of religious duties. Priv. jj a~ + y^y 
yazishn -f abst. suf. ^ -ih. It should be noticed that j^O* J which 
in this compound is an adj. 'non-worshiping', also occurs in Dk. as a 
variant of the s. y^^ yazishn, and must then be read aizishn. 

$)Q* acchand, AY. 6, 43, 2. 42, 80, 1. prom many a one, some, 
several; also written $)£ jui and $)g *; when qualifying a s., it 
generally follows the s. without an idhafat intervening, so that the s. 
is in the gen. — -m ac, or khad, + $)£ chand; Pers. Ju^sOo, formerly 

3)^ji agazand, AY. 18,2. adj. uninjured, unhurt, undamaged. 
Priv. ,» a- -f ^£3 gazand (Pers. JoJ^, Z. vi + ^Vm. 

ytku Airdn, AY. 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12. Dk. 145, 4. 150, e. pr. n. the Aryan 
land, Iran, Persia. Pers. ^U, Paz. Em; Sas. ^J2?^J, or ^/?>J, 
Airdn; anc. P. Ariya, Z. -ujjijj/jjj* 

<jo£jJb.u, or ^^j)-Q>, acrpat, GF. 6, 2, 5. s. a Parsi priest, a herbad, 
a title now applied to such members of the ordinary priesthood as have 
begun to. perform the priestly duties, but are not specially engaged in 
the performance of ceremonies, see AY. p. 143 , note 1 ; pi. ^o^c^)i5jj 
acrpatdn, AY. 1,9. 2,36. 3,7. the herbads. Pers. Jo^j^b, or Jo*jj>, 

Sas. ^Q.2^?^J acharpat, Z. j^j»^)Wci{C^ • 

^£)j3 ^*g).bjj acrpat-zdd, GF. 6, 2. in K20 (see note) adj. priest- 
born, of a priestly family, of priestly descent. ^g)j3ii acrpat -j- fty-J 
zdd (p. p. of ))ffcy-^ zddano). 

)3\uj CCCo, or 3006, AY. 1,2. num. ciph. three hundred, mi III 
x3j C, or 100; it is doubtful whether the final ) be part of the ord. 
suf. £) -iim, or the conj. ) va indicating that some additional ciphers 
have been omitted. 



6S Pm - <%* 

-w^JJ curih, Dk. 151,7. 8; mankind, the human race. j3u air 
(Z. -ujjLjj i au Aryan') + abst. suf. jq -?7>. 

-i^p^u adrdgih, Dk. 144, i . s. non-falsity, free lom from falsehood, 

♦♦ \ \ j 

abstinence from deceit. Priv. jj a- -f- 3^3 cZrog (Pers. £«}£, Z. 

_u^bij)a) -f abst. snf. *J{j -ih] but both the reading and meaning 

want confirmation. 

)?OO^ jj utrishto, Dk. 145,2. adj. uninjured, unimpaired, un- 
deteriorated, irrefragable, unimpeachable. Z. -u^j^j/ w uj . 
- J 0)f0' 5ji agdindihi or agdhwih, see *iy)u^jj. 

jy^^j khadih) or khadyd, (trad, adash) OF. 2,39. 3, 74. Dk. 145,5. 
-^jj khadih, AY. 15, 22. 17, ie. G-F. 3,34. pron. anyone, one, anybody, 
some one, another person; ^oj^^jj khadihich, Dk. 152,5. anyone even, 
anybody whatever; ^i-^-^ kliadih-I, AY. 1,24. some one person, a 
single individual; ->y^ ^(^ hdn khadih, AY. 78,7. 89, 10. -J(^." j^jj 
/?a^(> khadih) AY. 83,5. another person, some one else: -JQ^-u -**)} 
/co/a khadih, AY. 18, 10. 54, s. -^»J -^)^ kola khadih, AY. 18,9. 
everyone. PI. f{vs$* khadiltdn, AY. G2, 94, 6 . 64,8. 71,9. 73, 7. Iln. 
2,35. ftjQS* khadihdn, AY. 24, 88,7. 40,5. 71, 8 . jftK^jj khadih and, 
AY. 50,6. any others, others. ja» tf^, or khad . + abst. suf. J(^ -//>; 
or it may be compared with Chald. N"jH> Syr. ] r ^4. If it were not for 
the 3 d, which is not only trad, but also often circumflexed in the oldest 
MSS. , it would be better to read aish, Heb. &"*$. Paz. syn. -jo leas. 

>>(0-a kheshm, or acshm, AV. 55,7. s. anger, rage, wrath, fury, 
indignation; see Vf*^ kheshm: ^))0) |fOjj kheshm vakhdtind, OF. 3, eo. 
seized anger, became angry. Pers. |*&i* , Z. _w£m&^.u. 

<^« tt£<7^ (trad, a/y/i) conj. and adv. I.) thus, that; used after verbs 
and adj. of speaking, thinking, seeing, showing, knowing, etc., and before 
the detail of what is spoken, thought, etc.; thus it is used after: -qjj^jj 
IW!)H) "has yehevuntano , 'to be aware', in AY. 101, 20.; Mftl)))^^ 



t» 61) 

khavitunastano, 'to know', in AY. 1,25. 101, 12. Hn. 2. 24.; ))tf)-JQ£3}*> 
andeshtdano , 'to think', in GF. 3,4,44,53,70,75.; ))^fv£) fctriniuUino, 
'to order', in AY. 2,23. 3, is, 22. 4, 2.; J)COO ^-^63 pctsuklio dddauo, 
'to answer', in AY 4,24.; ))0£5^))£) pursidano , 'to a-sk', in AY. 4,22. 
6, 8,3. 7,4. 9,5. etc.; 4-"C^£) peddle, 'declared', in GF. 3,66. Hn. 1,2.; 
MVtJ^OO Jf^Ofc) pethham sheduntano , 'to send a message', in GF. 
1,12,17.; jj^v-fc srudano, s to chant', in Hn. 3, 4.; D^jfO^ V a khscnun- 
tano, 'to posses, to consider', in AY. 54,8. 64, 10. ; ^C^P-f nunidano, 
'to think', in AY. 18, 10.; ))$>)<) iy*) v & n 9 kcirdano and ))^>wy) $)*) 
vdng vddantano, 'to make an outcry', in AY. 23,2. 54, n. 80,3. 87,8. 
GF. 3, 62.; ))c^^J^ draidano, 'to shout', in GF. 1, 3. 4, 11,12,14.; ))^))) p 
ycmcdclunto.no, 'to say', in AY. l,i. 2,8. 6,5,8. 8,5. 9,7. 10,3,12. etc.; 
MyCVH dugidand) or dvddano. 'to shout', in Hn. 3, 37. ; and ))^£))J guf- 
iandj 'to say', in AY. 1, 31,38. 2, is, 22. 3,6,8,13,15. etc. II.) that, so 
that, as, (at the beginning of a phrase) AY. 1, 25. 3, 16. 54, 10. GF. 2, 5, 6, 9, 
15,41,47. 3,0.15,39,44,54,75. Hn. 2,i8. III.) that is, ]. e., that is to say, 
(before a gloss, or explanation of a preceding word, or phrase) AY. 4, u,is. 
17,12,21. Hn. 1, 4,14. 2. 5, 23, 25, 28, 30, 31,37,39. 3, 4. IV.) than (sometimes 
used after a comp. instead of £ miri) GF. 2, 17. 4, 16,22. (also when 
the comp. snf. is omitted) AV. 6, 9. GF. 2, 4, 29. Hn. 1, 38«. Y.) where, 
that, AY. 7, 8,1. GF. i, is. Hn. 2,1,33. sou ^^ ta/nman aigh, AY. 
9,i. 17,5. GF. 3,39,40. there where. YI.) that, who, which, (as a re- 
lative, instead of J t, but rarely) GF. 1, 4 . AY. 86, 3. VII.) where? what? 
(interrog.) Hn. 2,2,7,12. 3,2,20. ^ £ min aigh, Hn. 2, 21. ^.76, 2. 
77,5. from where? from what? whence? amaj i) vol aujh, Hn. 3, 4. to 
what? to where? whither? — Sas. \OX aft, Heb. Chald. ^K, TjTi, 
Syr. ?*!, Ar. ^f- Paz. syn. (very rare in Pahl.) kit. This word is also 
written -aw, or ^ , at. 

^c^i) aighat (trad, dghat) Hn. 2, 30. conj. or adv. with suf. thus 
(that is, or that) of (to, for, by, or through) thee; thus (that is, or 



70 



va - p 



that) thy, or thee. *xu aigh + pron. suf. ^o -i/f of 2 d pers, sing.; Paz. 
syn. hit. 

^y^iu aighash (trad, dffhash) AY. 4, 19. 11, n. Hn. 1,6, 15. 2,2, 

23,35,37. 3,2. conj. or adv. with suf. thus (that is, or that) of (to, for, 
by, or through) him, her. or it; thus (that is, or that) his, her, its, 

him, or it. asu aigh + pron. suf. jy% -ash of 3 d pers. sing.; Paz. 

syn. kush. 

yfJOQu* aighslidn (trad, dghshdn) Hn. 2,28,35. conj. or adv. with 
suf. thus (that is, or that) of (to, for, by, or through) them; thus (that 
is, or that) their, or them. tjjst aigh + pron. suf. Yfji^ -shdn of 3 d pers. 
pi.; Paz. syn. husha, 

^Tojuj aigham (trad, dgham) AY. 53, 7. Hn. 2, 24. conj. or adv. 
with suf. thus (that is, or that) of (to, for, by, or through) me; thus 
(that is, or that) my, or me. Oiu aigh + pron. suf. J$ -am of 1 st pers. 
sing. ; Paz. syn. hum. 

y*y£4Mi aighmdn (trad, dghmdn) AY. 1,23. conj. or adv. with suf. 
thus (that is, or that) of (to, for, by, or through) us; thus (that is, or 
that) our, or us. <uu aigh -f- pron. suf. y±£ -man of 1 st pers. pi.; Paz. 
syn. humd. 

Ky khim, s. nature, disposition, temper; see Mf)** hit-hhim and 
HJVOy dush-hhim. Pers. *jca>. 

j{3 My uimandcn (trad, admudiri) s. often used as adj. or adv. 
every kind, all sorts, the whole; altogether, entirely; fo HJ 1& m ^ n 
aimandcriy AY. 1,29. from the whole number. Oomp. Ar. J^j! and 
UjI, As. aiamma; see Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 45-46; Paz. syn. y p ha- 
moxn. This word occurs frequently in Mkh. and Kn. with the meaning- 
given above, but not with that of 'thus, in this manner', which appears 
to have been attributed to it through an erroneous identification of 
JiamOin with Pers. ^ we . It is possible that the word is not Semitic, 
but merely a miswriting of hamoU-gun, and a variant of hamoin; 
Destur Peshotan (Gram. p. 376) suggests hdmodcn, Z. hdmo -f- davna, 



which derivation is however scarcely tenable; and both the second and 
fifth letters are usually circumflexed. 

))KD) JO hSmnunastandj v. to believe, to credit, to trust in, to 
have faith in; past part. fQ)) uy hcmnunast, AY. 61, 5. ^ corrupted into 
jgjJJ Ky hemnunid, Dk. 145, 9. Heb. hiph. p?KH, Chald. aph. JW1, or 
)£T1, Syr. aph. ^n.rrc, Ar. ^!; Paz. syn. ))Jtl)rf varostano , whose 
term. ))^XJ s ^>^ i s adopted by its Huz. equivalent. In the inscription 
on the ancient cross at Mailapur in the South of India it is found in 
the Arabised form dman p; see the inscription in A. 0. Burnell, 'On 
some Pahlavi inscriptions'. 

wy, or wjf, khadu, num. one; a contraction of awy khaduk, used 

in some of the following compounds. 

).uwy isvdr, Dk. 150, 6. probably for jujfjx asvdr, s. a horseman, 
a cavalier, a rider, a trooper, cavalry. Pers. >!*-^l, )%.^l, J%^, or SsL.^, 

iW khadu-bdr, AY. l,i. 22,7. s. often used as adv. one time, 
a single time; once, once upon a time. yj khadu -f 1*U bar; 
Pers. sIjJCj. 

£jwY #//#f (trad, adup, or #dov) AY. 1,26,27. 6,12. GF. 0,52,68. 
gfcf khaduf, AY. 48, 7. GF. 1, 13. 2,2,27. Hn. 1,9. conj. or. See Pahl.- 
Paz.-Glos. p. 48-49; the Huz. 5jj khad is often substituted for the -(y 
ay. Destur Peshotan (Gram. p. 382) suggests 7. yad vd (Yend. 17,8). 
Paz. syn. aydo. 

Aji^wy khadu-tdk, AY. 46,7. adv. single, alone, solely, only. Per?. 
IjJo (the Huz. wy khadu being substitued for vita) . 

)^)Cfi ^' 144 > 3# P r °bably a miswriting of )jy)fj khaduinako. 

t)ftf khaduk (trad, aduk) AY. 2,9,30. 101, 15, 16,21. GF. 2,65,6?. 
3,97. Hn. 1,9,31. *ftf khaduk, AY. 2, 13. GF. 3. 97. Hn. 1, 9, 16,21,26,36. 
HKJ khaduko, Dk. 145, 1,5. 150, 2, 3,13. num. one; often written j(J 
khadu, 3.U, ^)), or on, &/?#</, or ac, when used as a prefix, and -u* 



<2 fy 

khad, or the cipher \ /, or 1 ,vvhen affixed to a s. as the idhafat of 
unity; 5)^ ^jj ^ AY. 1, 10. 29,5. 5)^ ^p ^ khaduk Icvat- 
man lanid, AY. 1,12. 3-*^ ^)(J j£Vr tev&tman hhadvJc dadigar. 
GP. 3,34. one with the other, with one another: 3)^> £ awY AY. 25,2. 
3y^o £ j\jtf khadftk min tanid, AY. 30,2. one from the other; awy 
3)^0 9^) ij khaduk vol valman ianid, AY. 54,?. one unto the other; 
\^^ AY. 1,32. \jftj khaduk-I, AY. J, 34. only one, a single one, 
one only, Pers. \^*\ ^)fj ) J^ XXX va khaduk, GP. 3,'m. thirty- 
first. Ueb. TIN, Chald. in, Syr. ^J, xVs. f. $/i#, Ar. JL*^, or J^JL 

Eth. ahhadu; the final a A 1 may be either the usual final guttural after 
a vowel, or that of Paz. yak. As all the other numerals, from 'two'' 
to 'ten', are Semitic, it would be srrange if the num. 'one 1 were not so 
also; otherwise, by altering the trad, pronunciation to aevak, the word 
might be traced to Z. -ju»l0.u : on Pahl. coins, this num. occurs in 

forms like J]}**-** J 3f v ' J 3) J -" an ^ J 3^' comparable with khaduk, 
and in forms like jj^^J and ?^2jlu, comparable with acvol;; see 
Mordtmann's essays in DMG. 

^0A^»jAwy khctdukdnakih, AY. 13, s. s. unanimity, conformity, 
harmony, concord. Paz. eugdnai, Pers. c xjLxj (the Muz. A^y khaduk 
being substituted for lXj). 

j 4 )C khadiik-bar, AY. 38,6. adj. carrying (the dead; alone; 
applied to those who carry the dead in an unlawful manner, or without 
attending to all the proper observances, see AY. p. 177, note 2. — 
5K^ khaduk -j- )j bar (Pers. o ? crd. of ))flyu burdano). 
\)YJ khaduko, see ^^y khaduk. 

fyM khadukum, substituted for 4^ khaduk in GF. 3,89. by 
K20, num. first, awy khaduk + ord. suf. £) -fun. 

£uj ahiman, AY. J G, 7 . s. an eye. Ueb. Chald. Pg", Syr. _.! , 
Ar. ^j.-^; Paz. syn. £^£ chashm. 



Ay^Wjf khadu-muk , adj. If the reading be correct, if; must mean 
one-shoed , with- only one boot, or shoe; .U^Wp ^ffj khqdu~muk- 
dubdrishnik, AY. 25,5. adj. used as s. Running with one hoot' is pro- 
bably a corruption for avi-muk 'without shoes' as Destur Hoshangji 
suggests in a note to the Translation pag. 172. 1. wy khadit + *)£ muk. 

Ajjyy khaduinak (trad, aduduk, or adudunak) AY. l,is. 2, 30. 
18,4. 36,2. 10 J, 10. jfffj AY, 18,3. ^)J)0 khaduinako, AY. 1,22. Dk. 
144,9. 145, 149,3. s. a mode, a manner, a degree, a kind, a sort, a 
fashion, a form; comp. WW khaduino. PI. -^yj^jfj kkadmncikihd, 
AY. 28,6. Pers. .^jo! (the Huz. wy khadit being substituted for ^f); 
Paz. syn. awy ainak. 

WW} khaduino (trad, adudun) GF. 0,55,6c 4, 7. s. a custom, a 
usage, a practice, a law 7 , an ordinance. Pers. ^wof , or ^>t , (the Huz. 
|0 khadu being substituted for ^f) ; Paz. syn. )t*V a?/io, Z. -wJjj^jj, 
Sans, ay ana, 'a way'. It is doubtful whether )fft$ khaduino and A^W^ 
khaduinak are used indiscriminately, except by mistake. 

^_J&> IV, or 4, (Paz. chihdr, or chahar) GF. 2,51,05,70. 3,64. 
num. ciph. four. Paz. syn. 3^y^ chahar. 

^J*f* VII, or 7, (Paz. fto/i) AY. l,£o. 2,1,2,11,18,32. GF. 1, 2 . 
2, f5. num. ciph. seven; also sometimes w r rirten )^fj^ ♦ — „__J iM ^^ 
-f j^ I/Z; Paz. syn. ^^ haft. 

■l^ftLy^ DOC\ or 700. (Paz. /i£/f£ raz) num. ciph. seven hundred; 
wj> *03 -^£PJ^ DCCLXVI, or 7£#, GF. 6, 4. seven hundred 
and sixty-six. ^_Jff^> VII X 3) C, or 700: Paz. syn. pQ) ^fc) 1 
7mf£ sad. 

^)j^ ^w Vllum, or 7i1w, num. seventh; ^H^J^ 1 J* XX va 

Vllum, GF. 3,3 5. twenty-seventh, 27 th . ^_^p^ VII -+- ord. suf. £\ 

-um; Paz, syn. £^0* haftum, 

10 



^j&Jto* VIII , or 8 , (Paz. hashl) GF. 2,65,74. num. ciph. eight. 
> m iV -J- )*m 7 V; Paz. syn. ^gH?^ h as M* 

■^"jfcjAMiM V Ilium, or 6' a???, num. eighth; .£) uu uw ) -d A^Y va 
VHIiim, GF. 3,4i. twenty-eighth, 28 th . T -j^u* VIII + ord. suf. 
£) -um; Paz. syn. ■£)^>Q ,U hashium, 

^Uui IVuni) or 4«m, num. fourth; .^Umj ) j) JO! i>a IVum, 
GF. 3,i2. twenty-fourth, 24 th , — ^_)>w IV -f- ord. suf. ^) -ilm; Paz. 
syn. -fy^^y^ chahdru, 



'um, 



J> 



b. 



i b is the second letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 
equivalent of Sas. t , Pers. i^j-, Z. i, and. Chald. 2; it also often 
stands for the final > in Z. »♦ Its form remains unaltered in all situa- 
tions, as it does not join a succeeding letter; but it sometimes inter- 
changes with | v (as in ^)4 for 3ia), and this letter, like Pers. «, s, 
and j, occasionally (though very rarely) joins a succeeding letter and 
becomes J or 3 * 7 in this way, probably, the i b in );i^ shebMm, 
)Y\$£ mekablun, has become the 3 d in JJ^-OO sh&dkuft, )y^^ 
mekadlun (which are instances in which both forms occur), as well as 
in other words, of which only the form with 3 d is extant, such as 
-J(^)j) khahld 1 'milk'; ju3 zc.dnun, 'buy'; )^j ddr, 'a time' (see )y^ 
ddnar)] W^£ mczadnun , 'silP; )p^3^ yczderun, 'drive'; and ja(mj 
1/uddn, 'young'. The final 3 tZ in 3aj neked, may also have arisen 
from a diminutive final 



I, for this cipher see under 3 ?/, the last letter of the al- 
phabet, in some MSS., \ 7 and its compounds y 77, ju 777 and 
vu* 7T 7 , can hardly be distinguished from i 6 and its compounds 
ij /ya6, iiJ «6 and ijlu cub. 



■*0) — ->*j 75 



^X£j fraAM, AY. 1,8, in all MSS, except Hu, a variant of ^yi 

i-*(V) bdhar, AY. 31, 7. 39, 5. s. a portion, a slave, a part, a lot, 
a division. Pers. w^.j, or »v£j , The word bahdr, 'spring', is simi- 
larly written. 

mjO^QH Bdhrdm, GF. 6, 5. pr. 11. a Parsi man's name; the Paz. 

form of .|au.m)) Yaralirdm. or ^3x0) Varahrdn, the name of several 
Sasanian kings; a yazad, or angel, whose name is given to the 20 th day 
of the Parsi month, and to the planet Mars ; also written ^^(y) Vdh- 
ram. Pers. ^L^j, Sas. ^2^22, or ^/^/2, Varahran, Z. 
-m)wj/0£/^, Sans. Vrilrahan. 

jftjLfyt bdharvar, adj. used as s. t one who bears a share, a sharer, 
a partner, a shareholder; pi. wu)))am bdharvardn , AY. 39,5. Pers. 

))*;& \ or y>*j& ♦ 

^y{ bakht, s. fate, destiny, fortune, luck; see f£yi -^^ saryd- 
bdkht. Pers. o^v.j, Z. -w^^yuj; Huz. syn. wj gadman. 

&yi 6oV, substituted for 9gy))W ydievunad in AY. 3, 13. by all 

MSB., except Hi 7, conj. 3 d sing, of ))^>)\ budano. 

•MStyi bdzdi , Hd. 2,23. s. an arm. Pers. .\L, vb, or jL> , Z. 

>Cjlwj, Sans. &«7*w. 

jjji 6aV, AY. 1, 43. Hn. 1,4, 10. s. a time, an occasion, an op- 
portunity, a repetition; see JjJij^y khadu-bdr. Pers. J.j, Sans. vara. 
See the remarks on )^ ddnar. 

jai bar, AY. 77, 7. s. a load, a burden, a weight. Pers. *L, Z. 
6ar 4 to carry', Sans, bhdra. 

.juAsjj, or -4u)^Jj., 6a7o7, AY. 12, 12. adj. high, lofty, tall, elevated; 

aulm ^K5^ asmara baldi, AY. 14, 5. sky-high; -*«^ £J)^ W &■##% 



76 Lj - ^j 

AY. 18, 12. mountain-high; in both which cases bdldi is an a<Jv, \ibove\ 
Pers. SL, Z. -ujf)jj. 

5^)^i, &«/&*, AV. 9,2. adj. highest , loftiest, supreme^, pre- 
eminent; pi. used as a s. y^f^J^i b&Ustdn, AY. 9,2. Z. «y^^^£/.aj 
(the Pers. baZ- being substituted for the Z. -^£/juj, as in the preced- 



ing word). 



yj^Ja\ balishn, AY. 15,9; y\$¥&\ GF. J, 23, 29. ))=H3^i bdlishno, 
GF. 1,24,26. f^^i GF. 1,24.2s. s. a pillow, a cushion. Pers. u*Jb, 
or owawJL . 

)%})&[ bdlino, AY. 4, 9. 17,5. s. a summit the crown of the bead. 
Comp. Pers. JJIj, Z. >)^/^i. 

-i0jJi Ms'u substituted for ~#2<u)))*Q yclicvunash, in GF. 3, is. by 
He, Lis, imper. '-2 d sing, of ))^)\ budano. 

jypi bdmik, AY. 14, 14. 20. 15, 10,2;. adj. brilliant, splendid, magnifi- 
cent, beautiful. Z. -Mj^gxyj ; comp. Pers. *L c dawn\ 

J)5t5))^ bekhiiiiaistand, v. to cry, to weep, to wail; pret. fQ3))*H 

lekhunasty AY. 78,3. Heb. n»2, Chald. N 4 22, Syr. ^s, Ar. ^JCf 5 

Pa/, syn. ))fQ)5J5 giristano , whose term. ))fQ) -stand is adopted by 
its Huz. equivalent. 

^j0aj^>i bdnitkih, see j^a^ia^a hadak-bdnuMh, 

: juu babdj s. I.) AY. 1, 6,21,2s. 2, 11. 17, 20. GF. 1, 12,14. Hn.2,28. 
a door, a gate, a residence, a metropolis. LI.) a way, a mode, a manner, 
a reason, a subject, a chapter; j-juv Jpminbabd-i, GF. 2, 04. from the 
way of,«by means of ; see Jjjjp ham-babd. Sas. ^Ju babd, Chald. &02i 

As. bdbu , Ar. l-jU 'a door and <^o c a sort'; Pax. syn. J3 c?ar. 

gf^jiAii babdihich, Iln. 2, 2 s. s. with conj. the gateway also, even 
the entrance; the phrase 'and even their gateways were made trees', 
is not unlike the English university slang phrase 'spoiling the oah\ ~aju 
babd -f abst. suf. Jfj -£A -f conj, £> -?c/>. 



^-Jj 77 

ygi bavrak. AY. 08, 5. s. an otter, a beaver. Z. j/ex^j J Li- 
thuanian bebrus, c a beaver', Old Sclavonic bebru, bobrn, Lat. /26er, the 
same; comp. Pers. uj 'a wild animal like a cat', Sans. Babhru 'an ich- 
neumon*. In Tend, it is called udra updpa 'water-otter' XIII, 1 6, 51 . XY, 1 . 

^05^^ i bczashkih, Dk. 151 5 5. s. medicine, the medical pro- 
fession. Pers. il-oc^, or viL&.2S\j, (Z. -mCum^ w^jjj , Sans, bhishaj, 
bkcskaja) -j- abst. suf. ^ -/ft. 

^j9i bazak, B& 1 bazako, AY. 87, 6. s. a ciime, a sin. Pers. *lj, 
Sas. *J^i bacliak. 

fO^^&j bazak-dijin, )fO Ai j&J bazak-dyino, AY. 17, 15. adj. sin- 
accustomed, sinful, iniquitous, criminal, vicious, noxious; sup. •£) v ^jO i ^(2 1 
bazak-dyintum^ AY. 17, 12. — 4^01 frasfffc + j^jj dytn. 

)jg 1 bazakar, AY. 85/7. a contraction, or mis writing, of '^fij 

bazak-kar. 

W«i bazak-kar, AY. GO, 7. adj. sin-committing, sinful, criminal, 
wicked; see the preceding and )4^) vazak-kar. PI. used as a s. 
m?)Sa£ 1 bazak-kardn, AY. 5,8. in K20. — Agt bazak -f adj. suf. 

J a -Jto\ 

u<© t bazakdj see 4£) bazak. 

3i bar, AY. 15,6,12. Iln. i,2. s. fruit, produce, resul , effect, 
improvement, profit, advantage; see \£& avi-bar. Pers. ^. 

J 1 6r/r, AY. 15, 7. s. (perhaps) an eminence, a district, a tract, 
a domain, an enclosure. Pers. o, Z. -Ai/ug. 

)i 6&r = )u 6wr, crd. of SjfoH burdano, see ^14*0 khaduk- 

bar, )j jf^£) petkhambar, \)^00 ddtobar, \)mi£ mdsrabar, 

Jiftjfi mozddbar, and Jijf^p dasivl ar. 



78 4j— ^ 

^y)i 6rc/<:/, AT. 2, o. OF. 3,9. s. a brother. Paz, brad; Huz, 
syn. JL^y akh, 

3<j^)j3i br&dar, GF. 3,54. s. a brother. Pers. ^ta , ano, P. Z. 
brdtar. Snns. bhrdtri, Lat. f rater. 

ajq^iJi bardzishak, AY. 12,2. 14, 20. 15,7. adj. decorated, embel- 
lished, ornamented, adorned, beautiful; sup. -£Y?>4~y)0"l bardzishah- 
turn, AY. 12,9. Pers. (j£\ta + adj. suf. a -ah; comp. Z. -mCa«/jjj, 
Sans, bhrdjlshnu. 

^>jAJyo>3i bardzishakih, AY. 14, 12. s. decoration, embellishment, 
adornment. 5^00*^1 barazishak -f abst. suf. ^5 -Hi. 

jjpi bar-hamak, AY. 14, 7. adj. associated, combined, mingled, 
together. Pers. *#>.? + adj. suf. 4 -tf/v. 

))^0^j burzidano, or ))0£}du burzidano, v. to elevate, to exalt, 

to ennoble; pres. 3 d sing, c^^i burzed, AY. 12,4. Comp. Pers. \o, 
or jyi 5 'exalted', ^ , 'grandeur' ; Z. iaress, Sans. fra rft. 

\ 

■00^1 baresdrrij GF. 2, 30. s. the sacred twig-bundle whose presence 

is requisite in the religious ceremonies of the Parsis, as a symbol of 
'growth'; at present, it is usually a bundle of tinned copper wires tied 
together, and deposited on the crescent-shaped claws of two stands, when 
not held in the hand; formerly, according to the Mrangistan, the bundle 
consisted of slender twigs, from one to three spans in lenglh, and a 
barleycorn in thickness, cut from any tree whose trunk was sound, and 
they were 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 21, 33, 69, or 551, in number, according 
to the circumstances of the ceremony. Pers. ^j, Pa/, baresum , or 
barsum, 7. )jj£ja£Auj, Sans, brahman. 

))*®"GjO\ baresom-chindy GF. 4,27. adj. baresom - gathering, for 
cutting the baresom ; corrupted into ju« H3*\ barescm-chino in K20 by 
joining the jjy and ^. — £f(y\ baresom -f )y£ chino (crd. of ))^&G 
chid and). 



-Hyb) ~ Kb) 79 

S)H$\ burishno, OF. 2,68. s. bearing, carriage, conduct, conveyance, 
exhalation. \ bur == Ju 6i1r (crd. of ))flyu burdano) -f- abst. suf. 

))^KHy\ barchinidano, v. to ordain, to appoint, to create, to 
form, to produce; past part. tfjKXVJ bareMnid \ see tf}KXVJ ^"-^O* 
afzdr-barehimd. Denom. fr. Pers. *.^.j , or s*4j', 'lot'. 

))A>Vl baramdno, AY. 64,2. pr. p. wailing, lamenting, mourning, 
moaning, groaning. ^?i bar am (comp. Pers. ^ 'expectation', aj.3 
'grief') -f- pr. p. suf. yu -an; the pr. p. of a verb ))cfy6a baramidano, 
which may be an imitative form like Pers. ,j Jv-aJUX* . 

•3)fvl baramvand, AY. 42,2. adj. lamentable, mournful, piteous, 
woeful, ^i baram (see the preceding) -f- pos. suf. $)) -vand. 

tyy\ Brdkach, GF. 6,6. pr. n. Bhroch, or Broach, a city in Gu- 
jarat on the northern bank of the river Narmada, or Nerbiidda; it con- 
tains a considerable number of Parsis among its inhabitants. Pers. 
Kfy&S or rr};?-> Gu J* Bhariwh. 

$y\ bidand, AY. 12, 4. see 3yn buland. 

))&}\ buridano, GF. 2, 30. in K20, a variant of ))^JH buridand] 
past part. &y\ burid, AY. 81, 1. 

v . \ 

)&h barijan, A"V . 68,2,3. ))^\ bar ij and, AY. 93, 5. s. a baking 
pan, a portable stove, an oven. Pers. ^sxj* j ,~jj£j%j , or £m'j; Sans. 
bhpjjana. 

.jyjApi bazanharih ,.AY. 81, 7. s. injuriousness, harmfulness, mis- 

— ^ ...» A 

chief, destructiveness. Pers. ^y*, or i\X>^ + adj. suf. -'3^ -/jar + 
abst. suf. jji Ah. 

DftDl bastano, v. to bind, to confine, to shut, to close; past part. 
JtDJ & flS *> substituted for ^y.ttii asrund in AY. 17, 20. by K20. Pers. 



80 J*j - -»y 

^jJuao, anc. P. p.p. basta, Z. p.p. -w^o^jjj ; Muz. syn. ))^c)p^)jj as- 
runtano, or ))^Q))pJ0ji asranastanu. 

jqJ^j bisraya, AY. 38, 39, 59, 2. 8J, 3 . 83,4. Hn. I, 10. s. flesh, 
meat. Heb. T&2} Chald. K1D3. or SOftO, Syr. {ya£.l Pa?, syn. ^OH 
gusht. 

r^yi^jyo -^O^j bisrctyd -khurishnih , Hn. i,i . s. a flesh meal 
an eating of meat. J^3i3i bisrayd -\ ytyy* khvrishn, to which com- 
pound adj. is added the abat. suf. ^ -th, 

jj^Oi basnv, AY. 3,3. 4, 15,10. adj. and adv. pleasant, agreeable, 
delightful, sweet, happy, good, well; V *> i ) -^^ khush va banm, 
AY. 3,i8. well and good. Comp. i^A^l basimtar, AY. 4, 14, u. GF. 
2,62,64. Chald. CDS, or Crp2, Syr. >oJap: Paz. syn. j^^aj fefo??fc. 

^0-t?"^l b as ' m $h) AY. 5,7. s. pleasure, agreeableness, delight- 
fulness, happiness. AJ^i basim -f abst. suf. -j^ -£/*; Paz. syn. J(^-^^> 
khusMIh 

w bo, AY. 2,26. 4,ig. s. a scent; see 3)L bo£, 3)1 bod and 
)(wu hu-bo. Pers. «j , Probably jh 60-2' should be read bod-i, the 
dhafat being understood. 

Jiu bard, I.) conj. AY. 32,6. 4G, .-,. 78,7. GF. 3,3,5,43,58,63. 
but, unless, yet. II.) adv. GF. 2,6. 3,55. Hn. 3, 3. besides, moreover, 
only, indeed; £ -u)i bard min, Hn. 1,10,31,34. Dk. 144, 3. apart from, 
besides, away from, without. III.) prep, (before a s.) AY. 68,23. besides, 
except. 1Y.) adv. or prep, prefixed to ve.bs: 1.) giving a fuf. significa- 
tion to the pre-. AY. 1,25. 2, 12,1.5,18,10,22. etc. see D^p^ afzudatio. 
MVO^&^W dvdspdrdano , ))^)tf?±) khclmfaitano , j)tf^Y*£J^ aufttni 
dano, ))?&)))&})*> khaoitunastano, ))^^^^ tuhhshidano, ))&)<>)' lav- 
zidam, ))ftl)r rididano, ))^)y^ 5 -^ zektelttntand, ))9tVfO sukhtandj 
))^cj)o^ yehab&ntano, ))^))^£X? s !'f<J<nd(t/w and ydtuntand, ))V))Rfflj 
ydmtuntano, ))?)))*& yehevuntand, ))^))^-00 shedkuntano. ))^)p^ 



-*M) 81 

and ))^)))^^ kctruntano, ))^))^y^ kqrituntand, ))<?){&) vdduntand, 
))TO))YQ) ncflunastand, D^X^y*) vaddkhtano, ))^0^^) vadirdano, 
))%D M C$ vajdrdand) )j^o)p3) vazluntano, ))^)^^.VJ) vashtamitntand, 
))?&)H3) vashuftatw, ))5t2y)H^ yetibunastand, ))*$y) v)D yekavimu- 

nddand, ))^>)) u ycmaldimtand, ))^)))>> ycnialduntano . ))^))^>> yc- 
mUuntano, and j)^)^^^ yanseguntano ; sometimes the v. s. is under- 
stood, as in GF. 3. .-4. 2.) giving a somewhat intensive signification to 
all tenses, so as to imply a greater completeness of action, and generally 
equivalent to ^forth, out, outright, quite, away, along, on, over, up, down, 
etc.'; thus it is used with the pres. in AY. 2,32. 4, it. 1^, -,s. etc. (in 
which case, it is often difficult to distinguish it from the fut.), with the 
imper. in AY. 1,31,32. 5,7. 6, a, etc., with the pret. in AY. 1,1,8,9,15. 
2,25-27, 36. etc., with the past part, in AY. 1,17,34. '2, 31. 17, 20. etc., 
with the same in a perf. in AY. 1, 33. 2, 7. 5, 2. 10, 3. etc., with the same 
in a pas. pres. in GF. 3, 17. Hn. I.15., with the inf. in AY. 16,9. GF. 
3,9., and with a Yorhal s. as entered in alphabetical order, see ))^)i3^y 
afsurdano, jj^jDiJ khaleluntano ))^)p^.u asruntand, ))^&**QY* au- 
pdrdano, ))r£)jOH bojjlnidano. M^OO^CG) p&hrikhtatid z jj^gjj*^ td- 
jidano, ))COO^ rikldano, ))^))tf)V ramituntano ^ ))9tV-^ zddano, 
))^)p^o3 zcktduntano ))^y/0 sfikhtano, ))^^^ sejidano, ))^y)n^ 
ycliabiindda.no, ))^)j^OO y^tuntano, Jj^XJ^Q ddshtand, )))tl)^^ 
shikastand. ))^)))*0 yehevuntaridj ))^))J^J(j ydttyuntano, ))^>))j-00 
shedkuntandj ))^c)^a kdrun'ano, ))^)j kardatid, ))^-£ madano, 
))^)HY) vdduntano, ))tf)0^) vaddkhtano : ))?Q^) vadardano, ))\t)^) 
vaclirda?io, ))$**(*) vajdrdand. ))&}&) vajidano, ))^d) varzidano, 
))^)^3) vazluntano, )W)j£^001 vashtam&ntano, ))^>0) vasldmio. 
MftD^O) nishastandj ))^)fOi) neksuntano, )w£\ numuduno, -j)jj^j 
))TO) ijctcbuna stand, ))^a)i drdtdano, ))^>0 3 goshtano^ ))^>) £»)-*J 
yckacimunddcmo, ))^))J^ vcmaldunta.no, ))^>)))£ ycmalduntano, ))^&y 
guftano, ))^o)u^u yanseguntano, and )^)p5^ yedruntano. The nega- 



1.1. 



82 jmj - 6$ 

tive -am Id intervenes between -mji bard and the verb, as in AY. 2, 36. 
18,n. GF. 3,53,89. 4,i8., and sometimes other adverbs do the same, 
as in Hn. 2,36.; the object also intervenes occasionally, as in AY. 2, is. 
GP. 3,47. 4,i9. Hn. 1,35a., especially if it be a dat. form after the prep. 
1) vol, as in AY. 1, 2,i 5 . 47, 60, e. GF. 4, 2G . Sas. J)i bard, Chald. 
&CQi Syr. j^J Paz. syn. be (Pers. j and ^S), 

/\>) J i$)tf?' i} -**H bard-khclmwiishnih, Hn. 1,23. s. going off to sleep, 
sinking into repose, dozing. -At)i bard -\- )tf?*i khelmun (crd. of ffpffffn 
khelmuntano) + abst. suf. y^ -ish?i, to which compound adj. is added 
the abst. suf. jq -ih. 

))Ry)\ bfihhiand', or bokhtano, Dk. 144, 145, 7 . 152,2. v. to pre- 
serve, to save, to deliver, to rescue, to release, to escape, to be fiee 
from; past part, used as adj. tf>»H bukht, or bokld, Dk. 145,2. safe, 
secure. Sas. £^21 bukht and Jffl^li bukhtaki, Z. buj, Sans b/*?/j. 

u^^j3^c| _jju bard-vadrrishmh, Hn. 2, 3s, 39. s. a passing away, 
a departure, a decease, -jju 6#ra -j- -1^) vadir (crd. of ))fly«^j ya- 
dirdano) -\- abst. suf. ^ -islin. to which compound adj. is added the 
abst. snf. -jyj -ih. 

^y^^^j(0) «a>)i bard- uzdahishnih \ Hn. 3, 17. s. an uplifting, 
an uprising. -uu bard + (JM ii:3 (Z. (>) -+- JH^^O dahishn, to 
which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. -jq -/7>. 

^OWfly) mJA )\ bard-vardishnih , Hn. 2, 3,37. s. a turning away, 
a departure, a desertion, a dismissal, jjjj frara -f- y^^O) vardishn, 
to which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. J^ -ih. 

£ju blip, AY. 15,9. s. a rich carpet, fine cloth. Pers. o*j, or 
^•.j; comp. Z. wfo/tf, 'woven', Sans, uptd, Gr. wjpoff. The root is Z. 
Sans, vap 'to weave'; Anglo-Saxon ivcfan. 

vy*£ju bcnufshman, AY. l,n. 31, 95,7. 4G, c, 7. GF. 3,55. 4, u. 
pron. self, one's self, myself, himself, herself, etc. (according to the person 



referred to). Sas. nf22Q.£j ? benafshman, Heb. tfgja, Chald. tfDjy, 
Ar. x^kXi 'in person'; Paz. syn. ^v*> /c/r^Z. 

)K°y b&dano, substituted for ^)^))^(5 ychcvuntano in GF. 3, 52. by 

Hs, L15, v. to be, to exist, to become; pret. yu bud, GF. 3, 10. was; 
pres. 3 d sing-, ^i bed, substituted for ^)))*0 yehevimccl in Hri. J, 15. 
by He; imper. 2 d sing. ^i)i bash, substituted for ^a))y^ yeheviwd^h 
in GF. 3,i8. by He, L15; conj. 3 d sing, ^i bad, substituted foi ^tV)))^ 
yehevundd in AV/3, 13. by all MSS. except H17. Pers. ,j^ , anc. P. 
Z. bu, Sans, bhu; Huz. syn. ))^)))^ yehevuntono. 

**tfO)\ burddr, s a supporter, an upholder, a promoter, a partisan; 

pi. ^3jj^)u burddrdn, AY. 1,9. ^)^(ty)l burddrdno , AY. 11, 3. 

From ))f^))j biirdand] Pers. vf<3 J , Z. nom. ~u^£/gj» 

*y).«^)) I biirddrih, s. support, endurance, tolerance; see ^A)v£) 
~ J 0^ u rtJH farmdn-bflrddrih. — i^itjjl barddr + abst. suf. ~s{j -ih. 

))iu)\ biirdand, v. to bear, to endure, to support, to carry, to 
convey, to bring; pret. %)){ burd, substituted for ^}p33 yedrund , in 
tin. 2,34. by lie; crd. )i bar, or bur, see \%WJ khaduk-bar and 



mJC^O^J pctkhambar. Pers. jjO^j , anc. P. Z. 6ar, Sans, bhri and 
/in; Huz. syn. j)^)p33 ycdruntano. 

j**d)\ burzdk, AY. 7,3. adj. grand, superb, splendid, magnificent. 
&)h burz (crd. of ))c£j^H burzidano) -f adj. suf. a.m -«/c; comp. Pers. 
\o, or Jwj, 'splendor', „s« 'grandeur'. 

\ 

^OW^H biirzishnih, AY* 12, e, 10, 17, 19. 13, 12. 14, 2, e, 10, is, 21. 

15,8,i7. in H17, a miswriting of -*>}*Ot)u burzishnik. 

•VfH$d)i burzishnik, AY. 4,32. 1 } , e, 13, 17, 19. 13, 12. 14, 1,2, 6,10, 
,8,21. 15,8,15,17. adj. exalted, noble, sublime, grand; sometimes 
citten &}*{$£))) vurzishnik. Gomp. 3^^^^u burzishniktar, AY. 4,32. 



13 

Wl 



84 ^j -H$ 

12,io. — ^))i burz (crcl. of ))tf)em burzidano) -f- abst. suf. ^ -ishn 
+ adj. suf. jd -ih. 

))^d)i burzidano, v. sec ^e^^l burzidano] crcl. ^)i burz, see 
the preceding words. 

^p)i, or 3)7u, buland, AY. 12. is. 14, i. Hn. 2, 23. adj. high, lofty, 

tall; see 5)7 1 buland. Comp. )^K)l bukmdtar, GF. 2, 17. Pers. Jui-b, 
eomp. Z. berezahd. 

j^^pji bulandih, AY. 14, 12. s. height, loftiness, sublimity, exal- 
tation, grandeur. 3y)\ buland -f- abst. suf. jy -4/^; Pers. ^(Xkkj . 

))f^))i buridano, GF. 2, 30. v. to cut, to sever; sec ))^)J| fo*n- 
dano. Pers. jJoj.j, Z. 6ar; Huz. syn. j)^o)uiO^ peskuntanu. 

))^OT0)\ boyinidano, v. to perfume, to scent; pret. tf)jt3H -^H 
bard boyinid, AY. 2,26. perfumed thoroughly, fumigated. Denom. fr. 
$)i bot. 

^)i bush, AY. 54, 5. s. a horse's mane. Pers. jkj, j&j, ^&i, or p. 

5tl))WH bavihtmast, GF. 1,22. p.p. used as s. what is requested, 
a request, a demand, a petition. Past part, of ))PQ))W*J bavihuna- 
stano) Paz. syn. jtD-^ khv&st. 

))FQ))WH bavihunastano , AY. 1,23. v. to seek, to demand, to 
request, to summon, to want, to beg, to beseech; past part. ft!))}*OH 
bavihunast, AY. G5, 9. GF. 1,4.; pret. fQ))j*OH bavihunast, Hn. 2, 28. 
Dk. 150,i3.; crcl. )y^)[ bavihun, see jja^j 1 -^^O^ dshtih-bavihun: 
pre?. 1 st sing. ^^H bavihunam, Hn. 3,4.; pros. 3 d sing. ^>)|*0]J &«- 
vihuncd, AY. G4,i2.; pas. prcs. 3 d sing. c^-J^^U bavihu/u-ait. Hn. 
2,6. 3,5. is summoned, is recalled, (lit.) there is a demand. Heb. i""W2; 
Chald. N^a, talmud NJ^aj Syr. JJLoJ Paz. syn. ))Jt2)iJ)A> khvdstano, 
whose term. ))pQ) -stand is adopted by its Huz. equivalent. 

m frwra, AY. 54,3. GF. 5,4. Hn. 1,2. s. a foundation, a basis, an 



JD - ID 85 

origin, a beginning (opp. of ^Sy rocshman and 3jj sar, 'the head, 
or end'), an extremity, an end; see ))$(& avi-bttn. Per?. J, or ^o; 
Z. -w}>j. It is piobably connected with Sane, budhna, 'bottom, depth'. 

HfO))ybW bavvih una stand, AY. 1,23. in He, a common variant of 
HKVDWJ bavihunastano ; past part. ftDW)^ baivihunast, GF. 1,4, 
22. in Eg, Iv26 ; FQ))j ; wO)U bavviMndst, AY. 65,9. in He. 

^))i bundak, AY. 18, 54, n. adj. full, complete, perfect, finished 
Comp. Pers. sJUj 'included', (j&JUo 'termination' 5 Huz. syn. ju£ytamdm. 

■&)U bondak, GF. 3,34. 6,2,5. adj. used as s. one who is bound, 
a bondman, a slave, a servant, a domestic; in Hn. 2, 28. it translates 
the Z. ace. pi. J3jj»iii3ijij , and is explained by /xj^OOOO shedayd- 
zaMh, 'demon worship', signifying, possibly, a slave of his passions; 
see -Du banddk. PL •^*J* i, )H bondaldhd, GF. 5, 1. in K20, a variant 
of ^oy-^)l bandakihd. Pers. sJUj, anc. P. bandaha. 

,jy33)ji bundakih, AY. 1,2. s. fulfilment, a completion, a termina- 
tion, an end. ^))U bundok -j- abst. suf. -j^ -tft. 

3u &o£, AY. 4,15-17. 10,9. 54,4. s. a scent, a smell, an odo', a 

fragrance, a perfume; see Suyv hu-boi, U 6(3 and 3^ &od, which last 

s probably the original reading of the word. Pers. ^j , or -j, Z. 

j(ajijii, or _ug|.kftJi. 

f 3u 6oJ, Hn. 2, is. s. a scent, an odor, a fragrance; sec 3)\yu hu- 
bod. Z. ^^jiiJt. 

3')i bod, Hn. 2,3,37. s. consciousness, sense, perception; according 

to Dad. b. Dad. it communicates impressions from the spiritual world 

to -H^Y* hash, 'the under standing', which passes them on to the body; 

3u bod also quits the body during sleep, whilst -sQf* hush does so 

only during severe sickness. Z. ^a^jh^i . 



86 



i!) -:£) 



3u 6r/?u7, AY. 68,3. s. a tie, a knot, a band, a belt. Pers. JUj, 
Z. -uft^jjj, Sans, bandha. 

-»(^H foo£*7?, see j^u^aj hu-boiih. 
^OW^H buyishnihj see -Jyj*t>*H OM£J frdz-btiyishnih. 
3)H bandak, adj. used as s. a slave, a servant; see .iJm bondak. 
PI. -^(XJ-^H bandakihd, GF. 5, 1. Pers. sjaj, anc. P. bandaka. 

^ij)^e) 3u boi-vajarah, AY. 2, 32. adj. scent-diffusing, fumigating. 
an 6o2 -f- 5^3^) vajardk. 

^1 bed, substituted for c£9))^0 yehevilnSd in Tin. 1,15. by IIg, 
pres. 3 d sing, of ))^U badano. 

JV^Ji or )p£j, Mriln, AY. 19, 29,2.41,8. ))P^J> or jjp^j, biruno, 

AY. 60,3. GF. 4,i5. adv. outside, out, without, forth. Pers. rj«vAJ, or 

jjo, Sas. OyilOi biruni. 

uy^t , or -s^U bSsh : AY. 5, 6, s. s. distress, affliction, vexation, 

anxiety; -JQ-St T^Vr ^ eva ^ nan b$sh, AY. 17, 15. with distress, miserable, 
distressed; see ~^3ij$)» avi-besh. Z. -ww^^jjjw; Sans. a'>;/s// 'hostile', 
dvesha 'hate'. 

5^H3^i btgdnak, see A)**- 1 ^* 

M^O^O^ 1 bfeMdandj v. to distress, to afflict, to truuble, to vex; 
past part. ^5^51 beshid, AY. 65, s. Z. cZ6M, Sans, tfo/s/i 'to hate'. 

))Ct5JOO^J bcsld/iidand, v. see the preceding; past part. ^/*$0-H 
beslwihl, AY. 65,8. in E20. Denoin.fr. ^^\ bSsh. 

^)A>.in, ^ja^I, or ^5£i, bigdnak, AY. 1)5, 7. adj. strange, alien, 
unfamiliar, outside the family circle, unrelated. Pers. auLx^j; IIuz. 
var. ^cOJ bitdnak. 

jj. 6*//?, AY. 53,9. s. fear, terror, dread, risk, danger; see £(->£>> 
avi-bim. Pers. *ju, Z. bl 'to fear', Sans, bhima. 



4) 



a 87 



)aa>. bimgun, or bimkun ) adj. a variant of ))Wi bhnkun, or )ua>. 

bimgun; corap. J^)4A>i bimguntar, or bimkuntar, AY. 18, o. 

WJAJm or )W£m bimgun, AY. 54, 55, i. 99, 10J , 2. Hn. 2,37. adj. 
fearful, terrible, frightful, awful, a;. b/w? + adj. suf. ))j Mn, or )U 
^Tm; Paz. bimgin, or bimgin. 

-¥$)jVi bimgunih, AY. 5,8. 54,9. s. fearfulness, frightfulness, aw- 
fulness. )jJjL», bimgun -f- abst. suf. -jq -4/l 

-uui bidand (trad. 6fwa) GF. 2, 51. 6, 1,4. s. a month; each of 
the Parsi months contains thirty days (see j£y yom), and the names of 
the twelve months are as follows: 1. MJ^)p£j Fravardino, 2. ^)-0AJ)f p 
Ardavafnsht, 3. vPj)^ Horvadad, 4. i^ T^r, 5. e^) p Amerodad, 
6. ))J)^>o Shatvairo, ?. ))^.£ il/#ro, 8. ^j$>» Av<m, 9. ^^y Atard, 10. 
IfO Ointf, 11. j£^) Vohuma?i, 12. ^^pj^jSD Spendarmad. Probably a 
variant of -jlju) vidand (trad, vadna) 'time', Chald. &0~y, Syr. p r l ? 
Ar. ^j!t\^; it has also been proposed to read the word birakh and 
compare it with Chald. 2 'in' + PIT 'a month' (Heb. HT, Syr. ^Ijl), 
but this identification is inadmissible; Paz. syn. «a/v^ maft. 

Jui bevar, GF. 1,2. Hn. 1,10,26. num. a myriad, ten thousand; 
sometimes expressed by the ciphers 9^ .3 10,000. Z. £Am»M3.m|. 

JJjJi bintk, Hn. 2,21. s. the nose; see .1KJ) vhiik. Pers. ^aaj t 

6) p, f, or w. 

g) p, /*, or v, is the third letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the 
usual equivalent of Sas. Q- , Pers. wj , o, Z. £), e) , and Chald. 5; 
it also often corresponds to a medial, or final, Pers. ^_$ , or • , and 
sometimes to the final > in Z. ». Its form generally remains unaltered, 
in all situations, as it does not join a succeeding letter; but its com- 
pounds: £p4 ap, af, hof , khefi £)3 rp, Q£> sp } and £)jq sftp, are 



88 -w^) — ^ce) 

often contracted into $y , ^, g£, and £>0, which are identical with 
the compounds or;, rj, «;, and s/tf, of the fifth letter £ .;; in hurriedly 
written MSS. the letters )£j may also occasionally be found united, and 
converted into c£) , which miswriting may perhaps explain the origin 
of fQ)yjj liuroist from je^yjJ htirvispd. 

-"£) pd, substituted for ^?3j ragelman in AY. 7G, 3. by K20, s. a 
leg from the knee downwards, a foot; generally written -juu^j , or «■()>£) , 
pa£. Pers. Ls; Huz. syn. ^3 ragelman. 

^^OO^CdJ pdhrikhtdr, AY. 13, 11. s. an abstainer, a refraincr, 
a restrainer; a preserver. From ))tf)0^ Jl ty&) pdhrikhtand. 

))^6XV a O'£J pdhrikhtand, v. to abstain, to refrain, to forbear, to 
restrain; to heed, to care for, to tend, to preserve; past part. C^Xyjuy^j 
pdhrikht) AY. 4,26. 15,72,4. 20,5. 37,6. jCOO^Cfc) pdhrikhto, AY. 
15,5.; pret. ^OO^Cd) pdhrikht, AY. 17, 17.; imper. 2 d pi. c^^3a^y^j _a>ji 
bard pdhrejSd, AY. 101, 19. abstain ye altogether. Pers. ^Z&jjbyj 
and jj (Xsj^&ji ; Z. pa^i -|- r/c/i (Sans, Wc/0, or c//?a -f harez (Sans. 
srij). 

•Gr-HyG) (trad.) pallium, AY. 15, 21. Hn. 1,35a. adj. best, excellent, 
eminent, pre-eminent, exalted, perfect. This word appears to be the 
Huz. form of Paz. .£)*0£) -, or ^y^uy , which is occasionally substituted 
for it (the Huz. Jjuv ijashar taking the place of the Paz. .jq ash, or 
-jqu ash). It is the usual translation of Z. G^j^^y^Z?, whose term. 
Qc is represented by the Pahl. term. £) -am, but it is doubtful if the 
remaining Pahl. Jo^y^), -^jQi 0Y ^O^^J 1 ^c identical with the remain- 
ing Z. ^i^,>£))i)Z? , or with Pers. ou&j , or Jjj^ , 'good', as the Pahl. 
£) is rarely equivalent to an initial v, and the disappearance of the y> t, 
is unexplained. If the words be identical, ^y-^y^i -0*O£) an< ^ -0^0""^ 
ought to be read vyasharum, vashum, and vahishum, respectively. 

O^^Cfc) pdhrSJi p. abstinence, forbearance; heed, care; O^i)^ 



^au pdhrcj hard, Hn. 2, 29. taken care of, tended. Crd. of ))tf>0^ a ty&) 
pdhrikhtano \ Pers. w^v?, 

c^O^^ty^ pdhrejed, imper. 2 d pi. of JI^OO^CGJ pdhrikhtano. 

-wftjsy pdhndtj or pdhndk, adj. wide, broad; see -juuuj^j pahndij 
*)}&) ~~ " Mi YV i ^ pahnai — vddund, AY. 21,2. they widen out, they 
flay. Pers. La^j, Z. -ujucjii^. 

^y^j pad, p. p. of ))^£>>£J pdclano , see ^y£j))^£>> Ataro-pdd. 
Pers. i>L>, 

•^OO^^CVd) pddakhshah, or pditikhshd, I.) GF. 2, 10. adj. ruling 
over, sovereign, overpowering, predominant, prevailing, empowered, 
authorized, permitted, allowable, proper. IT.) AY. 68,1.5. GF. 3,92,94. 
s. a ruler, a sovereign, a monarch, a king. Pers. &,wob, sLiob, 
*,w4>L , or sLo^Ij ; Z. ,)^o,>.yg) + -uj^Ji>Wy ; comp. anc. P. £>«£/- 
ydkhshaiy C I ruled over', khshdyathiya *a king'; comp. Sas. — S^-UQ. 
Olfpil, or ^/^ll^^^JQ,, pdtakhshatari. This word is also written 

•^OO^I^tyGJ p&ddkhshah, • iJ i^^^y^ pddakhshdi, and -^OCO^^O^ 
pddakhshdh. 

-XJ-MXX^fO^ pddakhshdhih, or pditikhshiydih, Hn. 2, 10, 15. s. 
rule, sovereignty, monarchy, dominion, authority, predominance; see 
-O-^OOC^^ty^)^ hu-pddakhshdhih and -^-^OOO^fO-'^^O^ dush- 
pddakhshdhih. — -HXX^^tySJ pddakhshdh (= the preceding) + abst. 
suf. -j^ -£/} ; Pers. j&L&t>b . 

- J Jl OO" M ?t> J ^ pddakhshahih, or pditikhshdih, AY. 68,15. in K20, 
Hn. 2, 5. s. see the preceding. -^OO^^Vfc) pddakhshdh -\- abst. suf. 

^^OO^^tVd) p&dakhshdi, or pditikhshdi, see -*()(3-u^ty£) pddakh- 
shdh I. and IT.; pi. JAb^O^^fcy^) pddakhshdydn , AY. 12, 14. sover- 
eigns, monarchs, kings. 

)^A!^j£) pdddshn, AY. 5, 12. in He, H17, K26 , a variant of 
)*b ^O^tVfi) pddaddhishn. Pers. ^^|oL> . 



12 



90 vevo - w 

~{)UjQtfy£) pddafrds, or pditifrds, AY. 0,8,13. 6, J J, 12. 19,5,9. 

20, 21, 25, 27,29, 51,59,62,86,93,94,96,3. 22,24,41,43,44,63,70,88,4. 
23,4,9. 28,3,6. 39,65 ; 69,c. 40, 7. 48,49,71,73,78,5. 54, 9. 55, 1,2,9. 
6l,G,io,i3. 68,1s. 72,90-92,97,98,2.77,10.89,4,11, 99, 2, 7,11. GF.4, 22 . 
s. punishment, chastisement, retribution, (especially) the punishment of 
the wicked after death and before the resurrection. Z. -jj-ttjj/^j^ij^j, 
Pers. Svi^L, or >.ioL . 

-*0^009tVd padiydvihy or pditrydpih , AY. 101,23. s. see the 
following. 

^^O^tVd) pddijdvih) or pditydvih, AY. 1,26. s. ablution; the 
performance of fcHD^gygJ pddydv, or washing the hands, arms, face, and 
feet, whilst repeating a religious formula, and in preparation for prayer, 
see AY. p. 148, note. OC9CV& pddydv (Pers. i_>bob, Z. paiti -f ap) 
-f- abst. suf. .jy -ih. 

W^OVtVd) pddadahishn, or pditidahishn , AY. 5,7,10,12. 11, 11. 
s. a requital, a recompense, a reward, (especially) the reward after death 
for good works performed during life; see ja^^O^ pdddsJm and the 
following, ftyy pdda, (Z. j^jjj^j ) -f yi$^ dahishn; Pers. ^.>£taL>, 
(jxf J>L> , jiol^U, j&<>L>, j«t>U, or o^&I<Mj>« 

W^^O^O^ pddadaJusIm, or pditidahishn, AV. 11, 11. in Ho, 
H17, variant of the preceding. ^>>£) pdda (Z. ^.jijgj) -f y^s^j dahishn. 

))^£V£) pddano , v. to protect, to guard, to shelter, to screen, to 
shield, to preserve; past part. SfiyQ pud, see fgygj))^ Ataro-pdd ; 
))9£V£) P^$j see )9tVd))))9tV Aford-p«fo. Anc. P. Z. Sans, pd , p.p. 
£>«£« (Pers. i>L>) ; Huz. syn. Jjy*)^) nctruntano. 

)Y*$W& Pdpakdno, AY. 1,7". Dk. 150, 11. patron, adj. the Papa- 
kan; of, belonging to, or descended from, Tapak, the grandfather of 
Artakhshatar, or Ardakhshir, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, A.D. 
226; in Km it is stated that Artakhshatar was the son of Sasan and 
Papak's daughter, but was adopted by his grandfather who had no son, 



>■"£) 



W 91 



which accounts for his being called the son of Papak in the Sas. ins. 
^£J Pdpak (Pers. dbLs, Sap. 9|Q.:yQ. Papain, Gr. IT (xrtcotog) + 
patron, suf. )JA> -d»o. 

Jt>.&)iig) Pdrsik, GF. 6,1. adj. Parsi, Persian. Pers. ^/J-*, or 



C5*7 



Li : anc. P. Pdrsa, 



j)uQ pdrak, AY. 79, 9. GF. 3 5 34. s. a bribe. Pers. s»L>, Z. — «/J*>^j 

'a debt'. 

-^=^£J pas , AY. 2,33. s. a watch, a guard, a defence, a protection. 
Pers. jjJo 

^X^d) pdf/tndk, adj. inferior, subordinate; pi. used as a s. ytjfiJMQ 
pdyinakdn, GF. 2, 59. subordinates, assistants, ministers. f(3*>Q pdyin 
(Pers. ^vAj, or »joL>, 'the bottom') + adj. suf. a -ak. 

}*&**£} pdydn, jy^nQ pdydno, pi. of -u*g) pal 

•0*0^ (perhaps) vahishilm, or vdshum, substituted for ^y-AQ'g) 
pdhlum in Hn. 1,35a. by He, adj. see .£y-*0£) pdhlum, 

Aij£} j9«/s, substituted for -¥5^ dakrd in AY. 101, 25. by He, adj. 
clean, clear, pure, perfect. Pers. <i)L> : comp. Sans, pdvaka, 'a puri- 
fier'; Huz. syn. -^-^ dakyd. 

,j0A.U£j pdkih, AY. 101,23. s. cleanliness, purity, perfection. ajj^j 2^ 

H- abst. suf. JQ -//? ; Pers. .-Aj . 

4.u^£3 pdndk, s. a refuge, a shelter, a protection; see ^^>£j $(j 
kabed-pdndk as explained by Hi 8, but the reading kabed-pahndk is 
more probable; see also -Hy$gJ pandh and 4°**Q S )£) pandhk. Pers. 
sLu; comp. Z. p« 'to protect', Sans, pdna 'protecting'. 

Aii^jgj pahfidk, adj. wide, broad; see -uj^^j palmdi and 3ia 
^^k>£) kabed-pahndk. Pers. LjLg.5, Z. _ujjjg-4»g}« 

^^Ajp^j pdndkih\ AY. 2,36. 5,3. GF. 1,25,26. s. protection, 
defence, guard; ^|a -sm^p^J pdndkih kard, AY. 17, 17. protected, 
defended. ^.u^£| pdndk -J- abst. suf. jy -2/i. 



92 )*>£) — jy^e) 

-Htyty pahndi, or pahndk, AY. 5, i. adj. wide, broad; see aupyjy 
pdhndi and 4-u^>£) pahndk, 

-0>U pM-> ^ T - 75,i. ou£j pa*, substituted for f^J ragelman in 
AY. 31,2. GF. 3,35. by K20, s. a foot, a leg from the knee downwards; 
also written -w£) pa and u^gj pc/e; see .jw£)3j^y£ chahdr-pdu PI. 
)*0-u£J pdydn, )^o^^j pdydno, see ^•u^-^ft clwhdr-pdydnd. Pers. 
^L>, ^, or b; Z. -u@ad£j, or -wgii^j ; Sans, pdda, pad, pada, or 
pad; Huz. syn. fgta) ragelman. 



&*>& fakhiz, AY. 52, 2. s. a spur. Pers. yA.£U . 

A-Qi£J pdyak, AY. 7, 1,6. 8,1,5. 9,7. s. a footing, a basis; a step, 
a degree, a rank; a track, a pathway. Pers. &jL i. 

u^-ug) pa<?, GF. 3,38. s. a foot; a variant of 3.U£), or iyQ, pdi, 
the 7a. u^ c being substituted for the Palil. 3 £. 

Aj^^y^g) patiydrak, or paitiydrak, AY. 1,8. 6,12. 68,23. GF. 2, 2c 
4, is. s. opposition, hostility, molestation, oppression, adversity, affliction, 
misery, misfortune; pi. yo*JJL{y& £j patiydrakdn, AY. 5, 13. Jf^OV-H^gJ 
patiydrakejdno in K20. Pers. SvLyo, ^a&j, SnI/Jo, or XtJL* ; Z. 

^^u> A.)juy^o£) patiydrak-homand, or paitiydrak-homand , Un. 
2,36. adj. opposed, molested, afflicted, miserable; comp. ic^^j ^-^OTd) 
patiydrak-homandtar, Hn. 3,36. — ^3-t^y^ pattydrak -j- pos. suf. 
^>^a) hdmand. 

~*0^& padash, or paitish, AY. 68,1s. Dk. 145,7. prep, with suf. 
in (on, upon, by, through, into, to, or for) him, her, or it; therein, 
thereon, thereupon, thereby, thereto; -JQ^£J )£ man padash, AY. l,ie. 
^0^£j — U* mun — padash, AY. 15, 10. who (or which) in (on, etc.) 
him, her, or it; in (on, etc.) whom, or which. ^£) pad- (Z. j^ojjigj, 
anc. P. patiy, Sans, prati) + pi on. suf. -jq -ash of 3 d pers. sing. 



?^e) - 4Ve) 93 

jj^^a^aj patkdftano , or paitikdftano, v. to strike upon, to beat 
about, to embroil, to disturb; see ))^0£))^&) patkuftano '; past part. 
3*0*^*3 patkdft, AY. 29,5. — ^ paf- (Z. j^jjaj) -f ))^o»^ /l '«f~ 
taftd (comp. Pers. jjjo^ 'to disturb'). 

JjJ^g) patkdr, or paitikdr, AY. 1 , 12. Dk. 144,7. s. a dispute, a 
contest, a quarrel, contention, dissension, strife. Pers. JSoo, or *Uuu>.; 
Z. j^jjjgj -f _u).u*a; Sans, pratikdra, 'revenge'. 

)jqjUia^^ patkdrddr, or paitikdrddr, adj. strife-maintaining, disput- 
ing, contending, dissenting; pi. used as a s. )^3^j\w.)^£j patkdrddr- 
dno , Dk. 144,8. disputants, dissenters. )a>a^aj patkdt -f- 3-j(^ cMr 
(crd. of ^^OO^O ddshtano). 

a)ua^>^j patkdrak, or paitikdrak, adj. disputing, contesting, quar- 
reling, contending, litigating; pi. used as a s. j^j^a^aj patkdrakdno 1 
Dk. 152,i. disputants, litigants. JuA^ogj patkdr -f- adj. suf. a -tf/c. 

))^£))4^>g) patkuftano, or paitikuftano, v. to strike against, to beat 
upon, to dash about, to embroil, to disturb; see Jj^^^gJ patkdftano] 
past part. ^>gj)A^Aj patkuft, AY. 66,6. 89, 1. — ^>gj pat- (Z. j^-uaj ) 
+ ))^gj)^ kuftano. 

))tf)70 JJ> £ >( ^&) padmdyinidano , v. to cause to measure, to force 
to measure; pres. 3 d pi. ^Jt> M '£V£J padmdyind, AY. 27,2. Caus. of 
j)^c^oaj padmudano. 

a^>-^aj padmdnak, or paitimdhak, AY. 67,9. 80,3,6. s. a mea- 
sure, a linear measure, a measuring rod. Pers. xjUjo, Z. ^jjjaj + 
Tna (Sans. md). 

)Yfiy>$*Q padmukhtand, or paitimukhtano, v. to put on, to wear, 
to dress in, to clothe one's self in; pret. C^Vj^V^J padmvkMy AY. 2,25. ; 
pres. 1 st sing. <QC\ft?& padmujom, GF. 3,97. Z. p. p. -u^o^GJ^j^uaj* 
Sans. p. p. pratimukta. 



94 .f^£) — ^£) 

D^o^d^j padmudano or paitimudano , v. to measure; pre?. 3 d pi. 
^rC-^Vfc) padmdycnd) AY. 96,2. Pers. jjO«-»jo, Z. j^^jj^j -fwi£(p.p. 
-u^j^*; San?, md, p.p. mita)\ Huz. syn. j^p^A Idluntano. 

)W£j£Vd pctdmujishno, or paitlmujlshno. AY. 68, n. p. clothing, 
dress, covering. (®^V^) padmiij (crd. of ))^tV^y«^J padmUkhtano) + 

abst. suf. )j^ -ishno. 

)£j£V£) padmftjdn, or paitimujan, AY. t ', 9. ))£j£V£) padmujauo. 
AY. 'J, 25. 13,2. i4,i4. GIF. 3,44,51,57. s. clothing, clothes, dress, cover- 
ng; pi. ^>))(J>j£V£) padrnujanodn, AY." 12, 9. Z. pa#i -f much, Sans. 
prafi + much. 

DrCDJy^ V a 4 vas ^ an ^i or paitivastano . v. to join, to connect, to 
unite, to adhere; past part. FQ))^£) padvast, AY. 17, 12. Pers. '^JLwIjo, 
anc. P. prt% + p.p. frasta, Z. j^,>iJ£) + p.p. -u^-ttiM. 

1)^^))^°£J padvandidano , or paitivandidano , v. see- the preced- 
ing; past part. )tf^))y*£J padvandido, GF. 5, 1. Comp. Pers. ^cXj».o; 
Z. paifa' + 6c//7c/ (Sans, bandit). 

jQjbu^c^jJ3^^j padiraftdrih, or paitiraftdrih , AY. 17, 19. s. re- 
ception, admittance, acceptance, entertainment. 3jJ^£)-b^o£) padiraftdr 
(fr. ))^£)-l^£) padiraflano) + abst. suf. -1^ -2A; Pers. ^JjLSojj, 
or ^(j^jj. 

j^^jl^gj padiraftano, or paitiraftand, v. to receive, to accept, 
to admit, to entertain, to allow, to acknowledge, to assent to, to ap- 
prove; prer. ^o£)i^£) padiraft, AY. G8, 6. )^£HV£) padiraftd, Dk. 
150,2.; )^£ji^£J o»)£J f^k padirafto, Dk. 150, 13. accepted, preferred; 
^£jl^£) a^" madam padiraft, AY. 42,s. acknowledged. Pers. ^*io jo, 
or wAi.jo, Z. pa#« + rap; Huz. syn. ))^>)p^.£ mckadlunlano , or 

M^r}^ mekabluntano. 



*?& - »)& 95 

^^£3 padirak) or paitirak, I.) s. a meeting, an encounter: ij 
^-b^£) t*o/ padirak, AY. 4, 10. 2. 17, 10. to a meeting, to the front, 
forwards. II.) adv. AY. 3, s. 10, g. meeting, face to face, opposite, 
advancing, forwards. Pers. s^jjo, or lojo: Z. paiti + ar (Sans. 

ri , or rf). 

)^^d) pachind, Dk. 150,2. 131, 10. s. a collection, a compilation, 
an edition, a complete copy. Comp. Pers. JLsau , or s^SJo, ^trans- 
lation*; Z. wpa -J- chL 'to collect": Sans, upachita. 'collected'. 

))^000^£3 farhdkhtano, v. to extol, to commend; to excel: (or) 
to prepare, to perfect, to educate, to tame, to civilize: past part. 
)SOOO^£) farhdkhto : Dk. 149,3. Pers. .jJC£&>Li, or ^XJsx&ji . 

^^Ot^d) fardkhtak. or farhcOkhtak^ GKF. 3,88, p.p. used as adj. 
extolled, excellent, perfect; (or) tamed, trained, broken in, tractable; 
(or perhaps) swift, fleet. Pers. &Xs*Li, or &z^&*J : comp. also Pers. 
.^ ^M 'swift' and **\6 -Li 'travelling fast'. 

j(yj^)^] frd-hukht : AY. 13, 1. Hn. '2. 39. adj. speaking very good 
words, of excellent speech. Z. -w^CLy^O > • 4 JJJUJ ^» 

^CW^^ fardhhfitli. s. I.) AY. 5. 7. L0l,ie. abundance, plenty. 
prosperity, comfort, happiness: see ^yujg) fafukhuih. II.) AY. 15, 21. 

width, breadth, amplitude, largeness, openness, space. Pers. ^Li and 

-^^ftj^d) fardkhuyish, AY . 5,2. adv. prosperously, comfortably. 
happily. ftjJJ£j fardkM (- ^J£) farukhu] Pers. ^M, or ^*i) + 
adv. suf. J^y^ -yish. 

■£W^£) pardhom, GF. 2, 12, 44. Hn. 1, is. s. that juice of the ^ 
horn plant, which is among the two preparations of the juice taking 
place at the Izeshne ceremony squeezed for the first time, and tasted 

by the performing priest. Z. ~u£±i±i%yi})siQ . 



96 ^a 

v*-£VO^£) frd-humat, AY. 13, 1. Hn. 2, 39. adj. thinking very good 
thought?, of excellent thoughts. Z. _a>^jj£>^> . ^ssuvy . 

SOO^)KC J ^ frd-hiivarsht, AY. IS, 1. Hn. 2,39. .adj. doing very 
good actions, of excellent deeds. Z. -u^o^/ii»^y . IgMJiijy . 

*Yi)* ^d) farhdng, Dk. 149, 3. s. knowledge, learning, science, wisdom. 
Pers. Jkx&jz , 

)p>j3^j frarurij AY. 101, 19. GF. 2,64. ))y-"i£) frdfUnd, AY. 4, 35. 

Hn. 1,7. 2,32. adj. proper, regular, orderly, right, honest, excellent; 
opp. of )yM$y avavun. Comp. j^y&iJQ [rdruntar, AY. 1,30. Z. ~u)^ 
+ Pahl. )y riin] Pers. (j^)M 'regular order'. 

jy)pjj)^j frarunih) AY. 4, i 8/ 46,5. 68,19.20,24. Hn. 1,2. s. pro- 
priety, regularity, rectitude, virtue, honesty, excellence. )p.")£J frdrun 

-f- ah st. suf. ^ -ih. 

J^OO tfOO^d) frdyishmo-ddto , K 7G, 5. s. a forth-going, an on- 
ward progress, a withdrawal, a setting; see j^OOi^OO* d)^ ^~ 
frdishmd-dSto. Z. ^jjuja . ^G^O^'v* 

yo)& fariikhu, GF. l,i. adj. prosperous, happy, fortunate. Pers. 

tyi ' \ 

roY**& farukhuih, AY. 2. 19. s. prosperity, happiness, felicity; 
see -Vsy^^ favdkhuih. — Y* Q fctrukhu + ahst. suf. u^ -ih\ Pers. 

13jjJ^j frdyar, K 78, 3, 4. s. the first half of the day, the forenoon; 
see Z.-Pahl. Glos. p. 42, 75. Z. -u3rf + ^JJ^i. 

ftVWOKJPd) ff'd-dush-Jiukht, or ^yftXtyk^gj frdya-dfch-hukht, 
Hn. 3, 39. adj. speaking very evil words, of villanous speech. Z. . -£j,uu/e) 
- u ^O , ^>3» The literal meaning of this adj. is 'of very evil good 
words'; if this combination be considered too far-fetched, this adj. can 



j)g) — e)< 



97 



be read frd-dush-aokht , and the word 'good' dispensed with, but the 
following adj. cannot be treated so. 

^OO^)WO)0PS) frd-dush-huvarsht, Hn. 3, 39. ^<y)WO^^£) 
frdya-dush-huvarsht in K20, adj. doing very evil deeds, of villanous 
actions. 7. «u^i^/i3»db>a , £j,>jw/^ . 

^^ftVQfJ^) frd-dushmat, Hn. 3, 39. ^v^'^-a^ frdya-dushmat in 
K20, adj. thinking very evil thoughts, of villanous thoughts. Z. . 4 J - >JJJ '^ 

-tw^jj^j, or -^£jJ£j, farpih, AY. 4,28. adj. fat, stout, plump, 
robust, flourishing; comp. )^.M£)J£) farpahitar, AY. 4,28. Pers. xj^i, 
or ,-^vi. This word appears to be a mistranslation of Z. -u^^/^ 
(perhaps by reading -m^jjj)^) in Hn. 2, 30. where it is translated by 
?Wr& frcwdft. 

■f)(t)£) fratum, AY. 1,43. 3, 15. 4, 2, 7. 17,27. Hn. 2,33. adj. fore- 
most, first, initial. Paz. fradum, anc. P. fratama (adopted in Heb. 
DWhE>) Z. -u££^.ij/^ (sup. of -uJe)), Sans, prathama. 

fSg) farjdm, Dk. 144, 10. s. an end, a conclusion, a termination. 
Pers. ,*U»vi; Z. fra + jam (Sans, gam) 'to come, or go'. 

))^OWf^£) farjawimu/wo , v - to enc ^ to conclude, to finish, to 
terminate; past part. ^)Jpe)eJ farjdminid , GF. 6, 1, 4. Denom. fr. 
P^£) far jam. 

Aiiu)^)^) farzdndU, AY. 3,23. j^)^^^) fari&ndko , AY. 3, 22. 
^2)^J farzdnak, AY. 85, 6. adj. learned, intelligent, wise. Per?. &jf\vi, 
Z. fra + sam, Sans, prajna. 

Mv^Sfc) frajaftano, v. to accomplish, to complete, to finish, to 
conclude; past part, yyd® frajaft, AY. 101, 29. GF. 5,5. 6,1,4. Hn. 
3,4o. Perhaps a corruption of fraydftano, Z. fra + a -f «P/ C0 ™P- 
Sans, prdpta and samdpta. 



13 



9S XJQ - ^3^) 

H^OO^fi) frasdkhtand, v. to be well qualified, to be fully com- 
petent , to be accomplished , to be clever ; past part, used as adj. 
fOO^fcJ frasdkht, AY. 3,23. Comp. Pers. ^JC^U,; Z. fra -f sack, 
'to learn'; Sans, pra + s'ak. 

y£>)y /V«sp, AY. 2,ii. s. a lintel, a joist, a girder, a beam; see 
)0^£) frasfpd] pi. )uqs}q fraspdn, AY. 2 t 12. Pers. yuuu^i, v^&wji, 

or ^^!vi . 

WftlVfc) parastislm, AY. 13,6. s. service, homage, veneration, 
worship, adoration. pQ)J£j parast (crd. of ))^fQV£j parastidano) -f 
abst. suf. )*($ -zs/m; Pers. jSJLwujj. 

)KOft2)'6) parastidano , v. to serve, to honor, to reverence, to 
worship, to pray to, to adore; past part. c£)?t2V£) parastid, AY. 14, 19. 
68, n. Pers. ^lXaXw^. 

W^ftlVfc) parastlshn. AY. 17, 16. see )^0^Q)3^) parastishn. 

)Q£>JQ fraslpd, AY. 19,2. s. a joist, a beam, a girder; see £).tt)£j 
frasp. Pers. c-*£*w>i . 

«^))gj parish, adj. careless, neglecting, remiss, deranging, 
disturbing; see -*(^^^00 dud-parish. Comp. Pers. J^ji 'agitation'; 
\J,j* 'confused, weary'; ^jj, J^->y? > u^. r» ? 'confused, dispersed'; 
L j£o« 5 -3, (jiaj.wi, 'negligence'. Both reading and meaning want con- 
firmation. 

-J(y& parsh, frash, or frya, see -i(yg)^ Hu-parsh. Both read- 
ing and meaning are uncertain. 

MtfX)o\) pardakhtano, v. to complete, to perfect; to consume, 
to exhaust, to empty; to remove, to withhold; past part. ^jOO^d) 
parddkht, AY. 89, 6 . Pers. ^iJj^, or ^yi^^, 

COO^d f r .W?J AY - 'j 27 ' **F. 2 ' 5, s - hel Pi assistance, aid, suc- 
cour, relief. Comp. Pers. ^soL^-i : perhaps from the caus. of Z. fri 



■jye 



99 



(Sans, pri) 'to love'. This word seems to differ from Pers. ^Lj^J in 
not having the meaning* 'complaint', and the passage in GF. 2, 5. would 
be better translated: 'meets not there (in heaven) with assistance there- 
from; ^V ictmman meai\s technically 'the other world', and cannot 
properly refer to this one. 

))*\00^£J firikhtano, v. to be disturbed, to be distracted ; past part. 
)*?€Xy£) firpehtd, Dk. 149,i. Pers. ^JCisUwi . 

^tOO^tpd fvch-dciddr, AY. 5, 3. s. a furtherer, a forwarder, a 
promoter, a stimulator; ftj<^ J ^- Ut ^>O JI 0^ freh-daddr-i gchd?i 1 'pro- 
moter of the world', is an epithet of 9tV'?00" u Ashtdd and other ya- 
zads, equivalent to Z. -wS^jjq^ ♦ pjj aw^. 

^cjA^yj^j frashakard, AY. 64, 13. 87, 9. s. the making durable, 
lasting, or permanent; the perpetuation, re-organization, re-establish- 
ment, or re-animation (of the world and creation), which is to take 
place before and during the resurrection; the millenium. Z. . -2ftb*>)y 
^Vi 1 )* ^ n tne 01 ^g' m °f the word see Haug's Gathas I. pag. 109-112. 

)qy£) frashn and Frijdn, a variant of )yfyj£) frashno and Frydno, 
see notes to GF. 1, 1, 5. 

^COOW^£J Frashoshtar, AY. 11, 10. Dk. 149, 5. pr. n. a celebrated 
man in the time of ^^^yOf 3 ) Ka'-Vishtdsp . probably a priest and 
bi other of e^V^ Jdmdsp. Z. -HJyj^Lug&iiJy . 

)^)^) frashno, GF. i, 5, 10, 12, 20. 23. 2,1.11,17,20,23,27,32,37,41, 

49, 52, 55, 62, 65. 3, 1, 12, 17, 22, 35, 41, 46, 50, 64, 66, 67, 71, 73, 76, 79, S2, S6, 89, 92, 

95. 4, i, 2,7, s, 26. s. a question, an inquiry, a query, a problem, an enigma : 
pi. ^00)^0 frashndihd, GF. 1,27. 3,85. 4,14,-7. z 5 . also -^^J^e) 
frashnaMhd, GF. 1,27. in He, K20, K* 6 . 7. ^)^^Q , Sans, prasna. 
)yW& Frydno, pr. n. see )jH$jy J ^OOf Gosht-i Frydno. Z. 
-»)iJJj/e), or -ujjgjj^e), which is the name of a Turanian in Yas. 46, 12., 

as well as the family name of Yoishta in Yt. 5, si. 13, 120. 

i_. 0) C. 



100 ^«J - ta 

)»^o) ))^3£) frashno-vajdr, adj. problem-solving, enigma-explain- 
ing; pi. used as pr. n. }*>J.M£) )W £J Frashno-vajdrdn, GF. 1,3,7,8,9. 
)^j)jj£0) )>*0^ Frashno-vajdrdno , GF. 1,2. 'Enigma-expounders', a 
fanciful name of the city, or district, in which Gosht-i Fryano lived. 
j^Jg) frashno + ^(2) vajdr (crd. of ))^t)«^£) vajdrdano). 

Y»v& farmdn, Dk. 151, 1. ))*>i>£) farmdno, s. an order, a com- 
mand, a mandate, a bidding, a direction; see )^v£) flyH^ aburd-far- 
mdno. Pers. jjLo*.i , anc. P. framdnd. 

-D^rt))! ^^ farmdn-burddirh, AY. 13,8. s. tolerance of com- 
mands, obedience, submission, compliance. ja>v£J farmdn + -X^fluH 
burddrih', Pers. ^5 J jwxiLc^i . 

-^^vg) farmdnih, see jy^v^J flyjU* aburd-farmdruh. 

))y«^^) farmiidano, AY. 3, 17. G7, 8. v. to order, to command, to 
bid, to direct, to appoint; past part. ^fv£) farmud, AY. 3, 22. 4, 1. 11, 10. 
14,3.76,77,7.; pret. ^tff£) farmud, AY. 2,23. 3, is. 67,8. GF. 1,21,2s. 
3,9. lyOfv^ farmudo, Dk. 150, 3,10. 151, 10. Pers. ^O^vo^i, Sas. p.p. 
^\>t)2Q- framdt, Z. fm + md (Sans, md) 'to measure'. 

i-s^ypg) fravyashar (trad, faruhar, or frohar) AY. 5,4. 11, 3,16. 
15,i3. s. a spiritual counterpart which every creature and object, created 
by Auharmazd, is supposed to possess as an eternal representative in 
the spiritual world (see Mkh. 49,23.); a guardian angel; the immateiial 
archetype, or idia^ of the Platonic philosophy (comp. the note on paro- 
asti, Hn. p. 307); Dad. b. Dad. explains the fravyashar of a man by 
Ar. ^Js, and states that it ever guards and nourishes the body, and 
communicates information from the spiritual world to 3u bod 'the con- 
sciousness'. PL ^3«*o>p£) fravyashar an, AY. 16,3. Z. Jflp-u>w^ , the 
Huz. Jj^y yashar being substituted for the Z. *£&* • 

))yS^)»p£) fravdftand, v. I.) (trad, frandftan) to diffuse, to distri- 
bute, to circulate, to move about, to traverse, to wander over; past part. 



>a 101 

^Wr& fravaft, Hn. 2,22. see farnaft, Mkh. 1,35. II.) to separate, 
to set forward, to advance, to prefer, to esteem, to respect, to revere; 
past part, used as adj. ^£)*rtl fravdft, Hn. 2, 30. see Pahl.-Paz. Glo«. 
p. 116; comp. )^0*r£J fravdfttar, Hr.. 2, 30. Z. fra -f- vqp (Sans. 
vap) % strew'; comp. Z. JGw^g)) c I bless', and Sans, nirvapahti 'they 
offer, or set apart as an offering', see Hang's Aitareya Brahmanam, 
vol. II. p. 2. 

WJJr£) i Tan ^ mi ^ m '> WCLfrfc) franamishno, Hn. 1,4. s. saluta- 
tion, homage, veneration, a blessing, an invocation. VfyQ frandm (crd. 
of ))tf}pp£) frandmfdano , Z. fra -f- nam, comp. Pers. jjj^lj and 
Sans, prandma) + abst. suf. ^ -&/in. 

-^^Prd) frandmishnih, sec ^f*Qpp£) )(t) ratu-frandmishmh. 

-uiygj Frobd, -u*\yQ Frobdcj, or Frobdk, )\y& Frobo ) *[y& 
Frobag, or Frobak. pr. n. sec ))^> Ataro. The Z. form of this name 
ought to be ,ju».u)g), similar to that in Yr. 13, m. 

HiOWrfl fropatidano, v. to fall upon, to assail, to encounter, 
to attempt, to practice, to continue; pres. 3 d sing. ^y*£Jp£) fropatcd, 
Hn. 1,4. Z. fra -f- pat (Sans, pat, Pers. ^'tXxXif) Ho fall'. 

*V£) A'^/, AY. 18,6. 99,4. GF. 3, 17, 19, 20. )^Q frddo, Dk.l51, 3 . 
adv. down, downwards, below; (sometimes perhaps) away, out, forth; 
SV£ VY& f r6c l murd, AY. 17, 5. 55, 1. <p))'^£ <?y& frod ycmitund, 
Hn. 3,34. died away, expired; ^5^)) <?yQ frod vardcd , Hn. 1,38. 
turns away, departs, deserts. Pers. ^^i and ^i. 

?Y& fravad, )^>y& fravado, common variants of tfyyt) fravard 
and }^)p£) fravardd] see ^y£))*> hu fravad. Comp. Pers. jj^jjjr 5 
for &>* )y S. 

^pH^J^ ^>y& frdd-mirishnih , Hn. 3,38,39. s. dying away, ex- 
, decease, death, ^yg) frod + J$$ mir (crd. of ))$£ mw- 



pirmg 



102 >a - ^ 



a 



dano) + abst. suf. j^ -ishn, to which compound adj. is added the abs\ 
suf. jy -lh. 

vt)r£) frairard, )ftjyQ fravardo, s. sec fly^£jy*> hu-fravard] Paz, 
syn. of Jjwyy^j fravyashar, rarely used, except in compounds, for the 
usual Paz. fravash. Comp. Pers. jjj^yi '(the day) of the fravasbis > \ 
Z. J>f(;JJ».M/g) , the syllables J£0-u being replaced by their syn. -u^am, 
as in Pahl. COO i, )^) A, Ardavahisht for tfX^W" Ashavahisht; comp. 
also Z. _u^£/.w£ (Sans, martya '-, anc. P. martiya , Pahl. ^)-£ mard, 
Pers. c>wo) with Z. -ujjgy-uG (Pahl. -OO^ Mdshi). The word was 
probably fravarti in anc. P., and is often contracted into ^y£) fravctd 
in Pahl. 

))ft)r£J parvardano, v. to nourish, to cherish, to rear, to feed; 
past part. flr3v£J parvard, AY. 15, 1. Pers. jO^, or <jJo^*.j>; Z. 

/"ra -f- v # r (Sans, wn') 'to protect'. 

)Ffwr£) Fravardlno , GF. 6,4. adj. used as pr. n. what belongs 
to the fravdrds, or fravashis; the first month and II th day of each 
month in the Parsi year. f£)V£J [reward -J- adj. suf. ju -hid] Per". 

Or£) Parviz, GF. 2, 6 o« pr. 11. the third lunar mansion, the Pleiades. 

)jj^£pj£) friftdr, AY. 47, 5. adj. deceiving, deluding, deceitful, 
beguiling. From ))^gpJ£) fr<ftano. The foim of the word is that 0.' 
a s. , but it can hardly be translated as such, without alteiing the te^t. 

"*00 ^°£) £) friftaryish, AY. 55, 8 . adv. deceitfully, deceptively, 
artfully, cunningly. )jj^o£p3£) friftdr -f- adv. suf. J^yj -:Jsh. As the 
text stands, this word can hardly be taken as friftdrlhd , the pi. of a 
s. friftdr. 

Wfl^fl friftano, v. to deceive, to delude, to beguile, to dupe, 
to cheat; past part. ^£p3$) frift, AY. 71, 9. 88,7. Pers. ^jJiAj^i . 



.>v 



**ei 103 



-J(^^0^ £) palidih , AV. 20,2. s. impurity, uncleanness, pollution, 
nastiness, filth. Pers. ^JuJL> . 

•AUg) parik, s. a malevolent fairy, a witch, a sorceress; pi. wo.iug) 
pCtrikdn, GF. 4, 15. ))*M>3g) parikdno, GF. 5, 6. Pers. ^wj, Z. -uajljij^j. 

JJuigJ pargandak, Dk. 150, 12. )^>u)^ pargandakd , Dk. 151,8. 
p.p. used as adj. scattered, dispersed, dissipated. Pers. sJaalj, stXJlfL>, 
sO^a^Lj, or ZiXxfyS. Also written .^W)£) porgandak. 

))^)p3g) pezkuntano , v. to scatter, to disperse, to sprinkle, to 
shed, to sow; prcs. 1 st sing. .£j)33g) pezkunam, AY. 96, 6.; pres. 3 d pi. 
■HP-^d pezkund, AY. 96, 2. Chald. p]2, Syr. ^-oj-s., Ar. jjfCj; P^ z * s y n - 
1IWOOW afshdndano. This verb does not occur in the Pahl.-Paz. 
Glos., which has only its syn. ))^)^-^£) peskhuntano. 

^3gj pazd, AY. 40,7. s. frost, hoar-frost, sleet, ice. Pers. ^, 

rfr or *fi- 

4tf)0*^£J pasdkhtak, H^OO*"^^) pctsdkhtako, Dk. 145, c. ItfX^g) 
pasdkhto, Dk. 145, 2. p.p. used as s. what is performed, a performance, 
an achievement, an exploit. Past part, of ))?£){)>•££) pasdkhtano. 

))c^X)>^£) pasdkhtano, Dk. 144,6. v. to perform, to arrange, to 
prepare, to accomplish, to effect, to complete; past part, see the pre- 
ceding; pre'. )££){)>•££) pasdkht'6, Dk. 152,3. Pers. ^JC^-Lw 'to make', 
o^Lub 'ready prepared'; probably Z. upa (or paiti) -j- sach 'to pass 
away\ 

))^£yi}£) pasdkhtano, v. see the preceding; past part. )flfcy-^6) P a ~ 
sakhtpi probable reading of )tf}~0^£J Dk. ^9, 2# Comp. Pers. &&**** 
'prepared'. 

y*£& pasukho, AY. 4, 23. GF. 1, is. 3, 73, 76, 79,82. 4,2,14,17,26. 
Hn. 2,25. )y*&y pasukhvo , GF. 4,26. in all three MSS. s. an answer, 
a reply. Pers. ^s^L, Z. paiti -f sanh (Gath. saq) 'to inform', Sans, 
prati -f- sds. 



104 *^ej — -»ooe) 

-J^)*j.tt£) pasukhoth, Hn. 1, 3. 12, 17, 22, 27, 37. ~^)^-^£J pasuhhvdih, 
Hn. 1,32, also 12, 17, 22 in K20, and 37 in He. 8. a replication, a re- 
joinder, a response, an answer, a reply; see -^)^>^^J ^XJ dcid-pa- 
sukhoih. — )*M3£J pasaJilid -f- abst. suf. ,j/* -?/*. 

^fti)^) pcstdn, AY. 24, 2. in K20, K26, and 59, 2. in K20, a variant 
of ^J^tD-^d pestctn. 

4£}}£J pasijak, AY. 15,9. U£££J pctsijako, AY. 2, 2c. adj. prepared, 
equipped, furnished with, decked with. Corap. Pers. yva^, ^s>.^o , 
^cX-asx^-wo , (McXa^n./ao , ^tX^.^.A-wAj , and ^i\j*^\J^.i . 

))^jjAr^) pcskunlano, v. to cut, to sever, to cut off, out, or away, 
to gash, to lacerate, to bite off, out, or away; past part, ^ojja^^j pes- 
kuncl, AY. 57, 76, 96, 97, 1. 67,3. 79,2.; pret. ^j)aA2£) peskund , AY. 
62.2. 89,3. Heb. pi. JDD, Chald. :DE>, ^DD, pes, Syr. ^; Paz. syn. 
))tfyu bur 1 dano. 

jiiu&Q pastmdr, adj. used as s. one who relates afterwards, a 
respondent, a defendant; opp. of juujtyy peshimdr; pi. yoluu&Q 

pasimdrdn, AY. 91, 5. - Jiigj past (for ^q pas, Pers.^ 'after') + )u£ 
mar (Z. wiar 'to repeat', Sans, smri 'to remember'; comp. Pers. vie 
'account', ^ 'calculation', viol 'investigation'). It is also written 
)*>££>£) pasmdr. 

y£>Q pa sin, AY. 6,6,11. tyJ-^g) pashio, AY. 5, 11. 61. 7. GF. 4, 19. 
adj. aftermost, latest, last, final, ultimate, future; (always in the phrase) 
u.tt£) j))^> tanu-i pasin, or )}£>& ))? tanii pasind, the future, or final, 
body which the soul will assume at the time of the resurrection. Per?. 

5^)O0£) vashddak, AY. 17, 12. p.p. used as adj. opened, gaping, 
wide-mouthed; uncovered, exposed, bare. Peis. soL^S , or sj>L^.5^. Both 
reading and meaning want confirmation , as it is doubtful whether an 
initial £) can be read v; comp. ^)OC) vashdd. It may perhaps be 



OOa - »)& 105 

intended as a syn. of Z. -jjjj^ojjja|/^ = Pahl. ^p^Ji, see Vend. 7,2. 
8,71. 9,26. and comp. 5)y)si argond, 

-^Oy^HJiSd pashimdnihi AT. 68,23. s. repentance, penitence, re- 
morse, contrition, regret. Pers. ^l+x&J. 

juyj^j pandh, AT. 17, 7. s. a refuge, a shelter, a protection; see 
Ajju>£j pdndk. Peis. sLb; comp. Z. pel 'to protect', Sans, puna 'pro- 
tecting'. 

^0^)6 pQnfihih, GF. 1,19. p. protection, defence, support, favor, 
patronage. -^)£J pandh -f abst. suf. jq -aft. 

4«^)£J pandhk, a variant of -4(^j£J pandh ; se? ^-^y)Aj)j^^ j/i£ro- 
pandhk. 

))&y)£) pdkhtano, v. to cook, to boil, to stew; past part. ^tV)d 
pofc/tf, see tf>*)£j)^ hu-pokht. Pe:s. ^jjci^j.., Z. Sans, pach] IIuz. syn. 
))^))d)0» offCinlano. 

ty\&\ frdz, Dk. 144,9. adv. forth, forwards, before, out, outwards, 
on, onwards, after, up, over, above, to, unto; generally used with verbs, 
or verbal nouns, as an equivalent of Z. -u)^) , md sometimes it hardly 
alters their meaning; £)V}OT» £>»)£) frdz hankhctunam , AT. 7-10, 1. 
I put forth, I stretch forth; )^si — $y)gj frdz — alto , AT. 2,i*. is 
forth, proceeds; ^^J^^^j 0*)£J frdz pddirafto, Dk. 150, 13. accepted, 
preferred; ^^fti) OMdJ f r ^ stdjad, II n. 1, 14, 19. praises forth, ap- 
plauds, extols; ^}U^0 — o>}£) />*«* ~ yehabund, AT. 2, 30. given up, 
handed over; JJ^XJ " &)& frdz — ydtun, GF. 1. 12. come forth, come 
U P5 )^O/)^^0 ^^ f r ® z ydwtuncdti* ^- ^' 3 - ^S 6 - i2 6,2- reaches 
forth, extends; ^))^0 ~ W)& t r & z — yehevuned, Dk. 151,2. is forth, 
is set aside; ^£j)^ o»)£) f r & z ^fift, AT. 31,3. beat on, smote; $>£ y>)y 
frdz mad, AT. 4, 7, 8,27. 6, 19, 20, 1. 12, 1, 9. 16, 2. 17, 19. GF. 4,21. 
WG ^)£1 f™ z ma 4o, Dk. 150, 9. come (or came) forth (on, up, or to), 
advanced, arrived; ^)^J) ty\& frdz vakhdund, AT, 4, 5,6. 11,2,13, 



14 



ioe *ia 

16, 18,53, 103,i. GF. 1,6. 2,ic 3, ii,is. taken (or took) up (or hold of), 
seized, laid hold of; ))^)My) — OM£) f r ® z ~~ vakliduntano, AY. 18, 7. 
to hold on (or out), to grope; ^>)p-^) — £>»)£) frdz — vazlund, AV. 
53,ii. gone forwards, or on; &**•$) £>*)£) f r ® z numdyam, AY. 10, i-. 
I show forth, I exhibit; ^O^O)))/^ OMdJ f r &* yemaleluni-ait, Hn.1,7. 
is spoken out, is uttered, is recited; ^o£Uj £>>)£) frdz guft, Hn. 1,7. 
spoke forth, uttered, proclaimed, recited; ^6)p^ ^yjg) frdz yedrund, AY. 
10,i3. U,i4. 17,27. Hn. 2,33,34. 0,33. carried forwards, conveyed on- 
wards, advanced, led on. Comp. i^o^gj frdztar, AY. 16,i. 18,5. further 
on, onwards, more forwards; also used as adj. see )^0*)£) frdztar. 
Sup. used as adj., see .f)^Q))}£) frdztum. Pers. \}yi, Li, or ^i, anc. 
P. fra, Z. -u/^ and ^^Vt Sans. pra. 

DftD-^jftJ)^ OM£) f r &z khadituni -hastand , see MfQ)^)Jtl)-** 

khadituni-h a stand. 

"^J)Hyy^ Q)>)6) frdz-khurishnih , Hn. 1, 13,18. s. an eating up, a 
swallowing, a devouring. £>»)£) fras -f yi^y* khurishn, to which com- 
pound adj. is added the abst. suf. -^ -ih] Z. -w^£/jj^y>^ii/^ . 

•WfK^H OMd) frdz-buyishnih, or frdz-bodishmh, Hn. J, 23. s. a be- 
ing up, an uprising, a getting up, a forthcoming. $>»)£) frdz -f- )i &# 
(crd. of ))^H budano) -j- a hst. suf. ja^S -yishn to which compound 
adj. is added the abst. suf. jy -2ft; Z. 4)G ,UJJ €/ ,) J" U ^ * 

^f£2P£j OM£J frdz-pcstdn, AY. 4, 19. adj. high-breasted, with 
prominent breasts. $y)£J f r ^ + Y*TQ)*& pdstan. 

i^OMd) frdztar , AY. 16, 1. 18,5. adv. comp. of $>>)£) /V«s; used 
as adj. Hn. 2, 31. upper, superior, exalted, eminent, prominent. Z. 

■£)v*OM£J frdztum, sup. of $y)£j /Vas used as adj. upmost, topmost, 



*)e) - \a 107 

supreme; com;\ V-f)^£y)£j fr&Mmtar, Hn. 2, 31. uppermost, supremer, 
still higher; Z. -wAu^s . ^/jjwjj/^ ♦ 

5)W W& fraz-jdniik, AY. 17, 12. adj. with knees curved out- 
wards, bandy-legged. Z. gen. j^JbjjJ^jj/^ , Sans, prajnu. 

^y^duh) ty)Q frdz-virdyishnth , Hn. 1,28. p. a restoration, a 
recovery, a revival, an arousing. £>»)£) /ras + -uJJj ?;£ra (crd. of 
DTtD^-^ 5 ) virdstano, Z. v^ -j- rad, Sans, rad/? ; comp. Pers. .^XwLju 
and ^aawKI) + abst. suf. y^3 -yiskn (comp. Pers. ^jioL-o and jk.>M)i 
to which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. ^y -ih. It is the trans- 
lation of Z. 4)£(^'i£2/& • 

)ii)^j, oi XtJjgj, puhal, AY. 3,17,i. 4,7. 5,i,2. 53,2,3. 55,5. s. 
a bridge. Pers. Jo, or Jo, Z. >^£/££j . 

4^>)£) pudak, AY. 17, 12, 15. 47, 2. adj. rotten, decayed, putrid. Pers. 
&&>»£; Z. p$, 'to be putrid'; San^. p%, 'to stink', pito, 'slinking'. 

£)£) panch, GF. 2,71. num. five; often expressed by the ciphers 
yjw. Pers. ^o, Z. -m^j^jj^ , Sans. pancha\ Huz. syn. j^^^aj 
khomsyd, or -^^ -£)>*> khomshyd. 

* A , (S)^) panjah, AY. 28,2. num. fifty; often expressed by the 
cipher ^-q, or^43_. Pers. sLjsUj , or x^Uj>, Z. -u^.uj)jujm£.U£) , 
Sans, panclidsat. 

£)0>)Q pane-hum, GIF. 2,27. num. fifth; sometimes expressed by 
the ciphers ■£) f _J^ ♦ — £)£) panch + ord. suf. ^) -wm; Pers. *jsUj. 

))£) pwr, GF. 2, 32, 34, 36. adj. full, filled with, laden with, complete, 
perfect; £ ))£) pur min, GF. 3, 21. full of; see also J)QV) nim-pur. 
Pers. J>; Z. >/>-=>£), Sans. pw-™« 'much', Z. pere (Sans, pn and pur) 
'to fill'; Huz. syn. \$*>£ mdlman. 

)yWJ)Q<> or )u^^y) , )^j, pjulvddind, GF. 3,23,30. adj. made of 



108 S 



W - ~K))Q 



steel. ??U")g) puldvcl (Pers. O^j, a^ta, or obLi) -|- adj. sr". ju -fao. 

jy^ij^jj)^) pur-unakih, AY. 54, 1. 99,2. adj. full of evil, harmful, 
very mischievous. ))£) pur -j- j^ajj^) andkih, 

»Q J)£J pur-pim, AY. 1, 20. adj. full of fear, fearful, timid, ap- 
prehensive. ))£) pwr + >>£) pi/n. Both reading and meaning want 
confirmation. 

tp ^)£) pur-gadman, AY. 7,3. 15, 21. adj. full of glory, all-radi- 

\ 

ant, perfectly splendid. ))£) par -f~ Hj gadmari] IIuz. hyb. for Z. 

^V)& pur-marg, AY. 100, 1. adj. full of death, deadly, baneful, 
pernicious, malignant. 3)£) p#r -J £j£ marg; Z. -W^yjjg . >/>!>£). 

j^*jqJ>a^jj3)^ poryd-dkesMh , AY. 101, 15. s. the original, or 
primeval, religion of the Iranians before it was corrupted by Assyrian 
idolatry, and after it was reformed, and restored to its original purity, 
by the Zaratliushtra who is stated to have been 'of the original religion' 

in Yt. 13,9o. -JQ3^ : )^)£) poryd-dkesh (Z -"CCKS^fcl • ^'mLu^ + 
abst. suf. «iy -lh. 

jtQ^^yj)^) porgandakyish, Dk. 150, 7. adv. dispersedly, in a scat- 
tered state, confusedly, jljwj j£) pdrgandah (= ajuj^j pargandak) -j- 

adv. suf. j«^j -ylsh. 

■^r)^ farzand) AY. 22,3. 91, 1. s. offspring, progeny, a child, a 
son: sc< 3jJ)g) furdaud. Pers. Jov*i , Z. j^^juCjki/^. The pi. is 
written )*0|£)£) farzanddn. 

ftD)£) post ^ AY. 21, 39, 59, 85,2. s. the skin, a hide, a coating; 
P 1 - ^OOfCDIS) Postihd, AY. I,?, hide?. Pers. cu/^ >{ Z. -jj^^^j. 

^>0)e) P° sht i s - ] -) AY - 40 ^,3. 49,4. 77,i,3. 89,3. GF. 3,64. the 
back, the hinder part. II.) GF. 3, 85. backing, support, reinforcement. 
Pers. c^^j, Z. -ai^j^/jj^) , Sans, prishtha. 



■fla - net 109 

^ )& pumman, AY. 19, 80, 80, 2 . 23, 85, 88, 3 . 75, 5. b. the mouth. 
Heb. t]$B, or fig', Ghald. CV3, Syr. .fcos-s , Ar. ,*i, *i, *i, or ^i ; 
Paz. syn, ^^) clahdn. 

))£) pavan, prep. AY. 1,0.7,16,21. 2, 33,36. 4,2,13-15,18,22,26,35. 

5,5,8,:o. etc. in; AY. 1,26. 4, 16. 18, s. 22,2. 73,3. 74,2. etc. into; AY. 
1,37. 2,2i,26,3i. 4,9,3i. 0,2. 7.i. ( 3,i,3. 14,20. etc. on, upon; AY. 1,4, 

7,2S,43. 2,26,30,32. 4,7. 5.2. 6,8. 7 f 9, 1. 1 1, 2. 12, 1 8. etc. with J AY. 4,33' 

7,9. 8,6. 17.25. 19.2. 23 57 . ?7,s. 86,2. 98,4. etc. through; AY. 18, 7. 
24,67,2. 69,3. 74,i. 75,2. 79, 3. 82, 5. 94, i. 96, 2. etc. by; AY. 4, is. 
6,11. 28,33,46,60,6. 68,4,15. 85, 6 . 97,4. etc, among; AY. 1,3,14,29. 
13,9. 56,4. 61,7. 100,4. of, about, as to; AY. 15, 3, 5. 27,75,6. GF. 5, 1. 
He. 1,-sa. 2,18. 3.i7. at; AY. 1,32. 67,7. for; AY. 20. 5. 76,6. during; 
(sometimes used adverbially before a s., or in'.) AY. 4, is. 13, 1. 17, 
73,7. Hn. 2,39. as; (or before an adj.) GF. 2,37. 3, 59, so. Hn. 2,21. 
3,2o. as, as though, as it were; (or before a pron.)--xiu> i)g) pavan 
and, AY. 53,5. 54,8. 64, 10. about this, as though this, thus, j^3 )«a) 
pavan zak-i, AY. 2,24. l- 5 ,i. as to that which is, as regards what is, 
as that which is. Sometimes with a s. it forms an adj. or a Iv. phrase, 
to which the comp. suf. can be added, as J^yi3^ ))£) pavan rdmisJni- 
tar, GF. 2,52,54. with more pleasure, more pleasurably, J^'a^^* ))£} 
pavan mizaktar, GF. 2, 62,64. with mo:e flayer, more palatab'e. Other 
phrases are i-^y ))£} pavan akhaf, AY. 29,6. in the end, at last; 
\*)$ M ))£) pavan a~kvin ) AY. 66, c, )V)4<u ))Q pavan akvtno, AY. 68, 4. 
at once, in union, together, in company; wypp ))g) pavan ham-za- 
mdn, GF. 1,13. 3, si, ss. ))*£)» )f£) pavan \vam-zamdno\ GF. 3, eo, ei, 
6s, 83. 4, 2, 9, i9 ; 27. at the same time, at once, immediate 1 )- ; ->)jv.2£J ))g) 
pavan piramiin-i, AY. 2. 34. in the circuit of, around: £)j£) pavanich, 
Hn. 2, i6. Dk. 145,8. also by, likewise in, even through; AWKjf ^ ))£J 
pavan zdk khadutnak, AY. 18,4. of that kind, to such a degree; 
J W"^ ))& pavan ml i) a n-i, AY. 91,4. in the midst of, among, between: 
jjj$3) jj^j pavan nazdik-i, GF. 3,49. Hn. 2,4. (comp. Hn. 3, s.) rs 



110 net - >w 

though near, in the vicinity of, into the presence of, near to, close to; 
uj ))Q pavan yin, AY. 5,12,13. in the midst of, within. Sas. }2C± 
pavan; it appears to be a compound of two Semitic prep, of nearly 
the same meaning, £) pa (Heh. Chald. 2, Syr. ^. Ar. ^, C>, or c i) 

and )) yaw (comp. Ar. J^i , As. ma); Paz. syn. (not used in Pahl.) pa. 

"0))£i P#r*> crd. and imper. 2 d sing-, of ))c£}^))£J pursidand. 

J*0-^)1£J pursislm, AY. 3, 17. s. an inquiry, a question, an inter- 
rogation. -(5))£J -purs (crd. of ))^^))£J pursidand) -f- abst. su*'. ^ 
w/m ; Pers. (j&*vw> . 

j^^iD))^) pursishnih, see -^^o^))^) )Jrj dmo-pursishnih. 

).&}*>))£) pursidand (trad, punsidan) v. to ask, to inquiie, to 
question, to demand, to interrogate, to consult, to resort to; past part. 
^))£J pursid, AY. G, 8, 13, 17, 20, 21,25-30, 32-35, 38, 39, 42, 45-47, 
51, 52, 58, 59, G I, 62, 6G, 74, 75, 84, 86, 93-9G, 3. 7, 19, 22-24, 31, 3G, 37, 
40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 60, 63, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 4. 9, 16, 48, 49, 65, 
67,69,71,78,5. 55-57,72,82,83,90-92,97,98,2. 64, 79, 99, g. 76,4,8. 
GF. 1,5. 2,14. Hn. 2,24. )^*>))ej pfirsido, GF. 4, n.; pret. ^)^))ej 
pursid , AY. 4, 21. GF. 2, 1, 17. 20, 23, 27, 32, 37, ji. 49, 52, 55, 02, g 5. 0,1,12, 

17,22,35.41,64,86,80,92,95. 4,1,5,6,26. Hll. 1,2,1.; prGS. 1 st Smf. -£^))£J 

piirsam, GF. 1,12,23. <£&>))£) pursem, GF. 4, 2.; pres. 2 d sing. -J(^))£) 
pursihj GF. 1, 10, 20, 27.; pies. 3 d pi. $))£>))£) purscnd, AY. 10,2. GF.3,66. 
4,7. Hn. 2,35. 3, 34.; imper. 2 d sing. -0))£J purs : GF. 4, 3.; imper. 2 d pi. 
CO^))£J pu?*scri, Hn. 2,3,37. Pers. ^Joy^, anc. P. pars, Z. percs, 
Sans, prachchh. 

j^joD))^) pursakih, sec -^-^))£H*' ham-pfirsakih, and __^^(^jj 
j^JOD))^) dush-ham-pursaliih . 

^)^j pcZa</, (trad, parca) AY. 22, 7 . adj. half. Chald. :£g>, Syr. ^^iy 
Ar. ^Jj ; Paz. syn. /j) mm, or ?ic???. 



*ie) - w& 111 

*fi)6 fardand, GF. 3, si. s. offspring, a chile!, a son; see $£)$ 
farzand. The pi. is written )*0$£j fardandan. 

^^36 P$d&k, or paitidk, GF. 3, 6 g. Hn. l, 2 ,e. adj. evident, mani- 
fest, clear, apparent, published, declared, revealed; see A-uefj£J ^wo 
khud-pedak. Pers. f Juu ; Sas. |^J?^q. patydk, or paitydk. 

-HjJ^TO^ j^^6 pcddk-rdyihishnih, Dk. 144, 3 . s. a public 
promulgation, a manifesto, a proclamation. A-u^£) peddk -f ffy-uj rd- 
yin (crd. of jjtf}/^} rdyimda?io) -f abst. suf. ^ -isJrn , to which 
compound adj. is added the abst. suf. ^j -ih. 

-^■^^O^ or /"Xj^SO^J 1 pcddMh, or paitidkiJi , AY. J, 15. Hn. 

1, 2, 3c. s. a manifestation, a publication, a promulgation, a declaration, 
a revelation. Aise^gJ peddk + abst. suf. -jy -Ih. 

"HW^^Od DJ^ ^ 4 ' 5 - a mis writing of -OC^^O^j peddklh-i. 

^TtD^O^COd) peddki-hastano, Dk. L45, 7. v. to be evident, to be 
manifest, to be published. ^A^C^^J pedaki (for -JQ3^?£}£J peddkih) 
+ JIPQ)-" hastano (Pers. j-JCwJ*). 

i^^OdJ pctkham, or paiiikham (trad, pccldm) AY. l,4i. GF. 1, 11, 
16. 3,72. s. a message, amission, an embassy, a commission, an errand. 
Pers. |*aaj or ,*1&>jS ; Z. pa#« -j- #am 'to go' (anc, P. patiy -f- (/am, 
Sans, pmfo' -f- gam). This word has been adopted in Heb. Chald. in 
the form E:T)D' 

3i pc^^j pctkhambar , or pattikhambar (trad, peddmhar) AY. 
3,6,i3. 4,101,5. 10,7. adj. used as s. one who carries a message, a 
messenger, an envoy, an ambassador, a missionary, an apostle, a prophet. 
if^O^J pctkham -f 3i bar (Pers. *.j, crd. of )}flyu burdano)] Pers. 
s.a+a-0 , or ^.a^Laaj ♦ 

-jq-D^^aj petitikih, or paititiMh, AY. 65,9. s. forgiveness, a 
pardon, absolution, remission. ^^£J P^ (Pers. oJCJ, Z. -w^oj^jjjgj 
'made to fall') -j- adj. suf. J) -ik + abst. suf. jq -ft. 



112 -kg - 3fl 

Jltf, or y^^j , pt/, GF. 1,3,8.2,49,51. s. an elephant. Pers. Juu, 

Sans, p<7w; adopted by the Semitic languages in Chald. *>3, NT 1 ©., Syr. 
■ x s \ 

\i+£> y Ar. Jui; Huz. syn, -w^Jiy^i bdnbarbitd. Its original form 

appears to have been preserved in the Assyrian al-ap in the 3 d epi- 
giaphto [he inscription on the black obelise ofNimrud (Layard, inscrip- 
tions in the cuneiform character pag. 98 III). That an elephant was 
among the objects of tribute which Salmanassar II, the contemporary 
of Jehu, King of Israel, received from various countries, follows from 
the circumstance that the figure of an elephant is found on the bas- 
reliefs of the obelise. Of all the names mentioned, only al-ap may 
signify the elephant; it has the addition: sa naliarl Sakotja 'of the 
river Sakeya' whence follows that this river ws s regarded as the home 
of the aJap. It cannot be ascertained which river might be understood 
by it, perhaps the Indus which could be regarded as the river of the 
Sakas a people living far to the east of the Assyrians; they are known 
in the Persian inscriptions of Darius and in the epic poems of India. 
No doubt the Hebrew word CSH in D^rij^ 'ivory' (lit. tooth of hab- 
bim) is identieal w T ith alap. as it is clearly a contraction of haJb = 
hal-ab] this is the same as the Greek ilecpag. In the Egyptian ebu 
'elephant' and 'ivory' and in the Latin ebur , the first part a/, hal id 
omitted. In all probability the word is of Indian oiigin; the nearest 
approach is Sans, ibha 'elephant' which already occurs in this meaning 
in the Rigveda. The meaning of 'servants, dependants, household, 
family' ascribed to it by the St. Peterburg Sanscrit Dictionary and 
copied by Monier Williams in his Dictionary is a mere guess 
which may hold good in some passages whereas in others it is wholly 
unsuitable. 

yftSukg) pirdyishn, AY. 73,7. s. an ornament, a decoration, an 
adornment, an embellishment. Pers. jj&oLo. 

)W^£) ptraman, s. a circuit, a. circumference, a border, a margin, 
tiie environs; J)fv^£J ))£J pavan piramun-i, AY. 2, 3 4. on the margin 



p*0 - ^a 113 

of, round about, around. Pers. ^^0(00, ^oL-o, or ^vOwo . This 
word is also written ) p-^£J pirdmun. 

(2r^ piruz, AY. 101, 28. adj. victorious, conquering, triumphant, 
successful. Pe:s. \^j, or };>*i ; Z. -u)^/6$'£t? . 

jA^y^^j piruzkar, AY. 1, 21. 4,6,25. 6,3. 18, 14. Hn. 2, 26,27. adj. 
see the preceding. £y-*£J piruz -f- adj. suf. )a -kar. This word is 
often written -*3£)^£) • 

jqja^^^) piruzkarih. AY. 12, 15. 14,9. 15, 13. Hn. 1,8. s. victory, 
conquest, triumph, success. 3^£p.3gj piruzkar + abst. suf. jy -2/?. 

j^Q^jA^op^^j piruzkarylsh , AY. 0,2. 101,27. adv. victoriously, 
triumphantly, successfully. ^(»V-*£J piruzkar + adv. suf. .jq^ -#&/?. 

^StD^d pestdn, AY. 4, 19. 24, 44, 59, 62, 78, 84, 2. 76, 95, 1. 87, 3. 
Hn. 2, 23. )Wff2)5g) pcstdno, AY. 94, 1. s. a woman's breast, the bosom, 
a nipple; see )A)fQ)£) pestdn and )*)^Q)3£j Qy)£) frdz-pestdn. Pers. 
^LLwO, Z. -ujjjj^j^, Sans. stoa. 

))?£5-*^£J pcsidano , v. to adorn, to decorate, to embellish, to em- 
broider, to bedeck; past part. e£}-^£j 1 or ^15^, pesid, see fc^p-u 
c£j^£j harvisp-pesidj tf$-^£J WAJ^^jj isimin-pcsid, c£)^£) Wj^ zarm- 
pcsid, and c£)^£j 3.uu gohar-pcsid ; )tf}-0-*£J P&n4°'i ^. 1^9,2. may 
perhaps be better read J^tV-^d) pasakhto. Comp. Pers. wlwjo) 'to 
adorn' and 20C*o 'embroidery'; Z. _u.aau3.ugj. 

J0^£j p^s/i, AY. 101,4. prep, before, in front, in the presence; 
(here it follows the s.). Pers. j&jo, anc. P. pettish, Z. -^J^J-u^J J Huz. 
syn. yp /et?m. 

-"0 ^0^6 peshth, AY, 11, 7. s. the front, the presence. J(^£j pcs/i 

-[- abst, suf, uy -a/?, 

15 



114 -H^a - ye 

^■ J ,i £) ptskakj AY. 38,7. s. a trade, a profession, a calling, an 
occupation, a habit, a pustom. Pers. x-w.xj, Z. -u/^oj^j^j . 

jjja.j^£J pcslikdr , GF. 3,gg,g7. 4,7,8. s. urine. Comp. Pers. 

sIxaLaj, XmM and i^L&aO, This word may readily be written J-^JQ-^ 

which would account for the reading pesliidr in Mkh. 2, 39. and in mo- 
dern Pers. 

jU£)yi$5g) pSshupdk , or -W£J)^3£J pcsJtCrpdi. s. a leader, a chief, 
a head, a principal; pi. J^O^JH^^J pesJnipdydn, or pcshupdkdii, AY. 
U,3,io. Pers. LAaj.. 

^■tffeOO"^ peshimdr, adj. used as s. one who relates beforehand,, 
a complainant, a plaintiff, a prosecutor; opp. of )jja/^^j pasimdr] pi. 
^Wc<j^£J pcshimdrdn, AY. 9 J, 5. -- -O0->£) P&^ (f° r -^d) P^O 

■+- )-u.£ mar (Z. ma? 1 'to repeat', Sans, smri 'to remember'; comp. 
Pers. sLo 'account', *jo 'calculation', *Lof 'investigation'). It is also wiitten 

3jjv(0£j pcshmdr. 

))^KX} 5 6 Pcshyotanu, GP. (3, 5. pr. n. of a Parsi man. Z. . 4{*C££J 

w£j pirn, s. see £1 Mm] gg) ))£j pur-pim, AY. 1 , 20. fearful, ap- 
prehensive. Both reading and meaning are doubtful, as the word is 
written uq padam in PL , and 'fear' is elsewhere always written /j, 
bim\ whilst aj^j stands for pcm (Z. -ugi^u^) 1 'milk'. 

<JMV>£J payush, AY. 17, 20. 55, 7. s. avarice, covetousness, cupidity, 
greediness. Pers. \J^y**& and (j*^J. 



^ — ?>o» 115 

^>, ^, i, or d. 

^ t, or dT, is the fourth letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the 
usual equivalent of Sas. £*>, Pers. ^y, Z. ^, w, g, and Chald. n, 12\ 
it also often corresponds to a medial, or final, Pers. <3 , and sometimes 
to a final Sas. ] i and in such cases it is represented by d. It never 
joins a succeeding letter, and its form is very slightly altered when it 
is joined by a preceding letter, as in the compounds; $$y at, hat, kht, 
ft) rd, U ;i ^3 *4, f&) st, ^q sht, dad, gad, ydt, <g£ mad, ^ 
dad, id, etc. Diacritical marks are occasionally used with this letter, 
such as ^, or ^a with a circumflex, or a single dot, above it, to indi- 
cate d, and two dots to indicate t. 

^ -t, or -dj suf. of past part, and pret. of verbs whose inf. suf. 
is ))^o -tano. 

^ -at, pron. suf. of 2 d pers. sing, thee, thy, of (to, for, by, or 
through) thee; it is usually affixed to an adv., or conj., at the begin- 
ning of a clause in the sentence (see ^>&y hatat, ^>%y afat, ^f^u adinat, 
^^^ amatflt, y*^u aighat, ¥>)f($(® chigunat, ay 3 zyat, ^^ fiia- 
manat, and ^)<£ munat), or to a prep, in the middle of a clause (see 
^D» a%at)] but when the clause has no initial adv., or conj., the suf. 
begins the clause in the unattached form <&y at, as in Hn. 2, 30., or 
it follows the initial words, as in Hn. 2,29.; and in the latter case, 
the vowel is sometimes not expressed, but the form ^ at is retained, 
though unattached, as occurs frequently in 'the gifts of the thirty Ya- 
zads'. Pers. ow-li, &nc. P. -taiy. 

-UO^tX^Y* tdkht-gdh, AY. 2, 26. s. a throne-place, a divan, a 
dais, a couch. Pers. ^£\3 -j- sL5^. 

H^^v 5 tciftano, v. to warm, to heat, to scorch, to burn; pres. 
3 d sing. ^^»^ tavccl, GF. 3,4. Pers. ^tJCiU, ^<Ajjb* and ^lXajU; 
Z. Sans. tap. 



116 o»?> — »&? 

a^»^ tdvak, AY. 94, i. s. a frying-pan, a baking-pan. Pers. s^U, 
tjb*, sjU, UU* ? or *j>b*. 

jaj^o far, AY. 16,2. adj. dark, gloomy, obscure; sup. ^)^)-"^ 
tdrtum, AY. 54, i. Pers. s\j , 

A>)iJ^ foMb, AY. 18,7. 55,i. 99,2. 101,2. Iln. 2, 37. adj. dark, 
gloomy, obscure; used as s. jJJiJ^o ))£) pavan tdrik, AY. 2,33. in the 
dark. Pers. (X->\Uf, 

j^jyjjj^o tdrikih, AY. 5,8. 18,7. 54,9. 67,2. 68,23. Hn. 8,33. s. 
darkness, gloom, obscurity. ^))ji^o tdrik -|- abst. suf. -jy -ih ; Pers. 

Jl^O^O^v* tukhshidano, v. to strive, to endeavour, to struggle, 
to labor; usually written J)^-^"* 1 )^ tukhsMdand} fut. 3 d sing, -uu 
p^jQii^o 6«m tukhshed, AY. 18,8. Conip. Pers. L&^\j> 'a striver' and 
J*.j' 'vigor'; ahc. P. takhsh 'to form', (Z. tas/i, Sans, taksh). 

Aij^o fa/c, see ajj^^j hu-tdk and 4-u^wy khadu-tdk; also a s. 
meaning 'a fibre, a twig' (Pers. ^)Lj) , 

^0^0 -tan, )Y*y* -tdno, pron. suf. of 2 d pers. pi. you, your, of (to, 
for, by, or through) you; it is probably used in the same manner as 
the sing. suf. ^ -at, but examples are rare (see yjo^o^J hattdn). Pers. 
(jL* ; ^ -at + pi. suf. y* -an. 

))Tt2))r\v* tcbruna stand, v. to break, to shatter, to ruin, to destroy; 
past part. fQ))pj^ tebrunast , AY. 1, 11.; pies. 3 d pi. 5)y\fi> tebrund, 
AY. 30,2. Hob. IDtf, Chald. nSfi, Syr. jJz, Ar. Zj> and lii; Paz. 
syn. ))^Q) AJ shikastano, whose term. ))pQ) -stand is adopted by its 
Iluz. equivalent. 

a^y^j^o tapdhj adj. spoiled, injured, ruined, destroyed; sometimes 
written -^Q^)^ tdpdh, or tftvdh] COO^ ^Cdiv^ tapdhddsht, AY. 69,io. 
kept defiled; ^ou -A^y^J^ tap ah kard, AY. 44, c. 64, 78, 9. 94, 5. destroy- 



ed, made away with, Pers, slo, *.o, Li, or s.i; comp, Sans, tup, 
tuph, tub and tubh, 'to hurt'. 



act; 



ers. 



))^(»^> tajidano, v. to flow out, to issue, to discharge, to extr 
pret. tf}(°& -mu baratajid, AY. 10, u. discharged out, exuded. P 
^Joyj", Z. toe/?. 

3^a tar, adj. or adv. arrogant, overbearing, insolent, scornful, con- 
temptuous, disdainful; ^ 3^> tar hard, AY. 68, io. acted insolently 
to, despised; ^f£ 3^ tar minid, AY. 26, 62,5. thought contemptu- 
ously of, scorned, despised. Comp. Pers. JJ 'impudent', Z. £c/jj^o, Sans. 
tri 'to overcome'. 

3^> -tar, comp. suf. used with ail adjectives (see i^any-t^y yashar- 
ubotar, ift/^00^ apdkhtartar, j^Dy^Su^ avdyishniklar, etc.), 
with some adverbs (see 3^p^ andaruntar, 3^>£>»)£j frdztar, etc.), 
and with substantives which form part of an adj., or adv., phrase (as 
in 3^o^_wwj ))£• pavan rdmisJmtar and jy>*$j£ ))£j pavan mizaktar). 
Pers. J'-.', Z. -M/ij^s — , Sans, -tara, Gr. -ze^og. 

A)0»^ tardzuk, AY. 5, 5. s. a balance, scales for weighing. Pers. 
*)fv2; Huz. syn. -wo3^ mazind, or -ujp-f mazund. 

))e^jj^s3^ tarazinidano , v. to weigh, to equalize, to measure; 
past part, c^yt)*^ tarazinid, AY. 49, 7. Denom. Fr. ^3^ faras (= 
^)£>>3^o tardzuk). 

-^'3^> tarbd (trad. £«/&«■) GF. 3, 91. s. fat, grease, tallow. Chald. 
N3~]FH Syr. X^hL\ Paz. syn. ~J0£j pih. 

^rtW telatdk, AY. 1,34,43. num. three; often written -u^)?> 
telatd, and usually expressed by the cipher yi . Chald. NrPF)> Syr. jftjk£, 
Ar. oU,j;Paz. syn. (rare) .att s£ (also 'thirty'). 

,^^^^^3^0 tars-dkdsih, AY. 13, s. s. a consciousness of fear, 



118 -Ky? - »w 

a sense of awe, reverence, veneration, respect. ^)^>> or *(^)^^ tars 
(Pers. (j*v->) -f- *0-"^ dkds -f- abst. suf. -jy -7/?. 

ovj)^ tarih, AY. 23, 8. s. insolence, contempt, scorn, disdain. )^e 
fc/r + abst. suf. ^ -11 1. 

•GfOV* t as fi m : H n » 2,34. 3,33. num. fourth. It is generally used, 
instead of •£y^(y£ chahdrum, to translate Z. _j^j>)j^^ (Sans, turhja, 
turya, or turya), and its first syllable ^^o £as may perhaps be some 
corruption and misreading of the Z.. to which the ord. suf. j£) -dm 
is added. 

^X)^° tasht, s. a basin, a dish, a saucer, a cup; ?£X}^ ?OOv* 
tasht tasht, AY. 20,2. various dishes, cups and cups, cup after cup. 
Pers. oAi', Z. -oj^j^aj^. 

a^o -fr/fc, or -dak, \*y* -tako, or -dako : suf. of past part, when 
used as an adjective, or substantive; see a -a&. Probably p. p. suf. 
^o -£, or -c/, + adj. suf. a -afe. Pers. &A'— ., or 5cX„_, 

3)a^> takarcj, AY. 55, i. 64,3. s. hail, frozen rain. Pers. cJJo . 

j^j^^a^o dkeshih, see -J0 ~*(^ A ^ )£>)£) poryodkcslrih. 

rfC^t tamman, AY. 18, n. adv. there, in that place; sometimes 
used for 'the other world, or heaven', as in GF. 2,5.; £aw ^^ tam- 
man aigh, AY. 9, i. 17,5. GF. 3,39,40. there where; ^fV £ min 
tammarij AY, 16, 1. from there, thence; ^rfy* ) va ^ t a ™>™a n ) AY. 4,8. 
9,i. GF. 1,4. to that place, thither. Sas. rtQJp tamman, Hob. Cfc'» 
Chald. JJ2F1. Syr. — ^ol, Ar. ^J; Paz. syn. and. 

)ji)ty)^ tandptihar, (fcrad. tandvandr) AY. 22, 7. s. a sin which 
prevents the sinner from passing over the Chinvat bridge [Dest.j; a 
heinous, or mortal, sin, for which a penalty of 300 stirs of four difams 
each (about 129 pounds sterling) is allotted in the Pahlavi Rivayat. 
Pers. )*iUi' 5 Z. -uC9£'££J . >)jj^> J it also translates Z. >}.u^ . 4y*r; r £J 



»)* - _JK> 119 

and >K • W ** ™ d -I ***> — b - originally 

written ,)jj)£j))^o tanitpuhar (see Yend. 22, 12. Sp.), and the letters q\ 

may have been joined and converted into ^y, in the same manner as 

Hr"KX)Or"^ Srosli-yasharubo has been occasionally converted into 

aji0^jj}^ tuklishdk, AY. 13,io. Dk, 152,6. adj. diligent, energetic, 
industrious, strenuous, persevering; pi. used a s. ^^QO^Iv 9 tukhshd- 
Mn, see ^^O^Iy*^ hu^tukhshdk. — -J^)^ takhsh (erd. of ))C^^-w)v^ 
tukhshidano) -f adj. suf. aa -dk) Pers. L&saJ, 

-j^a^jq^jj)^ tukhshdkih, GF. 2,64. s. diligence, energy, industry, 
exertion, perseverance. A-^JQ^)^ tuklishdk -\- abst. suf. -jy -f/?. 

))p^-^iJ)^ tukhshi 'eland , v. to strive, to endeavour, to persevere, 
to labor; pres. 1 st sing. J#3^)^ tukhsham , Dk. 152,6. Comp. Pers. 
(J*jj* 'vigor'; anc. P. takhsh. Ho form, to fashion' (Z. tash. Sans, taksh). 

£>)y> tokhm (trad, tukhm) s. I.) AV. 96, 5. GF. 4, 4, 11/ seed, semen. 
II.) Hn. 2,23. in K20, a variant of 4^)^> tokhmak. Pers. i*£vj, Z. nom. 
ace. -uG^/yiij^ J Huz. syn. -u)3i bizrd. 

^v* tokhmak, Hn. 2,23. s. seed, an origin, a race, lineage; see 
^Wr^VO^ raye-homand-tokhmdk. Pers. a+isvj, anc. P. tauma , Z. 
nom. -j^^ijiM * 

4"0*)^ ^/i//v ; GF. 2, 36. adj. vacant, empty, void. Pers. ^.j', or &j>, 

^1)^ tubdn, AY. 16,4. GF. 1,6. 3,7. )y*\)^> tubdno, AY. 16, 9. 
GF. 1,20,27. 2,39. 0,10,15,71. 4,2i. adj. able, capable, competent, fit; 
(generally accompanying an inf., which it mostly follows, with the 
meanings) is able, can, is possible. Pers. <jtjj>, Z. tavan. 

))ft2)Y*i)^ tubdnastano , v. to be able, to be capable (used with 
an inf.); pret. ftD^l^ tubdnast^ AY. 49,4. fQ»W)^ tubdnost sub- 



120 



Jp¥> - W 



stituted for ^))y^ )^J)^> iubdno yehevund in GF. 3, 15. by K20; pres. 
1 st sing. £)yoi)y> iubanom, GF. 4, 14. Pers. ^a**jLj>, Z. fti. 

•i>)A>n^ tubdnk, GF. 2,34. adj. effective, competent, powerful, 
wealthy. y^\)^ tuban -f- adj. suf. J> -«fc. 

3i3)^o Tosar, Dk. 150, 12,13. pr. n. a priest who collected the frag- 
ments of the sacred writings of the Mazdayasnian religion which were 
extant in the time of Ardakhshir Papakan. 

£)%* -turn, sup. suf. used with all adjectives (see ^^oj>)pt)> uf- 
zunikbum, G)Vi} \Y* hu-bodtum, ^)^4^^\ bardzishaktum , etc.) and 
with some adverbs (see •£ , )^)£)£) > azvartum, ^j^^)^ frdztum, etc.). 
Pers. *jc 5 Z. -w^^_«., Sans, -lama, Lat. -timus. 

&£)^ tomlk, AY. 53,u. 54,4,9. adj. dark, gloomy, obscure; sup. 
■£)^0"£)y* tomiktum, (for .Q^a-i).^^ tomiktum) substituted for -*>.£)^ £0- 
mf& in AY. 53, n. by K20. ^)^ iom 'dark' (Pers. *j 'darkness', Z. 
nom. ^fic^a, Sans, tama and tamas) -f- adj. suf. .D -ik. In AY. 54,9. 
it is either taken as a s., or the idhafat is superfluous. 

W tana, AY. 2, 25. 3, 1,2. 4, 9. 19,5,8. 20,21,27-30,33,37,38, 
45, 46, 52, 58, 59, G2, 66, 3. 22, 23, 31, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 63, 79, 81, 88, 4. 
24,3,4,7. 32,47, 55, 70,72, 85,87,91,92,2. 34, 2, 3, 7. 36,3,4.48, 
49, 71, 78, 99,5. 51, 2, 3. 57, 1. 60, 2, 4, 7. 64, e. 68,15,16. 69, 10. 86,2,3. 
101,n,2o. GF. 2,12,75. 4,27. Hn. l,io. 2,23,37. 3,37. p. the body, 
the person ; %($Q) ->))^ tanii-i nafshman, AY. 34, 7. 38, 5. 81, 3. 89, s. 
Hn. 2,i8. 3,i7. ))^> l?t5£J) nafshman tanu, AY. 62, 89, c Hn. 2,25. 
one's (his, her, etc) own body, or self; see also uA3£j j))^o tanu-i pasin 
and f^D)^ ))¥> tanu-dr&st. PI. y^i))^ tanudn, AY. 25, 93, 3. 80,4. 97, 
98,2. lln. l,io. Pers. ^j.5, Z. >)jj^&, Sans, tanu and tanu. 

))^> -land, or -eland, inf. suf. of verbs w T hose Pers. equivalent 
ends in ■ ^Jf— , or ^<A— , and of Huz. verbs whose Pers. form ends in 

ljcXx— ., or ^Oy , and occasionally of those whose Pers. form ends in 

,jOl— , or ^^w^-.. Anc. P. tanaiy. 



)W - *)* 121 

-»))?> tord (trad, tond) AY. 1,7. 13,74,75,5. 32,6. 101, 20. GF. 
2, 10, 49, 51. 4, s, 12. s. an ox, a bullock, a bull, a cow, cattle; C^VV ■ JUJ ))^° 
tord dvdd (perhaps tord-i dvdd, or torctk dvdd) GF. 3, 73, 79, s-2. a couple 
of bullocks, a yoke of oxen. PI. p^))^ toraan, AY. 30, 5. 75, 1. oxen, 
cattle, herds. Heb. 1118?, Chald. JOifi , Syr. jjoi., Ar. *«j; Paz. syn. 

)W43£J ))^o tanu pasino, in K20, a Variant of )W£>£j jj^ tanu-i 
pasino, the idhafat being understood. 

j))^ tanur, AY. 85,3. 93,5. s. an oven, a portable stove. Pers. 
v^o, or s^-o, Z. .ju/afij^, Heb. Chald. Ittfi, Syr. j5qj2, Ar. ^JlS", 

^00))^ tanuihd, AY. 18, 10. 54, s. adj. single, alone, solitary, 
apart. Pers. Lg-o. 

jji^^j j)j^ tanu-i pasin, AY. 6,6,11. ) ; ^gj -5))^ tanu-i pasino, 
AY. 5,u. 61,7. GF. 4,i9. s. the future, or final, body which will arise 
and be animated by the soul at the time of the resurrection; the future 
existence of the body; often written )^£j ))^> tanu pasino. See jj^o 
tanu and W.tf£J pasin. 

fO))j> ))^ tanu-driist, AY. 2, is. adj. sound in body, healthy, 
vigorous. ))^> tanu -f TQ)W drust; Pers. ^JUu, 

3)^o, or 3)^>, famd (trad. JwJ, or did) num. used as pron. second, 
another, other; 3)^> j£Vp jtfj khaduk levatman tanid, AY. 1,10,12. 
29, 5. one with the other, with one another ; 3)^ ^ jftj khaduk min 
tanid, AY. 25, 30,2. one from the other, from one another; $$) i| AWjf 
3)^* khaduk val valman tanid. AY. 54, 7. from one to the other. Heb. 
W., Chald. JJjPl, Syr. jif Xl , Ar. ^Lh the final e/, indicated by the 
circumflex (which is rarely omitted in old MSS.), is supposed to sug- 
gest the d in the Pers. syn. %X»£ ♦ 

Sj^d tang, AY. 18,9. adj. narrow, contracted, close, confined; 
comp. )cf3)^ tangtar, AY. 18,6. Pers. <Jjj . 

16 



122 3)^ — ^0"*^ 

Q)y> tanidich (trad, didicha) AY. 54, 5. adv. with conj. secondly 
too, again also; see &)%> lariidich. -- $)y taiid 4- ^ -ich. 

uy^)^ tangih, AY. 5,8. 18, 9. 10J,ie. s. narrowness, confinement, 
difficulty, adversity. 3)^> farc# -f- abst. suf. jq -?/?. Per?, jto. 

O-Mv 3 ' or O^W* tanidich (trad, didicha) AY. 17,i, 6!, 2. GF. 
2,42,48. adv. with conj. secondly too, again also ; see ^)^o tanidich. — 



3^, or i^a, to#, GF. 2,io. adj. strong, powerful, sturdy, brave; 
SU P- "fl^O^ tafjtum, GF. 2, i0 . Pers. JLu, Z. sup. -ju^j^ju way 

&$> tiz, AY. 65,3. 82,4. adj. sharp, keen, cutting, acute; comp. 
V'O^ ti z 'ta r ) GF. 3,23,30. Pers. vjo ? Z. ^dsj^, comp. Sans, fejf 'to 
sharpen'. 

^£J0 O^ tiz-sojdk) AY. 55, 1, adj. sharp-burning, brisk-burn- 
ing, blazing, tyys tiz + ^fi^O sojdk. 

J$y tir, AY. 52, 2. s. an arrow. Pers. ^aj*, Z. *v^jcid , Sans, tira; 
Huz. syn. *J()Ct>> khetyd. It is also the name of the planet Mercury, 
and of the fourth month and I3 t:h day of each month in the Parsi year. 

^^OO^ Tishtar, GF. 3, 33. pr. n. a yazad, or angel, who personi- 
fies the star, or constellation, which is the eastern lender of the stars 
against the planet Trr, or Mercury, and brings rain upon the e&rth 
(see Bund. 7,6. 12, 18-19. 17, 4-e. 63, 19-20.); this star is usually iden- 
tified with Sirius. Z. -uj;)^^^ ♦ 

-j^j^^, or jqjqJJ^, UsJigd, GF. 2, 13, 51,75. num. nine; usually 
expressed by the ciphers )^jfc> p ♦ Heb. ytffi? rw ; Fi, Chald. ytffi, 
NJJtfflj Syr. \ll, jA*2; Paz. syn. (rare) yu) ndv (trad. nuh). 

)H$$^ tishn, AY. 89, o. g, thirst. Pers. jk?, Z. ^hW-u^a, Sans. 
trishnd. 



-W^ - C{ 123 

j^V tishnak, AY. 75,6. 89, a. 95, 2 , e. adj. thirsty; pi. used as 
a- s. ^^^ tishnakan, AY. 3,i6, the thirsty, y^^ ttshn -f- adj. suf. 
a -afr; Pers. &JL&J?, Sans. norn. trishnak. 

-sy^O^, oi .jy^^, tishnaMh, AY. 23, 89, 2 . s. thirstiness, 
thirst. a^3^ tishnak -f abst. suf. ~<y -£/i ; Pers. JoULj, 

-jQ^J^y^ S^a tag-diliryish, AV. 5,2. uy^JbJ^J 5^> tag-diUryish, 
AY. 101,27. adv. courageously, valiantly, bravely, heroically. ^ fagr 
+ JsW i/t'/iV (or J&M dilir, Pers. ^Jt>) -j- adv. suf. -jq() -?/&/*. 

<\' (2^ J? <l> **, j, 8, «, p, or f. 

£ c/i, ^', or s, (the last two values rarely initial) is the fifth letter 
of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual equivalent of Sas. l , Pers. 
_^ , Z. ^), u , and Chald. vj ; it also sometimes corresponds to 
Pers. \, Z. C, and Chald. |, 3. Its form is rather variable, as it is 
sometimes written <a, g, g| , or even like 3 8. It never joins a suc- 
ceeding letter; and when it is joined by a preceding one", its form is 
usually slightly altered, as in the compounds: %tfy iydz, $y az, (a^ 

hamch, d rj.i ££ saz -> 00 V& % > Q$fa shamcli, (fcr mach, & tch, ^a> 
yamch) etc.; but these compound forms are not always used. This letter 
has the values p, f, or v, whenever the compounds my, O* * &? ^5 , 
^5 and %$ are merely contractions of Q^yy ? gj-** ^ £)), £ji3 , £jj^ and 
£p, which is often the case. 

£ -ich (trad, -cha : or -iclia) conj. also, likewise, even, too, yet, 
else, (always affixed to the word it connects, and interposed between 
it and the idhafat j i when the latter occurs) ; see (^Lj^y akharich, 
^j-KS^^y dtdshich, &&y*ty avdrikich, (Z&g amatich, & )» hamich, 
ft)^ w hamo-kunich, C*^*** khadihich, e/^OfiJi babdihich, (QS)y pa- 
vanich, &)^> tanidich, ^3 zakich, C&4)*&^ Spcdomadich, m)j ke- 



124 *(y(° — ~w>a 

vanichj &-*{}£ maydich, g\£ munich, (^QO^d)) naptJdhdich , (oS) 
vadich, ^J-a*hj gabrdich, and £j£V denmanich; it is occasionally writ- 
ten )(9 -icJidj and often £3 -ich which indicates the existence of the 
vowel i which is also often used in Paz. (see Mkh. glos. p. 47). Anc. 
P. -cJidy Z. -u^) (Gath. oju^), Sans, -cha , Lat. -que. In some cases 
it is doubtful whether Jg, or 3g, be -tcA + the idhafat J i, or the 
pron. -chi (Z. -c/^'), but the latter is almost always expressed by the 
Huz. ^ maman. Owing to the resemblance between the Paz. conj. 
cha and pron. chi, the Huz. syn. ^C maman of the latter, is often sub- 
stituted for the former in some MSS. 

-*0>(o chdh, AY. 18,6. 54, 3, s. a well, a pit. Pers. sU*, Z. loc. 

Jk O'£? chahdr, num. four; often expressed by the cipher P» » 
, Lg^, or »Lss., Z. g/i)QA43.M{v, Sans, chatur] Huz. syn. -jui).u arfra. 



Pers. 1 r a&. , Zj. 1^060^1 Sans. chatur\ ±luz. syn. -jui 



^jjj^y^o chahdr-pdij AY. 15, 1. adj. used as s. what has four 



feet, a fourfooted animal, a quadruped; pi. ))H$uyj j yy& chahdr-pdydno, 
AY. 30,5. — J~*iy& chahdr + -qj£J pa&; Pers. LssLga*. 

^)3j^)»(o chahdr urn, AY. JO, 1. 17,28. GF. 2, 23. num. fourth; some- 
times expressed by the cipher £)pu» — J^G chahdr + ord. suf. 
$) -urn; Pers. *sL§&. . 

))^y^o chddurj GF. 3,56. s. a veil, a mantle, a covering. Pers. 

aJ^j^ chdrah, AY. 1, 23. s. a remedy, succour, help, an expedient, 
means, a method, a mode. Pers. 5vL^ , or *l&. . 

N^OO-"^ chdshiandj v. to impart, to reveal, to tell, to teach; pret. 
^OO^ft chdsht, AY. 12, 8 . Z. ctoft, Sans, chaksh. 

)jj^j^U£> chdshiddr, s. a teacher, an instructor, a preceptor; 



3<\ "" ^\ 125 

pi. )*>3.t)tf}^.ug chdshiddrdn, AY. 15, ig. From j)^^-^ chdshi- 

dano = ))^xy j £ chdshtano. 

)i(0 chabun, s. property, wealth, treasure; also written mg 

chabun and ))£)£ chapun. Comp. i^U(« chabuntar, GF. 2, 54. probably 

for the adv. phrase )^>H£ ))£J pavan chdbuntar , with more wealth. 
Heb. p£#. 

.De^u)^ charditik, Hn. 2,24. s. an unmarried woman, a damsel; 
pi. jam^u)^ cltardUikdn, Hn. 2,24. Z. ^juuA*j^) ; comp. Sans, chart, 
'a young woman'. 

yg charb, adj. usually written £j)(a charp; comp. J^Pg 

charbtar, GF. 8,25. in K20, a variant of J^£ji(® charptar. 

£))(» charp, adj. fat, unctuous, soft, smooth, mild, agreeable; comp. 
)^>£p(o charptar, GF. 8,25,32. Pers. uwa. . 

.jy^gjp q)(o charp- zuvdnih , AY. 71,9. s. smooth speaking, 
gentle language, persuasion, flattery, coaxing, cajolery. gjJ(© charp + 
}Aj£jp zuvdn (= yoip zubdri) -f- abst. suf. ^ -i/z; Pers. ^b) o^. 

pp(0 charandm. see Pp^OV-^ srosho-charandm. 

)li)& chigun, adv. I.) AY. 1, 7. 2, 2, 11. 3, 43, 54, 3. 4, 14. 7, 19, 48, 2. 
17,11,12,15. 18,6. 55,1. 64,ii. GF. 1 , 1 5. 2,7,10. 3,19-21,74. Hn. 1, 10, 
24,29,34. 3,1,11,17. as, such as , like, just, just as, as it were, namely, 
whereas, since, because; AY. 4, 16. than (after a comp.); )f(3& D^O-* 3 
aetiin chigun, GF. 3,3,5,43. 5,2,3. )%)£ — MKtV* 1 G ctuno — chigun, 
AY. 4,20,25. 18,13. Hn. 2,23, 26,27. so as, such as, as — as, so — as. 
II.) interrog. AY. 10,3. 68,4. Hn. 2,35, 36. 3,34. how? like what? Pers. 
xjj£^, or xiyxfe*, Sas. {22>OF chiguri] Z. chi + gaona, which 
indicates that cVigon would be a more correct reading; Paz. syn. ))(o 
chun. 



126 



J0<^- )& 



^)?0£ chujimat, AY. 101, e. adv. with suf. as of (to, for, by, or 
through) thee; as thy, or thee. )ftj(* chigun -f pron. suf. ^5 -at of 



2 d pers. sing. 



r. 



-HjJTO&i or /\^J0£> chUjunash, AY. 1,36. 3,8. adv. with suf. 
as of (to, for, by, or through) him, her, or it; as hi?, her, its, him, or it. 
)T0& chigun -f- pron. suf. jy -ash of 3 d pers. sing. 

Yt)Q)1t)& chigiinshdn, AY. I, is. 2, u. )ftJO)jO(* chigunskd 

AY. 3,5. adv. with suf. as of (to, for, by, or through) them; as thei 
or them. )f(}G chigun -f- pron. suf. fQi^ -slum of 3 d pers. pi. 

)j^(0 cidhar, s. the face, the countenance, the aspect, the ap- 
pearance; see i-J^(»^ hu-cMhar. Pers. *-§£*, v^s*, *vg^ or **£4^.; 
Z. _u/^\>. 

^q chashm, AY. 16, 7'. 54, 5 . 67,4. 69, 79,2. 71, s. 73, s, s. 81, 

92,i. GP. 3,64. s. the eye. Pers. *.&£>►, Z. nom. Jjg w j^^, Sans. 
chakshus] Huz. syn. ^^ ainman. 

^DO-^bC? Chashmakish, adv. gleamingly, radiantly, resplendently ; 
comp. ^COO0^h(2 chasmakishtar, AY. 4, 31. — 5-^(H chashmak -f 
adv. suf. J^_y -2s/i (= -JQO ~?A s h). 

*)-#b$ chashmak, Hn. 2, 31. adj. having eyes, glancing, gleaming, 
radiant, resplendent; pi. used as a s. ^.^£ chashmakdn, AY. 4, 31. 
the brilliant, the illustrious. J^fi chashm + adj. suf. ^ -qk. 

^O^sO^O J ^V^ Chakdt-i Dditih, AY. 53, 2. -*>^-i$ J iO^£ 
Chakdt-i Ddittk, AY. 3, 1. pr. n. ('the judicial peak, or hill of judg- 
ment') a mountain said to be in the centre of the world, as high as a 
hundred men, and on which the Chinvat bridge stands (see Bund. 22, 
13-15.). Pers. ^K^ 'a summit' + Z. -jj^j^ojauj Segal'. 

)(o -icho, conj. also; an occasional variant of g -ich, sec )gyo 
dnicho. 



)(2 %an i cr< ^« °f ))y£3 %adano z see j^oapa drogh-zan: 5 may per- 
haps be substituted for 3 because it is preceded by a, but the read- 
ing is doubtful, as it may be droghjo, a mere variant of drojo. 

))V&Tb)& jundinidano, v. to make shake, to agitate, to disturb, 
to convulse; pies. 3 d pi. $)f($)@> jundinand, AY. 53, 5. Caus. of Pers. 
^cXaaa^>, Z. yuz. In this word, an original ui bin has probably be- 
come successively u) vin and j^ din, as mentioned in the remarks 
upon 1 b. 

*)£ chandj I.) adj. AY. 1,9,17. Dk. 144,9. some, several, much, 

many; 3)(© „yj ae-chand, AY. 25, 65, 1. 3)£ \ I chand, AY. 25, 

37,49,82,1. many a one, several, some, certain; also written 3)^.** 
acchand. II.) adv. AY. 36, 2. 54,5. GF. 2,8, 3, 7. as, like, so much as, 
as many as; 5)& — Sy* and — chand , AY. 17,2,8-9. as much as; 

'3)(9 — 3y* ^3 zak and — chand, AY. 4. 12-13. Hn. 2,6. 3,5. so 

much as. III.) interrog. GF. 2,49. 3,95. 4, 4-6,11-13. how much? how 
many ? Pers. (XXz*. , Z. ace. 6^«^.w»^ • 

-*)£ chindj AY. 82, 1. (a doubtful reading) p. p. of a v. )))& chin- 
dan, 'to pluck', (of the same form as i))j kandan. yyt-G mtuulan, and 
j?uj nikandan, see Pahl.-Paz. Glcs. 14, 1,3. 16, 3.) comp. Pers. ^JOas> 
'gleaning'; or for 5u& chind, or £)«£ china nd , pres. 3 d pi. of ))^£ 
chid an \ or it may be merely the adj. 5\& chand, 

*£, or J£, -fc/j-/, AY. 38,5. Hn. 2, 29. Dk. 149, 3. 150, 5. 151,4. 
N. 78,7. J)(a -ieho-ij Dk. 152,4. conj. with idhafat; also which is. In 
some cases, it is merely a variant of £ -icft; and may occasionally be 
the Paz. substitute (Pers. ^) for the Huz. ^ maman. 

-**y& chibd, AY. 10, 7, 9, 10, 12, u. 54,4, s. fire-wood, chips of 
wood, sticks; also written «M£pg chtpd, Comp. Chald. p^ ; Paz. syn. 
£#&* hczam. 



128 ^ - ^ 

))tf}£ ehidano, GF. 2, 30. v. to collect, to gather, to pluck, to 
pick; crd. )\i^ ehino, see juCS^^Ji baresom-chino ; pres. 3 d pi. 3)(o 
chind; AY. 82, 1. (a doubtful reading). Pers. ^cV^, Z. Sans, c///; 
IIuz. syn. ))^0)p3(O chcdruntano* and ))^)y^£ mcdakhruntano.* 

-b^o cJiir, GF. 2, 9. adj. valiant, courageous, triumphant, victorious. 



Pers. a^, 

w(« c/wm, AV. 68,19. s. a meaning, a reason, a cause; see ^OO* 
avi-chim. Pers. *^. 

)U£ c/iwo, crd. of ))c£5£8 ehidano. 

v^£))H(2 Chinuvat, AY. 3, 17, i. 4,7. 5, 1,2. 53,2,3. pr. n. ('gather- 
ing) the bridge to which departed souls are said to come, on the third** 
morning after death, where their actions during life are weighed, and 
over which only the souls of the pious find width enough to pass up- 
wards into heaven, while those of the wicked are led downwards into 
hell; it is supposed to stand on the mountain ^ef^-Vj J \0 , 5£% Clia- 

kdt-i Dditik (see Bund. 22, 13-15.). Z. &u»)j^, Pers. aljUs*, or 6^s>. 

V)?& Chinvat, ))yg 



This name is also written &>\y& Chinvat , itWfi Chinvar. and Paz. 



Chandor. 

), Jb, r, or /, and X I 

3 r, or /, is the sixth letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 
equivalent of Sas. 2 r, ), Pers. s, J, Z. /, and Chald. b, ~)i when 
it stands for /, it is sometimes written )% or otherwise marked with a 
diacritical cross stroke ; and when final, it is written i in a few Huz. 
words, as follows: i-wy akhar, Lm al, i^3 zakar, -^-yyG mekhdr, 
and i) val, and this final form remains unaltered even when a suffix 

* Compare Chald. *|^ # 
** That is, the fourth day, inclusive of the day of death, see Mkh. 2, n5 , ici. 



V_ J 



129 



is added. When not final, it is always joined to the succeeding letter, 
but undergoes very little change of form, as in the compounds: tfj rt, 
d vj •> v rm aR d y ru. It will be noticed that the thirteenth letter ) 
is also sometimes used for r, or /, though not indiscriminately, as in- 
stances of the actual interchange of ) and ) are rare. 

) li (trad, rd) A V. 1, 39, 40, 42. 4,2,3,5,6.24,25,28,29. 0,2,4-6. 10, g, 

8,12,14. 11,2,8,13. 16, 18,1. 17,14,15,21,26. 53,1,2,8,11. 08,5,6,15-17. 
100,3,4. 101,1,7,8,10,18,25. GF. 1,11,18-20,25-27. 2,9,11,15. 3,3,8,16, 
36, 43, 47, 53-55, 62, 70, 75, 76, 78, 97. 4, 1, 2, 14-18. 26. 6, 2, 5. Hn. 1, 5. 2, 26, 

30,32. pron. I, me, my, mine. Sas. 9/ li , Heb. Chald. 7 'to me', Syr. 
w»L, Ar. j; Paz. syn. £ man. With regard to AY. 1,39,42. see the 

remarks on J) var. 

k-uJ Id, adv. not, no, neither, nor; the negative used before all 
orms of the verb except the imper., as with the inf. in AY. 68,24., 
' with the past part, in AY. 1, 13. 4, 22. 7, 7. 8, 5. 17, u, 13. 18, 4. 20, 5. etc., 
with the pret. in AY. 2,36. 4,4. 32, 5. 49,4. 67,8. 68,23. etc., with the 
pres. in AY. 15,22. 18,9. 48,3. 53,9. 54, 3,4,7,11. 64,13. etc., with the 
fut. (when it always intervenes between -mu bard and the verb) in 
AY. 18, u. GF. 3, 53, 89. 4, is.; (in compound tenses, it precedes the p.p. 
and not the aux.) as in the perf. in AY. 11,4. 68,19. 70,7. 78,8. GF. 
2,46., the pas. pres. in AY. 7,8. 68, is. GF. 2,45. and the pas. pret. in 
AY. 17,2. GF. 2,46.; sometimes the verb is understood, as in AY. 
78,7., in which case it is usually the v. s. 'is, are, etc.', as in AY. 46, 5. 
101,i5. GF. 3,3,5,34,43,45. 4,2o.; -ju) g)y(jf ayiifld, AY. 1,27. or not; 
)y\iy ~ui Id khaduino, GF. 3, ee. 4,7. not the custom, unusual; ~iP 
•Dm la bundak, AY. 54, n. incomplete, unfinished; y»\)^ -ui Id tiubdn, 
AY. 16,4. GF. 1,6. 3,7. )y*j)? ^3 Id tubdno, AY. 16, 9 . GF. 1,20,27. 
2,39. 3,io,i5,7i. 4,2i. unable, cannot, impracticable; f'QJ.wJ _w3 Id rdst, 
AY. 27,5. untrue, unjust, incorrect; _u) j — -ui Id — va Id, GF. 
3,7,10,15. neither — nor; <jy) mj Id naduk, GF. 2,6. unvirtuous, im- 

17 



J30 ^ - ^ 

moral. Sas. ^/ Id, Heb. tih, Chald. *6, Syr. p, Ar. §, As. to, uf; 
Paz. syn. (not used in Pahl.) nl. 

$ > )^&lCYi) i * rayi-kdmand-tdkhmak) Hn. 2,23. adj. of glorious origin, 
of illustrious race. Z. ^^^»u^ii7 (the Huz. pos. suf. 5^u hdmand 
being substituted for the Z. sat*. yM*u» -vatit) -f- ^)^ tokhmah 

^yj rddj Hn. 2,23. adj. liberal, bountiful, charitable, generous 
benevolent; pi. used as a s. )A)^>j) rdddn, AY. 12,2,4,5. GF. 0,26.33. 
the liberal. Comp.J^^iJ rddtar, GF. 8,20,33. Pers. i>L, Sas. ?jp±)I 
rati] Z. Sans, rd, 'to give'. 

/>j9tV^ rddih, AY. 89,7. s. liberality, bountifulness, charity, ge- 
nerosity, benevolence, ffy) rdd -j- abst. suf. jq -Ui ; Z. j^jjw/. 

MrQ)))^^ rehatunastano , AY. 64, u. v. to run, to rush, to trot, 
to gallop ; pres. 3 d sing. ^)}^g>»3 rehatuned , AY. 64, 10. Chald. Ern, 
Syr. *4<n$; Paz. syn. ))c£}V> davidano, according to the Pahl.-Paz. Glos., 
but this is rare in Pahl., whereas the Paz. ))ft2))<ui)J dubdrastano is 
common, and its term. ))pQ) -stand accounts for that of this Huz. 
equivalent. 

-jAu3 laid, AY. ll,i. 80,86,2. Iln. J, 2s. 2, 21. 3, 20. adv. up, aloft, 
on high. Chald. NTJ^J Paz. syn. )wu liul. 

AfltVFQ) 13 =ox)jj3 Idla-astddalx, Hn. 2, 23. adj. upstanding, upright, 
erect; (explained by y^y nuddn, 'young'). — -u3jj) laid -f ^ytVFQ)^ 
astddak (p. p. of ))$£>Jp£2)4 astddano). 

JM> 4 OA , ^J) -°3- 3 lald-nipimishnihj Hn. J, 23. s. starting up, arous- 
ing ; the translation of Z. 4)£ aU ' > ' > 'PQ) > ' but both reading and meaning 
are uncertain. The latter word may be easily read vpayamishnih, 
comp. Z. vpa + V am I or ^ raa y stand for -\))*0££) uyjamisjinih. 

^uS rds, AY. 101,i5,ir,. Hn. 2, 3, 37. s. a road, a path, a way, a 
mode, a manner. Pers. sk. 



*4 - ^ 131 

PQ*jj3 r«<f, AY. 0,5. 6,7,11. Hn. 1,7,35*. )^Q)-"^ rdsto, Dk. 150, 
ii. adj. true, correct, just, even, alike, equal; (used as adv.) AY. 80,3. 
101,8. GF. J, 23. 3 : 54, G7. 4. S . truly, correctly; ?&)**) -d M rdst, AY. 
27, 5. untrue, unjust, incorrect. PI. used as a s. )yo^\^si) rdstduo, AY. 
5,9. GF. 3,2-,34. the true, the just. Comp. j^^q^jj) rdsttar, GF. B, 
27,34. Pers. cm«K, Sas. 0^^)^) rdstt. anc. P. rdsla % Z. -u^^jlu) 
(p.p. of rdz); Huz. syi). ^0^3 (trad.) radadd. 

^TO)*' rdstik, GF. 3,34,55. Dk. 144, i. s. truth, correctness, 
justice, equity. ?&)**) rdst -}- abst. suf. ^y -2A; Per?, ^jc^fv. 

^O0?t2^ rastyish, AY. 1,4-. 3, i4. 01,5. 101,6. GF. 3, so. 4,i. 
adv. truly, correctly, justly, equitably. flQ)*) r <* s t + a ^ r - su ^ "*O0 ""2/^ ? - 

J^tW f^i)) rast-gubishn, adj. true-speaking, veracious, candid; 
pi. used as a s. VW)^M)J TO)^ rdst-gubishndn , AY. 12, is. truthful 
speakers. «^)^) vast + ^AP gabishn. 

^WfC^^ rdyMsknih, sec -^"OfO^ 3^CO^ pcddk-rdytnisknih. 

))c^^jj3 rdyinidand) v. to impel, to advance, to expedite, to 
continue, to conclude; past pait. c^f^i raymfdj AY. 3, 20. Comp. 
Pers. (j iX. K a n d ^ J^O lV , 

-^ Ram, pr. n. a yazacl, or angel, who is also called -bgj-jQ J fHf) 
Vdyo-i shwpir, 'the good flyer', and whose name is given to the 2i st day 
of each Parsi month; ir is also adopted as a Pa] si man's name in GF. 
6,5. Pers. ^f. o Z. -u^W . 

-u.^ lakhmd (trad. Idnid) AY. 48,3. -u*.^ lakhmayd, or farM- 
mafc, AY. 100,3. s. bread, food. Heb. Dr6, Chald. KDr6, Syr. }*L»L-, 
Ar. jv^jJ 'flesh*; Paz. syr. ^>) retfn. 

3^5^ Rdm-ydr, GF. 6, 5. pr. n. 'friend of Pain', a Parsi man's 
name in the il> th century A. D. — ^ Earn -4- }^(j ydr. 



132 ^ - y»\ 

W$» rdmishn, AY. 5,14,15,7. 10,5. 101,29. GF. 3, 58 . )j^^ 
rdmishno, GF. 3,41,44,45.51,52,57. 5,5. Hn. 3, 40. s. pleasure, delight, 
joy, happiness, enjoyment; see )H$5p ££*) visp-rdmishn] J^JHsJ? ))£) 
pavan rdmislmtar, GF. 2,52,54. in more pleasure, more delightfully. 
Pers. jji^K, Z. Sans. ram. 

^OO^T^V )"Ot rdmishn-homandyish, AY. 15, 20. adv. agreeably, 
pleasantly, delightfully. j*o4r rdmishn + pos. suf. l£yo homand -f- 
adv. suf. -*(^ -yish. 

A)^^' rdmishnik, GF. 3, so. adj. pleased, delighted, joyful, happy; 
comp. 3^)^^^ rdmishniktar, GF. 3, 59. — )*o4r rdmishn + adj. 
suf. J) -ik. 

yu) ran, AY. 48,4. )y») rand (see ytfj) ))**> rdno-vardin) s. the 
thigh. Pers. ,jK, Z. -u)jw/. 

y*) rukho , s. a crown, a coronet; see the remarks on Wfly) ))*>) 
rdno-vardin. Pers. • , # 

3u^o3 lakhvdr (trad, rakhdr) AY. 5, 1. 53, 7. 70, 2. 85, 3. GF. 2, 6 4. 
3,7i. Dk. 151,8,9. adv. back, behind, again, anew, away; ^))^>0 '**)*>' 
lakhvdr ydtund, AY. 3,2. 17, 1. GF. 3,84. came back, returned; juyo) 
K&)T0-*O tokhvur yakhscnuned, GF. 2,26. keeps away; ^OO^O ***Y* 
lakhvdr ddsht, AY. 48,7. 77,9. 92, 4. kept back, withheld; ^))tf) )^^j3 
lakhvdr vakhdund, AY. 39,5. held back, retained, withheld; JuyiJ 
p£j)y3) lakhvdr vazluncd, GF. 2,41,47. goes back, returns; JuyoJ 
FQ))H J ?0 lakhvdr yetibiinast, AY. 4, 19. set back, or settled downwards; 
ffy) k)).v Jay*) lakhvdr yekavimundd, AY. 70,7. stayed away; Jjj^jj 
^) ajja) lakhvdr yckavimund, GF. 1,19,2c stand back, withdraw. Heb. 
Chalcl. TinjK 1 ?; Paz. syn. $y$>» avdz. 

y$) )?** rdno-vardin, AY. 14, 9. )y$) )yo) rdno-vardino, 



^ - 4$ 133 

AY. 12,16. s. greaves, breeches, trowsers. )yo) rand (see yoJ ran) + 
Y^U) vardiri] comp. Z. 4} iJJ ^j- u )" tt ^ an( l Pers. ^v^iK ♦ It may however 
be read rukho va vardin (or vartir) 'coronets and crowns'. 

-juu) rqi, postp. AV. 2,1,13,17. 3,8. 4,35. 53,9. 68,17. 94,6. GF. 

1, 22. 3, 6, 31, 34, 95, 97. 4, 14, 16, 23, 25, 26. Hll. 2, 32. to, foi" J AY. 4, 25. 17, 15. 

18,9. 55,7. 59,5. 89,i,2. GF. 2, 12. Hn. 2,26. on account of, because of ; 
AY. 71,8. 87, 95,7. GF. 2, 13. through (preceded by the idhafat -> i in 
AY. 87, 7.); AY. 1,3. in order to; AY. 1,9. GF. 3, 9,54,60. 4,27. (where 
it merely denotes the object of the v.); -ujj -ujaj and rat, AY. 68,6. 
on account of this, because; uu) ~C maman rat, AY. 6, 100,3. 68, is. 
on account of what ? wherefore ? why ? — Pers. \\ , anc. P. rddiy. 

*iyj rakhik (trad, rdlk, or raMk) Hn. 2,29. adv. far, remote, 
distant, away. Heb. pirn, Chald. pW, pTH) Syr. wo^Ij , As. ruukw, 
Paz. syn. J53 der, according to the Pahl.-Paz. Glos., but it should be 
ip dur, see the remarks on a^).u arik. 

-wi) rabd, AY. 8,2. 14, 20. Dk. 145, s. adj. great, large, im 
grand, magnificent. Sas. Ah) rabd, Heb. T\, Chald. tan, Syr. \£> 

Ar. ^ As. rabw, Paz. syn. 3J)G) vazurg. 
A A 

^'.J Ubbemman (trad, rabbamaman) GF. 3,7,9. s. the heart. 

Heb. 25^, Chald. 32b, emph. N2^ , Syr. \£± } Ar. sfj, As. libbu; Paz, 

syn. .bs c/£/. 

))V>£y raftano, v. to go, to proceed, to walk, to travel, to pro- 
gress, to arise, to emanate; past part, ^^j) raft, AY. 15, 20.; pret. 
^£j3 raft, AY. 81,7.; pres. 3 d sing. e£}£)3 raved, substituted for 
^0))^tV^ sdtuncd in Hn. 2,37. by He, (it is also written &${y rubed, 
see Bund. 43, 11,12. 74, 15,17.). Pers. ^jJCis; Huz. syn. ))^))tfy& sdtfin? 
tano and ))^))^3.tt sazttuntano. 

^q) Upamman (trad, rapmaman) AY. 3, 13. 10,7,9. 101, 5. s. 



1 



134 *£ - i> 

a servant, an attendant, a minister, a helper, a supplier. It is sup- 
posed to be the crd. of j)^)^^) Jipammuntano, 'to bring 1 , corrupted 
from libavcun, a precative form of the pael of Ileb. xi2 'to come', 
meaning 'let them bring'; Pa7. syn. A-Qji rahik. 

?&$)&* rapUvin^ )J£))^£)3 rapituvin : adj. noontide, mid-day, 
meridional, southern; comp. J^)J£)^£)3 rap tciniar, Hn. 2,i 9 . ~)^£j) 
JpyQ rapituvhitar] AY. 4, , 7 . Z. ^\^O^^Ai) 'the early afternoon'. 

^>)^)JJ)c^^j) rapUvindtarik, adj. farther south, veiy southerly, 
southernmost; pi. used as a s. (in the gen.) ^-^'y*)jJjp£$gp rapitvfno- 
tarikdn, Hn. 2, 19. the southerners. ))J)c£}£)^ rapitvino (a variant of 
h^^O^P rapitvin) -\- comp. suf. J^o -tar + adj. suf. J) -ih 

fly ra(L )fly rata, s. a chief, a principal, a head, a master, Pers. 
o^ Z. >y>J). 

-u^o)A>fly rad-khudd, AY. 13, 1. -ui^^>fly rad-khuddi, Hn. 2,39. 
adj. controlled by a master, submissive to control, tractable, docile; see 
ou^va^jj arad-khuddt. - fly rad + -u^y* klrudd; Z. -xd&u^&yw, 

rf^VO totamman (trad, ratmaman) AY. 6,3. 10,5. 58,?. 87,8. 
DO, 11. Hn. 2, 36. adv. here, in this place; sometimes used for 'this vroila', 
as in GF. 2,84.; ^ffly iC mn lotamman, AY. 53, 9. from hero, hence; 
F^fK) ^) v °l lutamman, AY. 8,6. to this place, hither. As this is 
the opp. of rf£^> lamman, it is perhaps a contraction of ^^> -w^ Id 
tamman, 'not there'; Chald. ]£nS Syr. ^Zvi., 'thither', if repeated, 
may have the meaning of 'hither and thither', or 'here and there'. 

-Hj)H$)»YQ )fly ratu-rfrandmishnih, N. 76,2. 77, 5. 126, 2. s. homage, 
or invocation, of the heads of the ci cation. )fly rata + y<WY& 
frandmishn + abst. suf. jy -ih; Z. syn. ^l&yx) . 

)V Iffjatoi AY. 65. .2. s. mud, mire, dirt. Pers. ^^pJ , or *2pJ . 



ty - xA 



135 



))c£)^3 larzidanO) v. to tremble, to shake, to shudder, to quake, 
to shiver, to stagger; fat. 3 d sing. $&£)? ~uu bard larzed, AY. 18,8. 
Pers. ^; ); ). 

3*3 C, or 100, (trad, raz) num. ciph. a hundred; generally with 
ciphers prefixed, as 3i3 700, Hn. 1, io, ie.; 3jiJ, or 3 )y, 200; 3jjw, 
or 3)y» , 300; etc. see 3 JUw^i 600, 33)&*)*m 700, and 3 _3 ju y* yj 
.900. Paz. syn. (rarely used in Pahl.) ff$) sad. 

)3j see )3)jw. 

^) rd& : Hn. 1. 31. s. a car, a carriage, a chariot. Z. -ugjj), 
Sans, rather. 

fQ)3 rasatj AY. 44,3. s. a cap, a skull-cap, a head-dress. Ar. 

jLun , For other readings of the same letters see- ))?Q)3 rostano and 
list and. 

O^O'Ttlp rlst-dkhcz, AY. 5,n. GIF. 4, 19. see £V^yfQp3 rlst-dkhcz. 

-J04fQ)3 r'dstakih'i AY. J, 15. s. a custom, a manner, a fashion, 
an usage, a rule. AfQ)3 rastak (Pers. *JUws) -f~ abs 1 :. suf. ^fj -ih, 
which is, however, perhaps added to the compound adj. 4fQ)3 ^0 
javkl-rastak, 'diversified'. 

))FQv rostano, v. to grow, see ))?tDp rostano ; past part. ^Q)) 
rosf, AY. 70, 2. 

))pQ)3 Ustano, v. to lick, see ))C£X2^ tishtand; pref. 5^)) //if, 
AY. 03,2. Pers. ^XwJ , ^tX^J^ ^lXa^aJ , or ^^^wJ ; Sans. ///?. 

^^is) rasisJmo, Hn. 1, 10. s. arrival, approach, coming, attainment. 
433 (crd. of ))e£5^3 rasidano) + abst. suf. )y^ -is]i?io; Pers. ^L^y 

))&)&} rasidano, v. to arrive, to reach, to attain, to come; to 
happen, to occur; pres. 1 st sing. ^e^i53 rasUlom, AY.9,i. Pers. ^Jy^, 
anc. P. ras, Z. rds\ Huz. syn. j)^))^^ ydmtuntano. 



136 -o^ - ^ 

^0^00 rcsh-kharish , AY. 100,2. s. mockery, banter, derision, 
ridicule, j^jj resh (Pers. jiv, or jz.iy, l a beard') -f- jqju khaiish 
(jiwis, or (jiow^, c a butt'); comp. ^<XLb» (jio; , u^o; sjoli* and 

D^OO^ rlkhtano , Dk. 145,6. v. to pour, to spill, to diffuse, to 
flow, to disperse; past part. &yiy rikld, AY. 1, ie. )COO^ rikJito, 
N. 77, 2.; pres. 3 d pi. ^u^3 rcjcnd, AY. 22,2. ^u^) -"H bard rcjcnd, 
AY. 16,8. they pour out, or shed. Pers. ^JC^vjw Z. Sans, r&c/*. 

)i(j) Rashn, AY. 5,5. jja^) Rashnu, AY. 5,3. GF. 6, i. in K20, 
pr. n. the yazad, or angel, who is said to weigh people's good actions 
against their bad, when their souls come to the Chinvat bridge on the 
third morning after death (which is the fourth day, inclusive of their 
dying day, comp. Mkb. 2,115, iei.); his name is given to the 18 th day 
of each Parsi month. Pers. L! wC«s, Z. >)(*0-w/ • 

4) M, or 1000, (trad, ragh) num. ciph. a thousand ; generally with 
ciphers prefixed, as «J3 1000, AY. 31,3. Hn. 1, 10,21.; ^Xu, or |i y, 

2000] ^\w, or £J y>> 3000; etc. see ^.J^J^ ^MW and ^_3 

10,000. Paz. syn. \u*y ftasar. 

y lak (trad. raft) AY. 3, e, 13. 4, 4, 22, 24-26, 33, 34. 5, 7. 10, 3, 7, 9, 

12,14. 11,8. 12,5. 17,13-16,18-20,25.53,9. 68,5,10,15-17.101,5,14,22. GF. 
1,10,12,20,27. 2,9. 3, 3-7, 15, 19-21, 36, 43, 44, 47, 63, 7S, 85, 95. 4,1,2,14,16,17, 

22,25. Hn. 1,2. 2,24-29,32,36. pron. thou , thee, thy, thine; see Qy la- 
kich. Heb. Chald. r\b 4 to thee', Syr. ^, Ar. Jd; Paz. syn. (rare in 
Pahl.) )y tu (trad. tho). 

_j) XXX, or 30, (trad, rah) AY. 2,24. num. ciph. thirty; y^y 
XXXIII, Dk. 145,3. y> | Jl XXX va III, GF. f, 12. 4, 1. thirty- 
three; £)y ) ^S XXX va Hum, GF. 3,92. thirty-second, 32 d ; 

£\y> ) JS XXX va Ilium, GF. 3,95. thirty-third, 33 d ; ^fy ) j) 



)£ - J> 137 

AAA va khaduk, GF. 3,89. thirty-first, 31 st . — ) (for j 3 ) XX + 
a X; Paz. syn. (rare iu Pahl.) .att si. 

^) lekum (trad, rakum) AY. 1,31,32,39. 2, 8 , 15, is. 3,8. 16, 11,12. 
101,23. GF. I,i7. 2,15. pron. ye, you, your, yours. Heb. D2j 'to you', 

Chald. D^Dl, Syr. oSal, Ar. ^xU ; Paz. syn. -w-£}*0 slumd. 

^) XXXum, GF. 3, se. num. thirtieth, 30 th ; -£)A)(Jf $33 AXX&m 
khaduktim, GF. 3,89. in K20, a variant of awJ j a) AAA -y« /c/i«- 
c?#fc. — ^) XXX -j- ord. suf. ^) -wm. 

^a) lakich, AY. 3, 13. pron. with conj. thou too, thee even, thine 

also, a) lak -\- ^5 -tch. 

~j(j-$ ramih, see «j£^,i^ dush-ramih. 

*$ ramak, Hn. 1, si. s. a herd, a flock, a troop, a company. 
Pers. lX/0s , or xxu . 

Mv*))^£V^ ramituntano , GF. 1,21. v. to throw, to cast, to hurl, 
to fling, to plunge, to lay down; past part. ^))cf)V ramiiwid, AY. 23, 
68,3. 32, 34,6. 65,2. 70, 75, 1. ^))tf^ -*»H hard ramitund, AY. 44,6. 
thrown away, ^))tf}V fi$ madam ramitund, AY. 93,2. driven upon; 
pret. ^))^v ramitund, AY. 1, 10. ; pres. 2 d pi. c£)))tf}V ramituncd, 
AY. 1,39. Sas. [fiOv) ramitun, Heb. n?Ti Chald. NET, Syr. ^j, 
Ar. ^J; Paz. syn. ))^W£)» afgandano. 

i«, AY. 1, 16 . S . bra., bronze; see ${> ,M Per, , ; , ^., 



or *j»s. 



jL0»y ravdkh, see ^) jl 0V/^O , ^) A, hu-ravdkh-minishnifi. 

Ajjip riibdk, AY. l,i. 47,7. 101, is. adj. going, progressive, con- 
tinuous, current. ip rw& (crd. of ))^$y raftano) + adj. suf. j** -dk; 
Pets. L^. 

r^r^^O )"*Hr rubdk-dahishmh, Hn. 1, 4. s. a causing of progress, 

18 



133 J> - eb 

a giving currency, continuation, circulation, propagation. ^\y rfibak -\- 
y^^dahishfi^ to which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. j^ ~ih. 

ywy rubdn, AY. 1, 27. 4, 9. 6,2, 7. 10,2. 12, 2,4,7,1?. 13, 5 J, 3,5. L4,i, 

3, 7, 11, 19. 15, 1, 10,10,18. 16,12. 17, 2,3,5, 1 1,13,27. 1 9, 1,2, 5, 6, 9. '20, 21, 25-28, 

35, 59,i,3,5. 22,24,37,43, 63, i,4 ;6 . 23 }1 , 4 , o : 9. 29, 1,8,5,6. 30, 32-34, 38, 
42, 45, 46, 52, 58, 61, 62, 74, 84, 86, 93-96, 1, 5. 31, 36, 41, 44, 50, 60, 66, 70, 
76, 80,81,85,87,88,i,e. 39, 1,5, 0. 40, 1,0,7. 47, 75,5.48, 49, 07, 71,78, 1, 
5,7. 53,90,4. 54,77,6. 55, 1,2,4,9. 56,57,82,83,91,92,98,1,4. 64,79, 
i,s. 65,69,1,6,8. 68,1. 72,1,2,4. 73,i,7. 89, 1,6,11. 97, 1,2,4, 5. 99, 1,9. 
Hn. 1,8. 2,2,21,24. )Wy rubdno, AY. 3, 13, 51, 1 . 4,9,15,21. 7,91,92, 
98,2. 12,5,11,14. 14,i4. 16,39, 62,86,93,94,96,3. 18, 13. 41, 44, 88, 89,4. 
64,6. 68,16. 90,i,2. 99,7. GF. 2, 34-30, 4 o. 3, 6 i. 5, 2, p. Hn. 2,0,7,12, 
18,33,34. 3,2,5,17,20,33. s. the soul , the immortal spirit of man; see 
y^iy ^-HJ)^ 'inoshak-ruban. PI. ^)*w rtibdndn, AY. 65, 69, 3. ^, 
70,73,76,89,4. 74, 3. 75, 77, 1. J^foip rubdndno , AY. 12, 3. 99, 9,0. 
}U))*Hy rubdnodn, AY. 6, 7, e. 8, 3, 5. 9, 5, 7. 12, 5. 14, 4. 56, 57, 2. 61, 3. 
Pers. (jC;, Sas. J^y*/ rubdn, Z. nom. ace, pi. %]*»>)) . 

.Duny rfibdnik, adj. relating to the human soul, spiritual, ghostly; 
pi. used as a s. j^-D^ip rtibdnikgdn, AY. 2,22,2s. the shades, or 
departed souls, or any rites connected with them, wy rubdn + adj. 
suf. D -ih\ 

)HMr rubishn, AY. 12, is. 14,7. s. a going, motion, movement, 
walk, progress, ip rub (crd. of ))s°zp raftano, or perhaps of ))^y 
rubiclano, Pers. ^Jo^) + abst. suf. y^ -ishn; Pers. ,j.<£^, or j*^. 

^OWir rubishnlh, see ^V(MV ))M naduk-rubishiih. 

)&y rupo, Dk. 150,6. s. plundering, pillage, spoliation, deprecla^ 
tion. Comp. Pers. ,jiX>ow or ,j^jn, 'to plunder'. This requires con- 
firmaMon, as it may also be taken as 'mnrching, foot-soldiers, infantry', 



r - &y 



139 



if it be compared with Pers. ^ 'going', sjo^ 'a traveller', and ,jJo«", 
or ^, 'to go, to walk'. 

^fip. rtid, AY. Jo, 12. 16, 2, 3, 5, 7, s. 55, 5. s. a river, a stream. Pers. 
j^N, anc. P. rauta, Z. loc. *Q*(fl>) Huz. syn. *mu yamd (tmd.damd). 

j^y lutak, AY. 17.12. adj. naked, bare. Pers. o? J , 

y£Vy levatman (trad, rotmaii) AY. 1, 17. 2, 3 e. 3,51,5. 15, GO, 9. 
38,70,2. 52, 62, g. 85,95,101,7. GF. 1,2,25. 3,45,49,52,73,79.82,88.4, 
15,25. 5,6. 6.1. IJn. 1,31. prep, with, along with, together with, as well 
as, provided with, furnished with, in accordance with, according to; 
£^y — ^00* ofash — levatman, GF. 3, 94. and there is with him, 
and he has : p^jj jC^y — )^OO^P amatsJidno — levatman ait, 
GF. 3.59. when it is with them, when they have; &jy j£Vr ~~ JWO^if 
amalshdno — levatman 16% GF. 3, 58. when it is not with them, when 
they are without, when they have not; 5)^* j£Vr 5XJ fihadHk levat- 
man tanid, AY. 1,10,12. 29,5. 3-^c£) awj jC^y levatman khaduk 
dadigar, GF. 3,34. one with the other, with one another; *J(^l j£Vv 
levatman bcsh, AY. 17, 15. with distress, mi sei able, distressed. Chald. 
ni^, 'towards', Syr. la^ 'with'; Pa/, syn. (rare in Pair.) -u$>» avd. 

JJ^y rudik, s. an intestine, a gut, entrails, bowels; p]. yoJJ^y 
rudihdn, AY. 84,2., 0: y^-M^y rudifa;an in He, K20. Pers. lw fo^, 

**;;> or ^h)> 

(oy ranj, AY. 16,4. s. trouble, difficulty, toil, vexation, grief. 
Pers. ^s . 

gy roj, K 78,7. s. a day; (for the names of the thirty days in 
each Parsi month, see j£y yom). Pers. «*, anc. P.raucha, 7. yfyiyhu) 
'light'; Huz. syn. £y yom. 

3(2r ran J a ^ AY. 16,5. adj. troubled, harassed, vexed, distressed, 
afflicted. £y ranj + adj. suf. j -ak. 



140 cP — ^ 

J^Jfir rdehanak, AY. 7, 2. adj. or s. light, brilliant, luminous, 
glittering, bright; (or) brilliance, splendor, glitter. Pers. LuA«< 'splen- 
dor', or ^.ccjv 'bright'; Z. -jj^^ijj), Sans, rochana, 'splendid'. 

^OJ^r rdJffih, GF. 3, 31. s. competence, fortune, prosperity, luck. 

Pers. &\)y Perhaps ranjoih (= ~^£p ranjakih) 'affliction, anguish, 
sickness', may. be a better reading. 

UQ&y ruspik, AY. 81,6. s. a courtezan, a prostitute, a harlot, 
an adulteress. Pers. ^., , 

^J0^^)i5p ruspilich, AY. 24,7. s. fornication, prostitution, adultery. 
^i5p ruspik -j- abst. suf. ^y -ih. 

PfQ)r R&st&ffh GF. 6, 2, 5. pr. n. an ancient Persian hero whose 
name is stiil commonly adopted among the Parsis. Pers. ^w^ or *£*«.*. 

MfQ)r r ostano : or rodidano, v. to grow, to sprout, to shoot forth; 
see ))fQy rostand] past part, fttfy rdst, AY. 4, is. 71,4. see ^Q)y^o 
hu-rosl; fut. 3 d sing. f^)y -mh bard rodcd, GF. 3,39. Pers. jjJum, 
^Jo.w or ^jlXaj.n; Z. rudh, p. p. raosta; Sans, rw/? ; Hii-. .^yn. 
) ) FQ) )J*05 kedkh unastano. 

))TO)r randtdano, v. to scrape, to rake, to rasp, to grate; past 
part. ft$)V randid, AY. 70,4. 99, 3.; pret. fQ)y randid, AY. 87, 2. Pers. 

j^p ruyin, AY. 60,2. 79,4. adj. made of brass, brazen, bronze. 
Pers. ^yy or ^ ;; . 

^(5)3 rdshan, I.) AY. 4,20. 11,9. 12,4. Hn. 2,23. )y^y rdshano, 

GF. 2, 58, G7. adj. light, bright, clear, brilliant, luminous, splendid, radiant, 
resplendent, illumined; used as adv. in AY. 3, 24. clearly, lucidly; comp. 
V/*Or roshafitar, AY. 11,4. II.) AY. 7, 2, 3. 9,2. 10, 1. 15, 21. s. light, 



-V$ - ^ 141 

brilliance, splendor, radiance; see AY. 9,4. note, Pers, .^w&jy, or 
^U ;; ; Z. _u|£j6>J>.u) and jJ^yiaJ. 

^OWr^ or /\;)*Or' roshanih, AY. 5, 8,7. 9, 4. "12, 11,12. 101, 3,n. 
Hn. 1, 36. 2, 34. -*y)j*Op roshanoihj Hn. 2, 34, in K20, s. light, brightness, 
brilliance, splendor, radiance; often written -Vy^y roshanih. — y^y 
roshan -f- abst. suf. jy -ih\ Pers. ^^v 

J)^y roshani, AY. 9,4. may be a variant of ^%y^y roshanih, 
as 3 -i is occasionally used for j/j -?/* in some MSS. ; but this word 
should probably be read rohan-i, and change places with r^Y^r 
roshanih in the same sentence. 

i))«Oy roshanih, I.) AY. 14, i. 15,7. adj. see fy$y roshan I. II.) 
AY. 12, 3, i6, is. 15,19,20. s. see J*(3y roshan II. — ^p roshan -j- 
adj. suf. .!> -7ft which is sometimes substituted for the abst. suf. jy 4/?. 

£y lanman (trad, roman) AY. 1,26,27. 2,9,13,16,18. 8,6,13,14. 
Dk. 151,2. pron. we, us, our, ours. Sas. rt\) lanman, Heb. xbi 'to 

us', Chald. }_!?, Nj^j Syr. ^, Ar. IU ; Paz. syn. (rare in Pahl.) -«p 

)y w, )))i runo , AY. 4, 17. s. a side, a direction, a quarter; 
comp. j^-u^y avdrun and j^-uig) frdrun. 

3y rtii. Dk. 144,6. 3)3 r#d, AY. 64, 4,11. 76, 3. s. brass, bronze, 
probably some compound metal more fusible than ordinary brass, as it 
is usually mentioned as being melted; see y ru. Pers. (**>, *3j)5 or 
jv; comp. Z. rndh, 'to flow'. 

5p roc/, AY. 57, 4. 58, 5. 64, 5, 12. 73, 7. 3^ rod, AY. 77, 87, 2. s. the 
face, the countenance, the cheeks. Pers. ^>, or •%, Z. -ju(a-b.u/; Haz. 

$}$ loit, GF. 1,9. 3,58. )<firf lotto, Dk. 151,3. N. 78,7. neg. v. 
s. 3 d pers. is not, it is not, there is not, are not, there are not; 



142 ^ _ *A 

f£)r — WOO* ctfshcrn — 16/t, AY. 6.12. and there it is not them, 
and they have not. &}y y^Vr — IWO^j*' cimatshano — Icvatman 
16% GF. 3,58. when it is not with them, when they are without, when 
they have not. Chald. Vr), Syr. taJ^j Paz. sy\ ffi)$) nlst. 

^OC^r Iffihh) -A-V. ^> n - s - non-existence, un.eality, nullity, no- 
thingness, annihilation, destruction rt^y J6U -f alst. suf. jy -2A; Pa/, 
syn. -^ft^)-*) n'stih. 

$(3$Y rofohman, AY. 2, ? 5 . 17, 6 . 31,47, 2. 36,3. 57, 1. 5- Q , 5. GF. 
3,64. lin t ?,4,is. 0,17. N. 77, 12. 78,4. s. the head, the top; an extrem- 
ity, an end (opp. of m bun, 'the beginning'). Heb. #tf"l 5 Chald. V/bi'y 

&'"H, Syr. ^,5, Ar. ^ K ; Paz. syn. )& sai\, 

)Y*d 5 y rddishno, s. growth, increase, development; see )^.ipij 
hu-rodishno. — $y rod (crd. of ))?tDr rodidano) + abst. suf. )W} 
-ishno. 

yy hern, AY. 2, 6 . 3,23. 14, 15. 15, 13. 28,2. Iln. 2,35. )yy levhio, 
GF. 4,20. Iln. 3,34. adv. before, in front, in the presence, forward; 
£ %)y levin win, AY. 2,15. earlier than, before: Jjjp levin-i, AY. 2,21. 
76,7. GF. J,i8. J)Vy levhio-i, AY. 3, 7. in front of, in the presence of, 
before )yy £ min levind, AY. 53, 10. of the front., in front: Jpp ij 
vol levin-i, AY. 32.6. to the front of, before; ->op 3) cad levin-i, GF. 
4,23. into the presence of. Sas. 9(92/ lev nil '. Heb; ^^7 'before the 
eye', Chald. yjjb ; Paz. syn. <-y^£J p&/i. 

JJ AA\ or 20, (trad, re) GF. 3,1,12,17,22,35,41,6). num. eiph. 
twenty. Paz. syr. fQ)3) cist. 

))&y ridandj v. to void, to evacuate fai.es, to ease nature; past 
part, c^j rid, AY. 61,2.; pret. ^y rid, AY. 71.3.: e^y /jif madam 
rid, AY. 98,i. voided on, or out. Pers. ^jJo^; corop. Z. ?n, Sans, r& 
and Wc7/. 



d -v& 143 

3u^) rSjcnd) pros. 3 d pi. of ))c£)0^ rikhtano. 

j^i3) Iclija, AY. 4,9. Tin. 2,2,12,16,1s. 3, 2,5, 17. N. 78, 7. 126,5. 
^y^ Wyd, AY. 4,2. 17, 8 . Hn. 2, 6 ,7. s. a night. Heb. b&i Chalcl. 

kv^.> ^y r - ft*^> ^ r - 04-h p^ z - s y n - sj-^o s ^p- 

j^) ragdman, AY. 25,31,43,67,2. 32, 6i 60, s. 64, 4. 65,69,76, 
79,3. 74,77,1. GrF. 2, 17. 3,35,36,39,40,64. f^S) ragclman, AY. 1,36. 
32,2. 48,4. 60,89,3. s. a foof, a leg below the knee; &?&&£ 1^ T^ 
miw ragelman mSzishnik, AY. 25, e. making water on foot. Sas. rt/>/ 
rayclman, Heb. ?:n, Chald. ?ri, Syr. fL$, Ar. J^>; Paz. syn. -{)*£), 
au^j , pat, or _M£j pa. 

O^CfQ)^ rist-dkhez, AY. 61, 7.. s. the dead-arising, the resur- 
rection of the dead; see O^O^tlV rist-dkhez. — fQ)^3 m£ (Z. 
-ju^dj/jj 4- qjlq dkhez (crd. of ))^QJty .ikhczidano)] Pei s. v.a.^Uu*m, 
or yA^v»A«A«^ . 

^fQ)^3 rajistak : AY. 5,3. adj. exact, accurate, right, true, just. 
Z. -u^oj^jCW . 

-)Jt2)"^ ristak, adj. dead, deceased, inanimate; pi. used as a s. in 
(JMJJtD^Jii aristakdnd) Dk. 151, u. and ))AjafQ)^3 )c£5)J jacido-rista- 
kcindj Dk. 152,4. those who are not dead, those apart from the dead, 
the living. Z. -w^^j/j. These readings are uncertain, as the words 
quoted can also be read arajistakdno and javido-rajistakdno, 'the in- 
accurate, wrong, erring, or deviating, the transgressors', which meaning 
is quite reconcilable with the context; comp. also <J04ftl)i &$f jovicl- 
rastakih, AY. 1, 15. 

*\$$S nshj s. I.) AY. 23,3. 47,2. a beard. II.) AY. 77, 1,9. a 
Wound, a hurt, a sore. Pers. (j^, or ^ » ; Z. -wgDfO^/* 

)j^)0 lishtano. or liyddond, v. to lick, to chew, to masticate; 



144 ^ - S 

see )WQV Ustand] past part. ^OO^ lisJlt y ^Y. 35, 2. Pers. ^AJC&J, 
^jcX-vww.i, ^cXxAAfcAJ, ^JLw*x*yjJ 9 or ^<.Xa>J ; Sans. //'/>. 

^j^^) rishak, AY. 34, 6 . s. the hair of the body. Pers. k&j* , 

^j^i>) reshkun, AV. 09,2. ))^j^^) rcshkun, Hn. 2, 3,37. adj. 
wound-causing, hurtful, wounding, painful. -VOJ rrs/j IT. -f adj. suf. 
)^ fetm, or ))* kun. 

/ no)KH3ii^ rcshgunilt, or rcshkCmih, AY. 5, s. s. hurtfulness, pain- 
fulness. j)Ai^3j reshkiin + abst. suf. jm -ih. 

!fy rim , AY. 20, 22, 38, 73, 80,2. s. impurity, filth, dirt, dross. 
Pers. ^ ; , or ^. 

,^ riman, AY. 38,6. ),^ rimano, AY. 72, s. adj. impure, pol- 
luted, corrupt, filthy, nasty; comp. )^$ rimantar, AY. 17, 13.; sup. 
£)Vrt rimantum, AY. 17, 12. Pers. ^jn. 

j»,^ rimanih , AY. 37,7. 38, 41, 49, 2. 58, 5. 70, 3. impurity, 
pollution, corruption, filthiness, nastiness. ,^ riman -f- abst. suf. u^ -i/>. 

•£uj te-denman (trad, raydmari) Hn. 1,35a, 38a. 2,37. pron. to this 
one, this one's, (but also used as a nom.) this one, this, he (and pro- 
bably used also for the 1 st and 2 d pers.). Chald. b + )1 • 

S z. 

3 s is the seventh letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 
equivalent of Sas. J", Pers. \ , Z. C, and Chald. 1; in some words, 
it interchanges with 3 ?y and £ </, as in )p^3 zektelun = Jp^-U 
yektelfin, )wj^3 zektibun == )HJ^ ijcktibun, ) A-^3 zekavimun = 
) w).i> yckavimCm, $J %ak = ^5 J«/j, ^Uk£ zammi = yo£ daman, 
yoftyS z'nnastdn = ^PQ)£ dimastdn, *)& zamik = Djj damik, etc. 



^yS — ju5 145 

When not final, it is always joined to the succeeding letter, but under- 
goes very little change of form, as in the compounds; ^) zd, jJ &r, 
y zak ) £ zam and p zan. In a few words, 3 s, or 3 3 zd^ has be- 
come converted into a (perhaps through the intermediate form 35 jd, 
or dd), as in -u£y*y* = Sas. O^jQl^lU Auharmazdi, )*Qij = 

Sas. ^3/? yazddn, j^OO == z - 4^j^J*b ' y )^ = Sas - -3-^ 9 
?(?'1 Ya'zdakartij and fQ)3.u.£ = Sas. ft?)J 3 mazdayasn. Per- 
haps ))C£y.*3 (.= )}e^3i5 sazitun) may be quoted as an instance of a 
similar conversion of ^3 c2 into u ; while ))ftl) iJ khaditun (= ))tf}3.u 
khazUuri) is an instance in which the process of conversion has stop- 
ped at the intermediate stage of 33 di. 

O0»3 zyash, or sfo/?, AY. 4, 13,16. 17, 11. 89,8. rel. with suf. see 
j^^3 zyash; ^3 j — -i zyash, AY. 101, is. which — that by 
him, which — and which by him, which as by him (this double relative 
is used when a parenthetical phrase, relating to the antecedent, is in- 
serted between the rel. and v.; see Mkh. 27,42. 55, 5.). ^3 zy- -}- pron. 
suf. *j(j -ash of 3 d pers. sing.; Paz. syn. yash. 

J-^yJ zdhar, AY. 84, 5. GP. 3, 7, 9, 15. s. poison, venom. Pers. y&\. 

aj^>3 zahak, AY. 70,3. adj. dropping, exuding, distilling, emit- 
ting, discharging. «ju3 zah (crd. of Pers. ^>cXaJ£\) + adj. suf. jsi -dk. 

jj^))3 zdkKam, AY. 5,is. 28,6. 54,9. 55, 1,9. 68, is. 99, 2,11. ?. a 
wound, a hurt, a sore, torment, torture. Pers. *iaA . 

yk^>3 zyashdn, 1)^3 zyashano, variants of )*0^3 zyashdn. 

y^)3 ziydn, ))*{)>-} ziydno, AY. 33, 6. s. injury, damage, harm. 
Pers. ^L?), Z. -uJjuj^. 

-uii)5 zahabd, AY. 1,7. 101, 20. GF. 2, 13. s. gold. Heb. DHn 

Chald. KbH^l, Syr. V=^lj ^ r - v^ ? P^ 2, s y n * ^ * rtr * 

v*1^ W^-^ zahabddn-kard, AY. 14, 8 . perhaps for ^ M-u3 



19 



146 j>S - 2$ 

zahabdin-kard , adj. golden-made, inlaid with gold, made of gold. 
wylu3 zahabain -j- ^c)\ kard (p. p. of ))^)4 kardano). 

jyfiji3 zahabain, AV. 15,9. adj. golden, gilded. -ui.u3 zahabd 

-f adj. suf. u -£w; Paz. syn. ui> zarnt. 

uiij3 zahabln, AY. 2, 20. a variant of KYl-^3 zahabain. 

A^y3 zddak, GF. 0,5. p.p. used as a s. one who is born, a 
child, a son. Pers. aof \ . 

))^>i3 zddand, v. to be born, to be brought forth; to give birth, 
to bring forth; p.p. ^£>>3 zdd, see tfy-J ^>qj5u acrpat-zdd, -uw 
^y3 frara zdd, AY. 42,6. brought forth; pres. 3 d pi. ^y(j3 zdyand, 
substituted for 5)yo)j zerkhund in GP. 2, 51. by L15. Pers. ^jJ>K ; 

Z. £Gm , p. p. -u^oajjC ; Sans, jan, p. p. jdta; Huz. syn. )^)^»i^ 
zerkhuntano. 

_p3 zakham. uy^ zakhdm, variants of aj^)3 zakham, see note 

on AY. 5, 13. 

)$)5 zafar, AY. 22,29,66,2. 69, 4. 70,3. H. 77,2, s. a jaw, the 
jaws, the mouth; see )^)p sofar. Pers. wiv, or C^\ Z. -u/fcW. 

).u^} zaddr* AY. 28, r,. s. a beater, a smiter, a destroyer. From 
))yt> zadand; anc. P. nom. jatd. 

))yt3 zadand, v. to strike, to beat, to smite, to drive (a nail), to 
vanquish, to destroy; past part. ^> zad, AY. 48,7. 09,2., ^3 uj rjln 
zad, AY. 07, 4. driven into; crd. )g zan, see )£9V-* drdgh-zan. Pers. 
ij4>\, Sas. p. p. ifrj zati, anc. P. Z. ja?i, p. p ju^m ; Sans. /*cm, 
p. p. Jutta; Huz. syn. M^j^y^ makhttttntano. 

)^)yoX> zerkhuntano , v. to be born, to arise; to give birth, <o 
bring forth; pret. ^))*»^ zerkMnd, AY. L, ie.; pres. 3 d sing. ^)A)J^ 
zerkhwicd, GF. 2, 51.; pres. 3 d pi. $)y*)S zerkhund, GF. 2, 49,51. Heb. 



AS - & 147 

n^lT 'to break forth, to arise', Chald. nin? Syr. w^>{ and w^JJ* Paz. 
s y n - ))yZy-^ zd eland. 

fl[)3 %ard, AY. 5,5. 47,2. GF. 2, 12. adj. yellow, sallow. Per?. 
j,\, Z. -uqoj/j.uC, Sans, harita, 'greenish yellow'. 

^XJ^TO^ Zaratuhasht : AY. l,i. 3,9. U, s, is. 12, 8. 101, is. Hn. 

1,1,3,7,12,17,22,27,32,37. 2,1. 3,3,17. J^OO 8 * 3 )^-^ Z (ZV atll hClSht (XT , Illl. 

1,9. Dk. 144, 4. 145,1,4. 150,1. pr. n. the great teacher and propagator 
of the Mazdayasnian religion, who was the son of Pourushaspa, and 
lived in the time of king Yishtasp, perhaps about B. C. 2300 (see Haug's 
'Lecture on an original speech of Zoroaster'); he is often called Zara- 
thushtra Spitama in the Avesta (Pahl. ^H^COfcJ-* 5 -^^OO"* 1 )^^ Zara- 
tuhasht-i Spitdmdn, or ^OO^lt)^ ^j^CO^ Spitdmdn Zaratuhasht), 
probably from his ancestor Spitama, in the ninth generation; his an- 
cestry is traced, in Bund. 79, 5-10 , back to Manoshchihar, in the four- 
teenth generation. One, or more, later reformers of the religion have 
probably also borne the name, or title, Zarathushtra. Pers. ouio\\, 
o.*wt>yw o-wjyw <w*.^t>\\, v^>.-w,5Ci>yw o«cco!\V ., o.*wt3!yw *^ka*&£]\\ ^ 

o^J\K, ci^t>Jv, o-c^^j\K, ^^0 J\ , or o^^ J\ ; Bas. pi 1^)12J 
Ziirddacht (?), Z. -M/^oi^>ci^/iiC ] various explanations of this name 
have been proposed (see Haug's Gathas II. p. 245-46.), but none are 
very satisfactory. 

)A>^(^i))^)3 Zaratuhashtdn , AY. 11,3. patron, adj. the Zara- 
thushtran; of, belonging to, or descended from, Zarathushtra. tfMJ J 'Mfly^ 
Zaratuhasht -f- patron, suf. ut -an. 

^>0)flU^ Zaratusht , j^OO)^)^ Zaratushtar, variants of 
^OO-'Mfly-^ Zaratuhasht, which are generally used in K20. 

Kj-^3 zaremdyo, Hn. 2, 38. adj. an epithet of the oil, or liquor, 
tasted by the s^uls of the pious on their arrival in heaven; its mean- 
ing is doubtful, but seems to be connected with the green, or golden, 



148 y>S - «£ 

color of spring (see Haug , 'das 18 e Kapitel des Wendidad', p. 26). 
Z. -nm)$cJjiC. 

yoyyj zruvdn, GF. 2, 40. )}A>£)p3 zruvdno, GF. 2, 39. s. old age, 
lapse of time. Pers. J ); - )t) ^U^, ^U>), or ^Loy, Z. -u)^>>^ ; 
comp. Sans. ,/art/. 

yA^ zarin, AY. 5,5. jwi^ zarino, AY. 12, ic. adj. golden, made 
of gold; ^0-^3£) yi^ zarin-pesid, AY. 12,9. 13,2. gold-embroidered; 
^)A ui> zartn-kard, AY. 9,3. ^)A jwi^ zarind-kard, AY. ll,i. 
worked with gold, made of gold. Pers. ,**J)), or &aj v\ , Z. -uJj/jjjC * } 
Sans, harina] Huz. syn. j^yixi3 zahabdin. 

aS, or ^3 , safe, pron. (used absolutely) sing. GF. 2,19,20,22,25, 
39,44. 3,9i. Hn. 2,36. Dk. 144,2. that one, he, she, it, him, her, (after 
a s. in gen.) GF. 2,54,64. 3,36,94.; pi. AY. 11,4. 10, 10. GF. 3,58. 
those, they, them; ->^3 zak-i, sing. AY. 2,15,24. 4, 2, 6, 10, 11, is, 21-23, 
35. 0,9. 6, s. 8,2. etc. that which is, that of, he (or she) who is, he 
(or she) who; pi. AY. 9, 3. 12, 7, 14,18. 14, 7, 11, 14, 19. 15, 1, is. etc. those 
who (or which) are, those of, they who; -*^y3 ^3 zak zya§h, AY. 
17,u. Hn. 2,6. 3,5. that which by him (her, or it); (used adjectively) 
sing. AY. 1,4,20,36,40. 2,12,17,31. 3,3. 4,9,16,17,21. etc. that, the; pi. 
AY. 4,9,12. 7,17,2. 54,n. Hn. 2, ie. those, the; -u^j $5 zak and, 
Hn. 2, 28. probably for -uo3 zakdl, 'another', comp. yo ^3 zak ban, 
Hn. 2,20.; (used adverbially) $5 zak, AY. 53,4. in that way, so; ioy. 
sS £ akhar min zak, AY. l,i 2 . 10, 6 . Dk. 145,4. after that, after- 
wards; $yo dS zak and, AY. 4, 12. Hn. l,io. 2, 6 . 3, 5. that much, so 
much, as much; dS £ min zak, GF. 1,15. Hn. 2, 36. from that cause, 
because; <£p $S $) vad zak amat, AY. l,ie. until the time when. 
Sas. \S zak, Ileb. Hi, Chald. "^ '1. Ar. <3lS ; Paz. syn. )yo and. 

-4^5 zakai, AY. 1, 19. Hn. l,-u,it 9 fli,se,85«.-D^ 151,2. -u* j^3 
zak-iac, N. 78, c. adj. another, other, others, different; comp. -ufs> ^3 



?£ - »$ 149 

zak and, Hn. 2,28. It appears to be a compound of ^3 zak, 'that', 
and aw ae. or khad, 'one'; and if so, it should be read zak-ae] comp. 
-juu^u^ kaddrchdi. 

^jy^3 zektduniand, GF. 3,9. v. to kill, to slay, to slaughter, 
to murder, to assassinate, to extinguish (fire); past part. ^c)^^3 zck- 
iclvnd, AY. 1, 21,74, i. 14, u. 37,48,55,7. 60, s. 98,5,6. GF. 2,ii,i 3 .j 
^c)))^3 -u)i bard zektdund, GF. 1,6. 2,i 6 . slain outright; pre f . 
^>)p^3 zekteliind, AY. 91, i., ^o)p^3 -uu bard zdddund, GF.3,6o. 
slew outright; pres. 3 d pi. S)ip^3 zckldund, AY. 21,2.; fut. 1 st sing. 
^)p^3 -uu bard zektdunam, GF. J, 13. 3,46,68. 4,2.9.; fut. 3 d sing. 
^)y^o3 jih bard zektduncd, GF. 3,53-55,70,76.; fut. 3 d pi. -uu 
3))j^o3 bard zcktdund, GF. 3, 75. 5.2.; imper. 2 d sing. )y^3 zek- 
tdun, GF. 1,8. Heb. b^, Chald. fep, Syr. v£c, Ar. Ju/; Paz. syn. 
D^OO* avazadand. In this verb, the original 4^ ?;efc in ))i^^ rck- 
telim, is usually corrupted into ^3 sc7f, as above. 

<o3 zakidi, AY. 38, 5. Iln. 3, 21. Dk. 150, 12. pion. with conj. 

that also, those too; see £^3 zakidi. — ^3 zak -f (9 -/c/*; Paz. 
syr. (O^a) dnich. 

i^3 zakar, adj. male, masculine ; used as a s. in Uy^'iy i-*3 
zakar-yasharubo , AY. 72,8. the pious man. Heb. *1DT, Chald. 12", 
Syr. )£_^ Ar. -5^3; Paz. syn. 3) war. 

^5) ^3 zak-niz, AY. 11, 12. pron. with conj. that also. ^3 isaA; 
~f" O) (P ers - VA-0 « Perhaps (his may be read zakoidi, as a mere 
variant of the following. 

^3 zakidi, AY. 14, 12. Hn. 1,12,17,22,27,32,37. pron. with conj. 
that also, that even, those too; see £*3 zakidi. — ^3 zak -+- 
^ -fefc. 

^jkS" zamdn, AY. 2, 15. )y*£ zamdno, GF. 4, 21. s. a time, a period, 



150 *$ - <?£ 

a season; also written yojj daman; ^pV* ))£) puvan ham-zamdn. 
GF. 1,13. 3,8i,85. )Y*§£ ))£) V avan ham-zamdno, GF. 3, go, ei, as, 
83. 4,2,9,19,27. at the same time, at once, immediately; wojp J$3 dcr 
zamdn, AY. 17,26. Hn. 2,36. )yojS Jbt3 dcr zamdno, llr. "2,32. a long 

time, a long while. Heb. jC?> Chald. |DT 3 Syr. _^i, Ar. ^jLo\, Ethiop. 
zaman] it appears, however, to have been originally a foreign word 
in the Semitic languages. 

a^^kb zamdnyish, see o^yA^J^S dSr-zamdnyish. 

*)& zamtk, AY. 14, 15. 17,41,49,7. 53, 3,5. 72,5. 76, 9. GF. 2, 10. 
0,32. 4,4,11. s. the earth, the ground, land, a country, a region; also 
written -Daj damik. Per?. ^o\ and ^.-yo\, Z. G$C ved. Sans, jam; 
Huz. syn. -u^).u arid. 

p sa/?, substituted for Vfj^) neshmau in AY. 24,6. by K20, s. a 

woman, a wife. Pers. ^v , Z. -u)g^ ^ ans - ,faw*5 Huz. syn. £(0) 
neshman. 

)m£ zdhar, N. 78, 1,9. s. water consecrated by prayers and cere- 
monies, holy-water; see JjjjS^y dv-zohar and Jp sor. Z. -u/^-auC, 
comp. Sans, hotrd. 

y*\£ zubdn, AY. 57,i. G6, 2. 71,4, 82, 1,4.5. )y*y£ zubdno. AY. 
99,3. s. the tongue; see y*fiy* huzvdn and yoip -°J^ kalbd-zubdn. 
Pers. jjbs, jjLi), or ^f;) , Z. -u>>Cj^>» ; lluz. syn. -u^ shand. 

*J(^£)p zuvdnih, see -«(^£){£ £)}# charp-ztwdnlh. 

jyfi zofar, AY. 101, 20. adj. deep, profound. Pers. o,j, Z. 

j£){£ zofar, AY. 18, c. the jaws, the mouth; a variant of 3^)3 
zafar. Or it may be the preceding, used as a s. meaning 'depth'. 

y>fi zud, GF. 3,67. 4,8. adv. quickly, swiftly, rapidly. Pers. ^y. 



V - -&S 151 

Z. zu, 'to hasten', Sans. ju. This must not be confounded with the 
similarly wiitten word ^cp zdt, or )^^ zotar, 'an officiating priest' (Z. 
nom. -u^oijiC, Sans, hotri). 

V zur, AY. 33,5. 40, 55, 6 . 90, 4 . GF. 3, 29. s. a lie, a falsehood, 
a fiction, an untruth. Ar. ..v. 

)p sor, N. 77,3. s. holy-water; a variant of JjjjS zohar. A similar 
word )p zur means 'strength, power, force' (Pers. ^ , anc. P. zura, 
Z. W and ()a»>>juj£). 

•j0^,wauJ|S\ or -iQQiJAuJp, ziir-gukdsih, AV. 45, 5. 55, e. s. false 
evidence, perjury. )p zur + ^O-O^V gukdsih. 

A^p ziizak, AY. 70,2. s. a hedgehog, or porcupine. Pers. art. J , 
or JvJ, Z. -uajjelb)* . 

5p zand, AY. 1,7. 2,32. Hn. 2,5. Dk. 150, 1,4. N. 78,8. s. a com- 
mentary, a paraphrase, an explanation, generally applied to the Pahlavi 

translation of the Avesta. Pers. Jov ; Z. zafdi in j ^o jg J jj£ .uj from 
Z. £cm, 'to know', Sans, jrid) Gr. ^rw, Lat. -gno in cognosco, etc. A 
similarly written word ^p saw^f means 'the leg' (Z. -jjqjj^W , Sans. 
janghd). 

5^ zy~, or zi-] a relative particle (found only in connection with 
the pron. suffixes); 'that, who, which'. Sas. 9/ zi, Heb. fijN Chald. 

VJ? 1, Syr. wij, ?, Ar. ^ jJ! ; Paz. syn. 2/-. This must not be con- 
founded with the similarly written pron. ^-> zak == aS. 

^3 sz/a£, or s#£, GF. 1, 23. rel. with suf. which (that, or who) 
by (to, of, for, or through) thee. $5 zy- -f pron. suf. ^0 -at of 2 d pers. 
sing.; Paz. syn. yat. 

J0^3 zyash, or zish, Hn. 2, 6,20. 3,5,19. Dk. 144., 7. rel. with suf. 
which (that, or who) by (to, of, for, or through) him (her, or it); also 



152 -<j*> - y> 

written -A£y3 zyash. 3 3 zy- + pron. suf. -j^ -«s/i of 3 d pers. sing.; 
Paz. syn. yash. 

Yt}Q$J zyashdn, or zishdn, AY. 16, 4. rcl. with suf. which (that, 
or who) by (to, of, for, or through) them. ^3 zya- -f pron. suf. ^^ 
-5/^/?z of 3 d pers. pi.; Paz. syn. yashdn. 

$£>0.. zisht, AY. 17,io. adj. ugly, hideous, deformed; comp. 

^?O0« zishttar, AY. 17, 13. Pers. oufcj; comp. Z. -ujdsj^C 'filthy'. 

aj3 zyam, or Sim, Hn. 1,2. rel. with suf. which (that, or who) 
by (to, of, for, or through) me; w3 j -i zyam , AY. 53,5. which as 
by me (see -*^y3 zyash for remarks on the double rel.). ^3 zy — \- 
pron. suf.j £ -am of 1 st peis. sing.; Paz. syn. yam. 

)^a)a>3 zyamdno, or zimdno, Dk. 144, 1. rel. with suf. wmich (that, 
or who) by (to, of, for, or though) us. ^3 zya- + pron. suf. )y*£ 
-mdnb of 1 st pers. pi. 

)juyo3 zinhdr, AY. 51,5. s. an agreement, a covenant, a league, 
a treaty. Pers. ^L^ajv, or jLgiv . 

)jj3^yu3 zcn-afzdr. AY. 14, s. s. arms and equipments, accoutre- 
ments. u3 zen (Z. -wJ^ijC ) -f 3jj3^>» afzdr\ comp. Pers. \Li| wjv 

))fQ)w3 zivastano , v. to live; pret. fQ)w3 zivast, AY. 17,9.; 
pres. 3 d sing. C^V-^ zivcd, GF. 2,52,54. Anc. P. ,;Yy, Z. Sans, jiv, 
Pers. ^jJt*^, or ^Jt-J. 

|X(^u3 ziviskn, AY. 2, 13. GF. 2, 35, 36. 3, et. s. living, life. y*3 fcfo 
(crd. of ))pQ)v3 zivastano) -f- abst. suf. ^ -*'s/m. 

^))o3 zivandak, GF. 2,41,46,47. 3, 71. adj. living, alive; pi. used 
as a s. ^oA)ju3 zivandakdn, AY. 3,60,85,6. 4, 16,22. 68,4,15. 07,4. 

GF. 2, 3, 18, 21, 24, 28, 33, 38, 43, 50, 53, 56, 63, 66. 3, 2, 13, 18, 28, 37, 42, 65, 87, 90, 

93,93. )y*D)\)5 ztvandakdno 3 AY. 2, 15. the living. j)3 ztv (crd. of 
))^)u3 zivastano j -f- pres, part. suf. )*) -andak] Pers. »lX3\. 



yS - * 153 

,jq.U)u3 zivandaMh, AY. 81,6. Hn. 2,6,11,17. s. life. -i>)w3 zi- 
vandak 4- abst suf. *y -\h\ Pers. ^5ju\. 

^? "O? 5 5 2/fld, ^5 gad, ge, ji] etc. 

i3 s, is the eighth letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 
equivalent of Sas. ^, Pers. j*, Z. jj, and Chald. d; in some cases, it 
stands for Z. ^j , and for any compound of 3 y, C, c, d, g, j -\- 3 y, j, 
^3 ^j 5S «/♦ When final, it often stands for Pers. final s, and is written 
*0 5, which final form is usually retained even when a suffix is added 
to the word. When not final, it is always joined to the succeeding 

letter; and if that letter be .u, ^ @>i or j, the last turn of the £> 
is usually enlarged, as in the compounds ~qj3 (= JJi3), f^) <, &> and 
~Q5 (— Ji5) ; while i3 -f f are written ^ \ and ^ and M£ are 
sometimes used for iJ3 and .£& 5 the letters £)J0 sp are also often con- 
tracted into £25 ♦ This letter and some of its compounds are often 
difficult to read correctly, thus J3 s, -i^i sd, fQ) si, ££ sj, ^ sn, 
and JdS s£ may be read yi, d\, gi, etc. ; yash, etc. ; <ii<i, etc. ; yez, etc. ; 
din, etc.; and c/as, <i*#, etc. When iD , or «0 , stands for 6', it is oc- 
casionally marked with three diacritical dots, either above, or below, 
in some MSS.; and when it is a compound of 3 4- 3, it is liable to 
the same diacritical marks as that letter. 

^ XL, or 40 (trad, so) GF. ^,51, num. ciph. forty. Paz. syn. 
(rare in Pahl. and variously written by different authorities) 3-i»£» ? 
*"()*£' or ^-Hy&i chihal. It may be here noticed that the Pahl. num. 
ciphers, from 40 to 90, are evidently formed on the principle of adding 
an additional 3, or loop, for every score (which 5, or loop, may per- 
haps be merely a shortening of the cipher 3 in j) 20 and a) 30), 
while the odd 10 in 30, 50, 70, and 90, is expressed by adding a 10 

to the cipher of the preceding score; these ciphers are written so as 

20 



154 -*o*> - fcy* 

to resemble various letters, and are traditionally pronounced accordingly, 
as follows: j) 30 (rah)] ~q 40 (sa)]^~Q, or^i3 , 50 (sak); ~(j3, or 
Att , 60 (es) ; ^^ j or ^.itt , 10 (Gsk, or sife) ; ^i5 , A3 A3 , ^^ , or 
-0-U, 80 (sas, or as); ^^O^O^^O^O^O' or a«(jii, #0 (sask, or as&). 

^X)>.*3 safcftf, AY. 1, ie. p.p. used as a s. what is taught, a state- 
ment, a narrative, a tale. Z. saq 1 or sack. 

M^OO*^ sdkhtano, v. to make, to form, to prepare, to manage; 
past part. «£){j>A3 sdkht, AY. 76,6. Pers. ^JLa-Lu/, 

WtHy** sdhmgun, or sdhmkun, AY. 17, 22. in H6 , Hi 7 and K26, 
a variant of )fW& sahmgun, comp. 3^)uw{j>A3 sdlimguntar, AY. 17,22. 
in H6, Hn and K26. 

f£yA3 sa/c/*i, AY. 15,4. 55,i. 77,7. GF. 3, so. adj. hard, severe, 
difficult, firm, strong, violent; (used as a s. for *J(j^yA3 sakhtih) Hn. 
3,37. Comp. J^^yA3 sakhttar, GF. 4,22. Pers. a ^u, 

j^f£y43 sakhtih, AY. 16, 12. 17,2,9. 31,3. s. hardness, severity, 
difficulty, distress, strength , violence. tfy& sakht -f- abst. suf. -jy -ih ; 
Pers. ^jc^Uw. 

tA)))tfyA3 sdtundn, AY. 58,5. pres. part, used as a s. what is 
running, or flowing; a stream, a current, a brook. Pres. part, of 
M^MVtV-* 5 sdtuntmid] Pers. syn. ^j\^y Or perhaps it may be the crd. 
form + pi. suf. yo -an. 

))?>))&}>& (trad.) sdtuntano, v. to proceed, to go, to walk, to creep, 
to move, to flow, to stream; past part. ^))^yA3 sdtund, AY. 55, s.; pret. 
p))K>JJ> sdtund, AY. 12, 47,2. 64, 4.; pres. 1 st sing. ^j^y-B sdtunam, 
Hn. 3,4.; pres. 3 d sing, ^^fO^ sdtuncd, AY. 64, 11. GF. 2,20,22. 
CfMJCtV^ j% madam sdtuned, Hn. 2,3,37. moves on, passes along, 
travels; pres. 3 d pi. S))^y* sdtund, AY. 12, i 6 . 15,7. This verb may 
be compared with Heb. DV£' = 7\Uto 'to turn away, to deviate 7 , if it be 



W — p>* 155 

considered alone; but it appears, on reference to Pahl.-Paz. Glos. 15,i3. 
and 16,4., to bear the same relationship to ))^))tf}^^ sazituntano 
that ))^|)JtD Ji khadituntano (trad, aslunatan) does to ))^))tf)^4* 
khazHuntandj namely, that of a corrupt form in common use, to the original 
and correct word which, in accordance with this view, must be assumed to 
bej ))^*))CO^<*3) an( i this ought to represent some common Semitic verb. 
It if be compared with Heb. N*\ Chald. NJtP, Syr. |il, it should be 
read yczituntano, and ))^*))9g)J-tt should be ycdttuntand , or ySgttun- 
tano\ perhaps, however, these two Pahl. verbs may be better compared 
with Chald. frOp which has a secondary meaning 'to walk'; in which 
case M^MfCy*** should be re i sagituntano. 

A>.ui3 sdlak, adj. (appended to num.) years old, years of age; 
y*t& yty haft-sdlak, AY. 10,9. seven years old; y^Jii ,03 r*>*23 
XV-sdlak, Hn. 2, 23. fifteen years of age. Xua* sal (Pers. JLu , Z. 
_a>(M/.u.», Sans, s'arad) -f- adj. suf. ^ -ak. 

/jjpQ)iii3 sdstdr, GF. 1, 4.2,3,18,21,24,28,33,38,43,50,53,56,63,66. 
3, 2, 13, 18-21, 28,37, 42, 53, 65, 70 76, 82,87,90, 93,96. s. a dictator, a despot, a 
tyrant. Z. /jj^.auu.tt ; Sans, s'dstri 'a ruler'. 

pjp.tt sdmdn, AY. 50, 6. s. a boundary-mark. Pers. (jLolw; comp. 
Sans, samanta, 'a boundaiy'. 

))$& sahmkun, Hn. 2,3,37. )W*> sahmgun , AY. 17,22.54, 1. 
99, 101,2. adj. formidable, terrible, dreadful, frightful; comp. 3^j*4* 
sahmguntar, AY. 17, 22.; sup. £)?)¥!£** sahmguntum, AY. 18,6. — 
uM3 sahm (Pers. *-£-*/) + adj. suf. ^ -kun == )JJ -#fiw; Pers. ^.aX^^. 

^Mjppii sahmgunth, AY. 5, s. s. terribleness, dreadfulness, fright- 
fulness. Wp-^ sahmgun -\- abst. suf. -sy -?/i. 

^i5 sak\im, AY. 1,36. 101,26. GF. 3, so, 83. \y** sakhun, AY. 
2,17. GF. 3,60. s. a word, a saying, a speech, a discourse, a decision, 



156 >o — iei^ 

a narrative, tidings. Pers. ^^suw, or ^&.*» ; comp. Z. -u^yjiJD , 

Sans, sansd. 

VQ A77, or /2, (generally circumflexed) an occasional variant 
of yj A27. See under ^ sh. 

juy^id sip ah , GF. 1,2. s. an army, troops, soldiers; see -*(_y^ 
sipcih. Pers. ?sL-n.-w , or 2uw-w, Z. -u(3juj£).». 

^.ugjAi s?pas, AY. 3, 2i. s. praise, thanks, thanksgiving, gratitude; 
see *(jii^ sip«s. Pers. jJju*, 

^3->^)A5 spazgik, AY. G6, c. adj. slanderous, back-biting, calum- 
nious. S3^ji3 spaj&</ (Z. .-uQgCugjj}) -f- adj. snf. D -ilc; comp. Pers. 
Syj^juu. Perhaps this word may be a s., as the adj. suf. .1) -ik is oc- 
casionally substituted for the abst. suf. -jy -ih\ comp. -J(o3£^ spazgih. 
))^Z)*)Q& spokhtano, v. to thrust, to thrust out, to push aside, to 
expel, to oust, to remove; past part. ^y)^)^3 spokht^ AY. 50, o. Pers. 

^yX^yJuM , Or ja^Uw, 

DyO^y)^)"^ spur cli eland, v. to consign to, to subject to, to apply 
to; pres. 3 d pi. £)^))£).^ spurdand, AY. 52, 2 . Comp. Pers. ^O^Iw, 
Z. spar. Perhaps, however, ^<t))£)<^ should be read spurd-and, the 
Paz. form of ^^a> $)£)■£ spurd horn and , perf. (or pas. pres.) 3 d pi. 
°f ))flt))£J"^ spurdano. 

-*0)Q^ spush] AY. 34, g. s. scurf, dandruff; (or) lice, vermin. Pers. 

9 9 9 , 9 } 9 > 9 9 9 * 

iJmAaw, &«Cu.X»w. Xav«.X^w^ |*Lw».AiA»j ^ (UA^yCO ^ iviiw^^w ^ iyH*K*Xij OY iji*A.w ^ 

z. j^g*. 

c£>U)£J-tt Spcn-ddd, GF. 6,2. in K20, written ^^5 ^)£J^ Spend- 
dad in Ks fol. 32Gb, and ^00^£)^ Spcd-ddd in Ki fol. 339b, pr. n. 
('bountifully created') a son of Kat-Yishtasp, whose name has remained 
current among the Parsis, as a man's name, though usually altered into 
its Pers, variant Xj JUU*ut « Z. -u^-uja . 4^J£££P • 



)&*> - *km 157 

^c^)^jii Spcndarmad, AY. 96,7. GF. 3,32. pr. n. the amesha- 
spend, or archangel, who is said to have special charge of the earth 
and virtuous women, and is styled 3^-i))u bundaktar, 'the more com- 
plete', as she supplies thanksgiving, wives and posterity (H6 extra fol. 
10-11); her name is applied to the twelfth month and fifth day of each 
month in the Parsi year; also written vty)££ Spcndarmad and tfAM££ 
Spendmad. Z. j^j.»£/ju . -uy&tQX , Pers. Jo<ufjU.A*u, or JuoJjUU-u/t. 

^PCO£J* Spitaman, T.) AY. 3,9. patron, adj. the Spitaman, or 
descendant of Spitama; an epithet of COO^fU^ Zaratuhasht, or 
Zarathushtra, whose ancestor, in the ninth generation, was Spitama; 
see )A)^e^^ Spitaman. II.) GF, 2, 13. pr. n. a man whose nine 
pious daughters were slain by Akht, the sorcerer. Z, -mQmj^sqx* , or 

^o£yQ£> Spedomad, s. the Spenta-mainyu Gatha, or hymn, (Yas. 
47-50) so called from its first two words; its name is applied to the 
third of the five intercalary days which follow the twelfth month of the 
Parsi year; also written ^tagid Spcndomad and &V)& Spendmad 1 
its Pahl. orthography being identical with that of ^o^Ufgia Spcndar- 
mad; £p^yg£ Spedomadich, N. 78, 3. also the Spenta-mainyu Gatha. 
Z. ^jjj,).tt£ . ou^dj£gg).tt ; when these words are used with their origi- 
nal meaning of 'the bountiful (or good) spirit', they are generally ex- 
pressed by Pahl. 3)y£ ajju^ spcndk minavad, or $)f£ j**)t£ 
spendk minavad. 

ftl) did., )fQ) dido, p.p. and pret. of ))&$$ didano, see under 
the 14 th letter 5 y, d, etc. 

FQ) " a5 ^ )?0) -ctsto, suf. of past part, and pret. of verbs whose 
inf. suf. is ))J1Q) -astano. 

-JuyQ) stih, AY. 4, 14, 22. 8, 13, 21, 25-30, 32-35, 38, 39, 45-47, 51, 
58,61,62,74,75,84,93,96,5. 9,69,79,8. 10,11,9. 12,19,49,7. 14, 11,19. 



158 *ro> 

15,1. 16,11. 17,2,9,11. 18,55-57,82,83,90,98,4. 22,24,31,36,37,40, 
43, 44, 50, 63, 66, 70, 76, 77, 80, 87-89, 94, 6 . 65, 8 , 9. 101, u, 21. GF. 2, 2, 
4-6,55,57. yjtD still, AY. 4,13,26. 7,48,78,7. 23, 6 . 52, 5. 99,9. Hn. 
2,20. 3,19,35. s. the world, the terrestrial creation; pi. WVflQ) stihdn, 
AY. 6,8. 13,7. 16,ii. 101,6. worldly existences, earthly creatures. Z. 
j^dJj ; p<\ z# S y 11# -UfQ) gStik. Dest. prefers rending getd for -upQ) , 
deriving it from Z. -**C9K9 JJ Q2,* 

oq»^) s ^' 5 AY. 10, 65,9. 12, 7. 17,n. 70,89.6. 75,93,5.82,98,4. 
10l,i4. in K20, a variant of -ufQ) sfaTi. Z. nom. j^j^d. 

Jj^yfO) Stdkhar, AY. 1,7. pr. n. the Persian name of Persepolis. 
Pers. «.iaju«|, w^vJLu,-, or *.^vJxol. 

a)u^Q) star ah) GF. 2, 60, 6i. s. a star, a fixed star, a constella- 
tion; see 3pQ) stor. Pers. julxw, or SsUuJ, Z. nom. ace. pi. tyutyab. 

M^OJO^FQ) stdyinidano , GF. 2, 13. v. to cause to praise, to 
glorify, to honor. Cans, of ))C£)^-Wf£D stdyulano. 

9UJTQ) stahambak, AY. 15,2. HPfQ) stahambo, AY. 2, i 6 . 

adj. oppressive, tyrannical, unjust, injurious, violent. \JJTQ) stahamb 
(Pers. *£*,) + adj. suf. ^ -«/;; Pers. aj^XX.^ . 

JMD^FQ) ddyishn, AY. 3, 21. 14, i 6 . 15, i*. ))^.uflQ) stdyishno, 
AY. 17,i6. s. praise, thanksgiving, benediction. ^JJpQ) 6'£<% (crd. of 
))C£}^UfQ) stdyidano) + abst. suf. y^ -ishn. Pers. jkAx*' . 

j^j^ijjiQ) stdyishnih , see -^j^^FO) -^-^^ly V a shardish- 
stdyishnlh. 

))p^^ijyQ) stdyidano, v. to praise, to laud, to eulogize, to bless, 
to utter thanksgivings; past pait. c^JJfQ) stdyid, Hn. 1,6. for ^-^ftl) 
stdyid; pres. 3 d sing. cgj-uflQ) stdyad, AY. 101, 21. Hn. 1,5,6,13,14,18, 
23,28,33. JtD^FQ) stayed, Hn. 1,4.; ^.ujtD OM£) f r ^ stdyad, Hn. 
1,M,io. praises forth, applauds, extols. Pers. ^JuoL.w, Z. s^/., Sans. shtu. 



^rei) - ^rei> 159 

3^Q) star, AY. 7, 1,2,6. 15, 19. s. a fixed star, a constellation; see 
yuftl) stdrah. Z. gAu^a. 

flufQ) stared, GrF. 2,7,8. 3,83. p.p. used as adj. cast down, con- 
founded, disconcerted, stupefied. Z. _ju^>£/u^A3 . 

)jVO?Q) stardako, Dk. 145, 7. for ))fly fQ» vistardako, p. p. used 
as adj. spread about, scattered, dispersed, diffused. Z. -u^£/u^o.tf ; 
comp. Pers. n^JL+S. The text ought, perhaps, to be read YfJQ* M£ 
)jVQSt3) V in gchdn vistardako. 

^OJHMV ^^ star-gubishnih, Dk. 151,5. s. discourse about the stars, 
astronomy, astrology. 3flQ) star -f- JKMV* gubishn, to which compound 
adj. is added the abst. suf. j/» -ih. 

J)ffl) std'r, AV. 72, 7. 74, 75, 5. 77, 6 . GF. 2, 70. s. a beast of burden, 
draught cattle, a bullock. Pers. \.JCw, Z. _u).bii^o.ii ; comp. Sans, sthu- 
rin, sthuririj sthorin, or sthaurin, 'a pack horse'. 

mFQ) stavar , AV. 14, 14. adj. thick, large, firm, strong. Pers. 
*xX*«, or j.^Ju/1 , Z. _u/4a£jj^.u, Sans, sthavira, or sthdvara. 

flDIFCD stored, GF. 3,83. in all MSS. in the first instance, and in 
K26 in the second; a variant of flyflQ) stared. 

\)tOy stun, AY. 2, 11,12. 36,2. s. a post, a prop, a pillar, a column. 

} ' 9 > 

Pers. ^yCwgj'^Juw!, or "^jJuwf, Z. -juta^tf , Sans, sthuna. 

))ftl) didano, v. to see; see ))^0^ diclano, under the 14 th letter 
$ y, d, etc. 

))fti) -asiano, inf. suf. of verbs whose Pers. equivalent ends in 
^tti) s #> or 0^, Dk* 152,5. a variant of either -u^Q) stih, or 



160 ^ro> — -£e» 

•^rQ) gfitikj substituted for -uflQ) sftV* in AY. 4, 14,26. 10, 9. 19,7. 

21, 25-30, 33-35,5. 22-24, 31, 36, e. by H17, s. the world, the terrestrial 

creation. Pers. ^lS , Z. -uCJJO-UQS. c a settlement, or fixed dwelling- 
place'. 

A)flQ) stih, adj. pointed, peaked, projecting, prominent; *>?&) 
Y°StD*& stik-pfot&n, Hn. 2,23. high-bosomed, with prominent breasts. 
Comp. Pers. ^.vUuu, or «aLw, 'a mountain peak'. 

3i3ft3), J^pft)) or ji'^FQ), sadigar, AY. 1,43. 2, 30. 4, 7,15. 
9, i.17, r 27. GrF. 2, 46. 4,6,i3. Hn. 2, 12, is, 33. 3, u, 17. num. third, thirdly; 
sometimes expressed by the cipher .£W> Ilium. Comp. Pers. xuu 'three' 
and vJo4> ''other'. 

O0>^ sipdh, AY. 99,io. see <*fyy& sipdh. 

^u^5 sipds, AY. 14,i6. 15, 14. see ^jjajjs sipds and -()ii^^) 
ansipds. 

A-Ufc^ sazdk, adj. worthy, deserving, meritorious, suitable, con- 
venient; see A^i^JJ asazdk. — £$ saz (crd. of ))c£)£33 sazidano) -f 
adj. suf. Ail -dk; Pers. L^. 

juutAjj£2) sazdkyish, AY. 17, 19. adv. worthily, deservedly, suitably. 
axi^) sazdk + adv. suf. oq^ -yish. 

JojjAu^) sazdkvdr, GF. 3, 44, 51, 57. adj. worthy, suitable, befitting, 
seeming. Pers. J^f~w, 

V££ siparam, AY. 15, 21. s. sweet basil, a scented plant of the 
same genus (ocijmum) as the Indian tulsi. Pers. *wyw, *^*^, *i^u^ 
or jvCwXav], 

j^S3^ spazgth, AY. 29,5. s. slander, back-biting, calumny, see 
a)*5q& spazf/ik. — 33^5 sp«^ (?. -u^Cu^jAj) + abst. suf. ^ -Cii ; 
comp. Pers. i.j^j. 



ie2> — -Ky* 161 

J)gfi spor , Die. 149, g. adj. perfect - , complete, full, quite; ))^ 
o0^^uai3 spor-dkdsyish, with perfect knowledge, quite intelligently. 
Comp. Pers. ^a«, &5\.^, 'complete', jjjo^-w 'to finish'. This 

reading requires confirmation; but ^)3)^)i5 sporik occurs in Sg. with the 
same meaning, and is translated by Sans, purna. 

^■£}Me23 Spenda-rmad, AY. 72, 5. 76,9. see y>£j))y& Spendarmad. 
^^^O^D Spitdmdn, AY. It, a. 101, is. ^jJ^eE Spitdmdno, 
Hn. 1,9. see ^{"OOgJ^ Spitdmdn. 

))tf$Q2 sazidano, v. to be worthy, to be proper, to deserve, to be 
suitable; pret. e^(^ sazid, AY. 67,8. )?£3£23 sazido, Dk. 149,4. (usu- 
ally connected with an inf. and having the meaning of the auxiliary 
'ought'). Pers. jjjoyu/, Z. s«c/i. 

3.£ sar, AY. 44,3. 57, 4. 64, 3, 5, 12. . 79, 5. 81,2. GF. 3,56. 5,i. s. 
the head, the top ; an extremity, an end (opp. of ))i bun, 'the begin- 
ning'). Pers. yjuu , Z. -w/ii^j , comp. Sans, s'ira and sVras. 

3i3 cZcr and <i2/, see JS3 cZcr and 733 c#Z, under the 14 th letter 
$ ?y, d, etc. The same letters can also be read gil, 'clay'; jigar, 'the 
liver'; and ydkar (trad, dagar) 'heavy, dear'. 

e^u)i5 srdyad, )&j±u& srdyado, pres. 3 d sing, of ))^yi3 srudano. 

(£)<» sard, AY. 3, 19. 17, 10. 93,2. adj. cold, frigid, chilly, cool; 
comp. 3^^)43 sardtar, GF. 3, 1,4,5. Pers. dy**, Z. -uyyua . 

-J0(t)4* sardthj AY. 6,12. s. coldness, cold, frigidity, chilliness, 
coolness. ^)i3 sard + abst. suf. j^ -2/i; Pers. ^dy^j. 

^J£> san/a, AY. 17, 14,21. 62, 5. GF. 2,35,36. adj. bad, evil, vile, 
wretched, defective; for the comp. form )c^3i3 saritar , see in alpha- 
betical order. Comp. Heb. "ID 'sad', Chald. wno, Syr. |. : t i 'stinking', 

Ar. lii 'evil'; Paz. syn. ^>) i>ad. 

7 21 



162 ^* - £» 

^yi -Hj)& saryd-bakJd, AY. 1,8. adj. ill-fated, evil-destined, 
unlucky. -\jj& sar^/a -J- ^yi bakht. 

^ jq)a3 sarydih, AY. 5, 8. s. badness, evil, vileness, wretchedness, 
misfortune. -^)i3 sar?/a + abst. suf. -J(^ -ih ; Paz. syn. -J^)^1 vadih. 

t)w$£> sarmdk, AY. 15, 4. 18, 40, 3. 55, 1. 89, 2, 9. s. cold, chilliness, 
coolness. Pers. Lo*..w. 

ipi3 srw&, up-tf srw&o, AY. 75,2. 79,4. GF. 2,23. 3,64. s. a 

— — » ^ 

horn, a prong. Pers. jw* , i5jy* w 1 or U^r" 5 ?' - u>> '" 13 ♦ 

lyiS srofr, Hy^ srobo, s. a word, a rumour, a report; see 

ipiiyA) hu-srob. Z. nom. 4» JI ' <M . 

uipid srubin, GF. 2,23. adj. horny, ijji^ srwfr -j- adj. suf. u -in. 

))<py£> srudano , v. to recite, to repeat, to intone, to chant, to 
sing; past part, ^y*> srud , AY. 2,33. 7,12,7. 8,5. Hn. 2,29.; pret. 
^>y& srud, AY. 4,26.; pres. 3 d sing. ^}.u3.tt srdyad , Hn. 2,5. 3,4. 
^1)345 srdyado, N. 78,3,6.; )^jj3j3 &)# frdz srdyado, N. 77, 12. 
recites. Pers. ^0*^; Z. srdvayc, cans, of srw, 'to hear' (Sans, s'rw); 
Huz. syn. jj^jpkS zemruntand. 

~\)y& Srosh, Hn. 1,13. pr. n. a yazad, or angel, who is generally 
called U^^(y -> -HJY** Srosh-i yasharubo, 'Srosh the pious, or righteous', 
AY. 17,3. G7, 78,6. 80,81, 89,5. 84,93,95,4.; he is said to be the 
usual messenger from God to man, like the angel Gabriel, Jof^> of 
the Muhammadans, and protects mankind from the demons whom he 
vanquishes at night [Dest.] For further particulars, see the Srosh 
Yasht (Yas. 57),* and for a similar idea among the Brahmans, see Haug's 



* For a trustworthy German translation, see Hubschmann's Avestastudien in 
the Sitzungsberichte der phil. und hist. Classe der K. bay. Akad. der Wiss. 1872 
p. 672-78. 



$# - As 163 

Aitareya Brahmana, vol. I. introd. p. 14-15. The name of this yazad 
is applied to the 17 th clay of each Parsi month. Pers. yi.^ Z. 
-JkiwjJdjj/j) 'listening, obedient'; comp. Sans, sraushat. 

)\r J iy ^Hjr** Srosh-yasharubo , AY. 3, io. 11, 10,13. 16, 73, 6 . 
18, 53, 1. 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 51, 58, 4 . 31, 37, 50, 66, 5. 69, 7. 91, 3. 
HV-MXJOr^ Srosh-yasharubo, AY. 4, 5, 2, e. 6, 8, 3, 4. 7, 4, 5. 9, 5, e. 
13, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 39, 42, 4") -47, 52, 59, 61, 62, 74, 75, 
86, 94, 96, 4. 16, 1. 18, 14. 19, 4 , e. 22-24, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 60, 63, 70, 76, 77, 
85, 87, 88, 5. 48, 49, 7.1, e. 53, e, s, 10. 55-57, 72, 82, 83, 90, 92, 97, 98, 3. 
64, 65,79,7. 99,8. 101, 1,27. GF. 2,25. pr. n. with adj. Srosh the right- 
eous, or pious; see the preceding. The idhafat J t-is here understood, 
as sometimes happens in Pahl. when the phrase is a very common one. 

U-^-AOOOr-^ Srosh-yasharibo, a variant of Hp-MXJOr- 45 Srdsh- 
yasharubo, which occurs thrice in EU, see note to AY. 3, 10.; it is 
evidently produced by improperly joining y to i in hasty writing. 

^^O^r-^ Srosh-ydr, GF. 6,2. pr. n. 'friend of Srosh', a Parsi 
man's name in the twelfth century A. D. — jvjpi3 Srosh + J^(j ydr. 

JfrCSWr"^ Srosho-charandm , AY. 6,9. s. a very small weight 
whose amount is unknown, perhaps resembling that of the Indian gunj, 
a red and black seed whose weight is rather less than two grains. 

))^>)p.tt yedruntano, see ))^)p33 yedruntano , under the 14 th let- 
ter 3 y. 

J^p-tf saritar, adj. worse, very bad, infamous, evil, vile, wicked; 
pi. used as a s. ^3^3^ sarttardn, AY. 45, 6 . the bad, the wicked. 
•3Ji3 sari (for j^)^ saryd) + comp. suf. J^ -tar; Paz. syn. J^a) 
vatar (Pers. yXS) , 

^J^)i5 saritarih, AY. 17,2. 47, 6 . s. infamy, extreme evil, 



164 A* - £> 

vileness, wretchedness, misery. J^3i3 sarttar -f abst. suf. jy -&£; 
Paz. syn. -J(p^) vatarih. 

i)&y£> sarddak, perhaps for £)$£> sardak, s. a kind, a species, 
a sort; pi. j^^yia sdrSdakdno , Dk. 152,4. Pers. w^, anc. P. 
tharda, Z. -u^f/^ij, 

\ H 

))v*))^0-^ santwitand, AY. 63, 7. GF. 8,53,59. v. to cohabit, to 
enjoy sexual intercourse; past part. y^j^J-tt saritund, AY. 71, 8 ., used 
as a s. ^))^)-^ sarituncl , AY. 70, 7 . )^))^p-*> saritunto, AV. 69,9. 
cohabitation, ^>))^3i5 J^ufo jindk-i sar'dtuul, AY. 69,4. the sexual 
parts. Comp. Chald. JOD 'to stink'; Syr. J^a 'to stink', ^m.^ 'to be 
lascivious'; Paz. syn, ))^X? gudano. 

)^3.tt sazdgun, or sazdkun, AY. 16, 2. adj. grievous, cruel, dread- 
ful. ^3i3 sazd + adj. suf. ju -gun. 

^3iD said, AY. 1,4. s. harshness, cruelty, severity. Comp. Pers. 
^>Lw 'vexation, hardness'. 

jjj3:£ sazdun, AY. 86, 2. adj. perhaps a variant of ^^q3^ 
sazdgun ; or it may be read sizdro , 'prickly, thorny, spiny', comp. Z. 

4-0-^ AC, or ,90 (trad. sasfe) GF. 6,1. inK2o, num. ciph. ninety; 
also written 4-^JO , ^^^ ? or 5^^ . See the remarks on ^ XL. 
Paz. syn. ys)) navad. 

^JO IH, or 5, a rare form of the cipher y> in ,03 /Oi5 a 
AF, Iln. 2,23. It must not be confounded with 3X> 60, or ^.tt SO. 

^A3 sagdn, pi. of 3^3 s^g. 

)ijA^ sikdlj s. a thought, an idea, a reflection; see ju*&yo hu- 
sikdl. Pers. J[<^. 



Hj y adman j AY. 1, 87. 2,21. 4,6. 5,5,6. 11, 2, is.' 16,53,76,77 
94,10l,i. 18,i,7. 46,2. 58,5. 63,67,68,3. GF. 2, 76 . 3,64. s. a hand 



,£Q - »ft 165 

probably including the fore-arm; dq) hp yadman nipik, GF. 6,2,5. 
the handwriting, a manuscript. Sas. ct\> yadman, Heb. T , Chald. "I\ 
Syr. >Aj Ar. <xT; Paz. syn. flQp dflsf. 

K3 gadman, AY. 3, 10. 5, 3. 12, is. 14, 12. 101, 28. s. good fortune, 
prosperity, glory, splendor; see £Q J)gj pur gadman. Sas. rC]!> (?) 
gadman, Heb. Chald. "!.J, Syr. j*J, Ar. Jei. ; Paz. syn. ^yi &«.£/*£ 
and ~uJyy hhordh. 

^l^V* K5 gadman-homand, AY. 14, 14. adj. prosperous, glorious, 
splendid. £p gadman + pos. suf. 3y£U> Jwmand] Paz. syn. ^yi 
^^y^ bakht-homand. 

- J 0^ <J 5 K3 gctdman-lxdrih, Dk. 144, 2. s. glorifying, causing pros- 
perity, cleverness. *p gadman + ^4 &m" + alst. suf. jq -2/1. 
Paz. syn. -iQly^ ^yi bakht-kdrih (Pers. ^IXiia^). 

-**Jt3 dina, s. judgment, a decree, a decision, an opinion; see 

A G 

-wfQKW ham-dind. Heb. p7, Cbald. R^I, Ar. ^$& ; Paz. syn. 

)^rQ)^X5 dddistdn. 

«j^y^ sangih, AY. 91,6. see -y^fO sangih. 

jj^ytfj sncshar, AY. 55, 1. 64,3. adj. snowing, falling, driving, 
pelting (as snow, sleet, or hail); used as a s. in Hn. 3, 17. snowing, 
falling snow. Z. snizh\ c to snow', pres. part, snaczhiht (see Yend. 6, 74. 
Sp.). This seems a more probable reading than can be obtained by 
comparing the word w r ith Pers. >*.^\j, or * 9 ls\j, 'frozen'. 

W^C^jt? siiklitano , v. to burn, to flame, to blaze, to glow; pret. 
<tfyfO siikht, AY. 63, 3., ^Vf0 -uu bard suhht, AY. 1, s. burnt up; 
crd. qf0 so/, see grtj J-Hj d t? hamishak-soj; pies. 3 d sing. ^£Jt) 
sojed, GF. 3.91.; fut. 3 d sing. ^(»|t3 -uu bard sojcd, GF. 3, so, 91. 
Pers. ^y£^y»^ Z. such (pres. part, saochant). 



166 *;0 — ^oro 

^lO (trad.) jindk , AY. 1, 40. 2,24. 6, i, 5 . 7, 4, 6 . 8, 3 , 5. 9, 93, 5. 
10,i3. 11,9. 12, 19, 20, 55,i. 14,i7. 15, 11. 16, '2. 17,24. 18, 6 . 53,4. 101,2. 
GF. I,i8. 2,58. 3,67. 4,8,22. Hn. 2, 35. 3,4. Dk. 151, e. ^ T . 78, 8 . s. a 
place, a spot, a locality, a region, a tract; axu ^yO ^ %a ^ J tn ^ 
aigh, AY. 7, 8,1. 17, 5. Hn. 2,4,33. that place where, there where; 
^TO ^fO jt^dk jindk, AY. 11, 14. in various places, from place to 
place; ?>))^y.tt ->^;0 Jindk-4 saritund, AY. 69,4. the sexual parts; 
^uj jufo -u)^ kola jindk aiglx, AY. 18, 12. each place where, every- 
where; tijx fO£f denman jindk, AY. G, g. in this place, here. PI. yotufo 
jindkdn, Hn. 3, is. places, regions. Etymology uncertain; Paz. syn. 
(rare in Pahl.) 3jm jdi. 

A-ujO Savdkj Hn. 2, 19. pr. n. the eastern jj*0^a kcahvar , or re- 
gion of the earth; usually written -wf^J • Z. W}Q)UJ»iJ.tt . This word 
should prohably be read jindk (comp. jindkdn, Hn. 3, is.) and the 
meaning of the passage would then he 'from the more southern direc- 
tion of the directions of places (or of the sides of the place)'. 

^j£) sud, AY. 15,i2. 17,i9. s. profit, gain, advantage, benefit; see 
v°fO^ avi-sud. Pers. J^; Z. su, 'to benefit'. 

-¥}^)0 sudih, AY. 15,6. s. profitableness, advantagcousness, utility. 
yztfj Slid + abst. suf. -1^ -ih. 

£fO s ^Ji crd. of ))^tV^ sukhtanq] see £j^ 5^0"^ hamishak-aoj. 

ajj^o^j sdjdk, adj. burning, flaming, glowing, ardent; see £}^ 
5"°^r0 tiz-sojdk. — (o^j s<y (crd. of ))9tV?0 sukhtano) + adj. suf. 
an -afe; Pers. K^.^. 

^O£f0 S( V£ ( /i P res - 3 a sing, of ))^yjO sUkhtdno. 

^x^Tb sftldk, GF. 2,75. s. a hole, an aperture, an opening. Pers. 

~OYVOTO Soshdns, IS. 77, 12. pr. n. an old commentator on the 



-WO - )» 167 

Pars! scriptures, whose opinions are frequently quoted in the Pahl. 
translations (or Zand) of the Yendidad and Nirangistan; sometimes 
written ^yi}OTO Soslumsh. Z. nom. Ja j^ J ^>^iu^ . 

l-tirO sarddr, AY. l,is. 13,1,8. 26, 62, 82, 5 . 63, g. 68. is. Hn. 
2, 39. s. a leader, a chieftain, a lord, a master, a guardian; pi. )*>J^(3jO 

sarddrdn, AY. 14, 19. Pers. Jj>>^. 

) ) 

^0^-^OTC sarddrih , AY. 7,9,89,8. s. leadership, chieftainship, 

authority, control. J~*{}ft} sarddr -J- abst. suf. jy -£/i; Pers. ^JOww. 

aj^} suk, AY. 78, 3. s. a side, a part, a quarter. Pers. «..*,, or ^•.^y. 

)fO ^*^j or deno , AY. 1,1-3,9,19,28,29. 2,3,24,29,32,36. 0,5,7, 
10,12,18. 5,3. 11,3,16. 13,9. 56,4. 61,6.' GF. 2,13. 3,55. 6,2,5. Hn. 1,8. 
Dk. 144, 5. 145,7. 149,2. 151,2,5, n. 152,5. s. religion, form of worship, 
especially that of the Mazdayasnians which is often called 'the good 
religion' (AY. 12,8. 68,9. 101, 2s.), but it also stands for the 'service' 
of Akharman (AY. 68, 13.); religious practices, either pious conduct (AY. 
4, is, 23, 24. Hn. 2,22,25.), or impious conduct (AY. 17, 12.); religious 
observances, formulary, or ritual (AY. 14,3.); religious writings, scrip- 
tures (AY. 1,7,18. GF. 3,66. Dk. 145,3,8.); see jfmj' ham-dino, 

)fVY* hu-dind, JJOJJ' 4 Kdm-dind and )f(^^(jy dush-diw. Z. -jjjj^iJA, 

o 
nom. ace. pi, Ja*}^jja; Ar. ^vJ^. 

)fO ^ in ^-> GHF. 6,1. in K20, pr. n. the tenth month and 24 th day 
of each month in the Parsi year, named from the preceding. Pers. 

~0" u 3 iJ )tO dind-dkdSj AY. I, is. adj. acquainted with the religion. 
)fo dino + -^-U4iJ akas. 

->(2)H$2>))Q )ft$ dino-piirsishmh , Dk. 149,5. s. religious inquiry. 
)ffj dino -j- ^i5))^j p?irsish?i, to which compound adj. is added the 
abst. suf. j^ -ih. 



168 nt3 - W 

)y*)^ )JV Dtnd-karto, AY. 1 , 1 c. . pr, n. 'the deeds, or enacments, 

of the religion', the name of the largest and most important Pahlavi 
work in existence, containing a vast amount of miscellaneous informa- 
tion regarding the legends, writings, doctrines, and customs of the Zo- 
roastrian religion; for the traditional account of its compilation and 
history, see Z.-Pahl. Grlos. introd. p. 31-38; the copies now extant seem 
to have been derived from a MS. copied by Mahvandad Naremahan 
Yahram Mihrban at Baghdad (j^OO^O in tne 36.9 th year after the 20 th 
year of Yazdakard, and obtained by him at 3)*~j(*yo Khushkand in 
Syria ()y*T&)Jft3-u Asuristano) from the family of Ataro-pad-i Mar- 
spendan* (see Hi 3a p. 423 and Dest. Pcshotan's Palil. Gram, introd. 
p. 8); in its present state, much of the work appears to consist of a 
descriptive catalogue of the contents of the original compilation, inter- 
spersed with many extracts in detail, and the date of its latest revision 
must have been subsequent to the Muhammadan conquest of Persia. 
jf-Q dind -f )^u Imrto (p. p. of ))^)4 kardano); Dest. Hoshangji 
prefers the translation 'chapters of religion', but 'chapter, section' is 
usually written 4^)A , or )$* . 

**)TO s v' ,l( ] i AY. 41,3. in all MSS. , a variant of 3f0 sung. 



* Probably not the famous prime minister of Shapur II. , but one of the later 
editors of the Din-kard, who lived in the tenth century A. D. according to the 
following extract from an old Persian Rivayat (L 8 , fol 142 a): 

•oc&i.** ±Jjf ^1 ^vl ^ £>jf *+z> ^jj&>jAf 'the book Din-kard which 

the desturs of the religion and the ancients have compiled, likewise the blessed 
Adarbad son of Mahrasfand son of Asavahist (?) of the people of the good religion, 
in the year three hundred of Yazdajard Shahryar , collected some of the more es- 
sential mysteries of the religion as instruction, and of these he formed this book'. 



IK) ^ 169 



-^J/O dm6ik) AY. 2,32. GF. 4,27. adj. religious, ceremonial, rit- 
ualistic, jj-q dlno -f- adj. suf. A) -tk. 

£jO siH, AY. 89,9. s. hunger. Z. -u<3>£0 i Sans, kslmdh and 

Sj^ sa?ig, s. I.) AY. 41, 44, 49, 77,3. 52, 2 . 55, i. a stone. II.) AY. 
27,5. 07,9. 80, g. a weight. Pers. lXJL^w, Z. asan] comp. anc. P. athan- 
gaina, 'masonry 1 ; Huz. syn. -ugpA kepd. 

-t^^fO sangih) s. hardness, heaviness, severity, gravity; see -Hyj^ 
sangih. — Sj(} sang -f abst. suf. «jy -ih m , Pers. Ja^. 

3i5 sag ^ s. a dog; also written aJS) pi. ^)3i3 sagan, AY. 48,3. 
jA(yi3 sagdn, AY. 84,2, both substituted for |»^iJa kalbddn by K20. 
Pers. JL«; Huz. syn. -juj3a kalbd. 

qj& 54/, adj. perishable, destructible, corruptible, troubled; see 
^A3jj ase;. Z. $y $ jj ^» ^ j 1 g J J comp. Pers. ,^-w 'trouble' and yx.^ 



'vehement 



*f!ftVP sej-homand^ AY. 10,4. 11,9. 54, 1. Hn. 2(3,36. adj. see 
the preceding; comp. 3p^^A)^i3 scj-homandtar , Hn. 3,36. Z. abl. 

■^yOO-^ sixdahum, GP, 2, 65. num. thirteenth; sometimes express- 
ed by the ciphers «£)VM • Pers. ^e^yju; . 

M^OO-^ sejidano, v. to continue, to last; pres. 3 d sing. ^O"^ 
se/eV, N. 126,5., JC^O^ ■***)! & flr -^ sejcdo, E. 76,5.77,8. it continues 
on. Z. sac/*. 

*j^J3i3 strih, AY. 15,22. 77,8. s. fullness, sufficiency, repletion, 
satiety. Pers. ^^, 

D^jj^jdo, Uy^B'O'*' or M : Wf*^' scdkuntand (trad, stkunafari) v. 

to tear, to rend, to lacerate, to gash ; past part. y*)H-^ sedkCtrid, AY. 75, 2. 

22 



170 -U 

^o))a^^ sedkund, AY. 84,2.; pret. ^))^-*^ scdkund, AY. 70,2.; pres. 
3 d sing. p^))aj^ sedkuned, AY. G4, 5.; pres. 3 d pi. $))&£> scdkund, 
AY. 18,i3. 43,3. $))^ sedkund, AY. 48,2. Chakl. pip, Syr. ^^»; 
Paz. syn. ))tfy5 daridano. 

^ sh; yd, da, yd, jd, etc. 

jy s/t is the ninth letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 
equivalent of Sas. 22, Pers. j£,, Z. J^, jv^, and Chald. # ; it also 
stands for any compound of 5 y, i, 6, </, g, ;, and jj «, />, feft; which 
circumstance increases very much the difficulty of reading its own com- 
pounds correctly. When not final, it is always joined to the succeeding 
letter, as in the compounds: y*$ shb, w^ slim, y^ shn, etc.; and 
if that letter be jj, ^, £, or j, the last turn of the -jm is usually 
enlarged, so as to form the compounds ^)(^ ^H) * 00' an( ^ "00! 
and a similar enlargement often takes place before £j and -j^ in some 
MSS. It must also be noticed that the compound ^3 can be read 
either as ^ -f -j^ , or as J3 -j- -jj, and is sometimes written o^y, 
like a compound of jj + jj. When ^ stands for sh, it is occasionally 
marked with three diacritical dots, either above, or below, in some 
MSS.; and when it is a compound of 5 -f jj , it is liable to the same 
diacritical marks as those letters. 

^ -ash, pron. suf. of 3 d pers. sing, him, her, it, his, its; of (to, 
for, by, or through) him (her, or it); it is usually affixed to an adv., 
or conj., at the beginning of a clause in the sentence (see -J^O 1 ofash, 
^OfO** adinash, -^^JJ/ amatash, ^^* aighash, ^0)jO(2 c ^h)^ inas ^i 
j(^3 zyash, -^(j^f mamanash, and -J^)^ munash), or to a prep, in 
the middle of a clause (see -j^j^y azash, -*Ol)^ aubash, -J(^£J padash, 
and -JQj£* minasJi); but when the clause has no initial adv., or conj., 
the suf. occurs in the unattached form -J(^jj ash (see in alphabetical 



order), either at the beginning-, or in the midst, of the clause; and in 
such cases, the vowel is sometimes not expressed (see ^Vj^tVH $V-ifid- 
ash). Pers. jkl-; anc. P. ace. -shim, gen. -shaiy. 

jy -ill (trad, -f, or -ash) abst. suf. affixed to adjectives and sub- 
stantives, and sometimes to adverbs and prepositions, to form abstract 
nouns (see -J(^fV^)» yasharmokih, J(^^£j flyH^ aburd-farmdnih, 
-jy^^tVO* dvdcldnih, j^^jj^» avdkih, -»0~«(^£) peshih, etc.); some- 
times the adj. suf. J) -ik is substituted for the abst. suf. ^ -ih, es- 
pecially in modern MSS. Pers. ^— , S; s. 9^9 — -tin, or ^9 — */> 
(see AY. introd. p. 46). 

~H2 -ih (trad. -%) suf. of pres. 2 d sing, of verbs (see ~H}£y* ho- 

manih, -jyj^^^j andeshih, ^x>))^ pursih, -\}))y$ yehabunih, and 

^0)1^-^0 y® m tu n: iti)} a ^ so written ii -M, y -27?, -uj -ih, and o^y 
-#£#. Pers. <* — 5 anc. P. -hy, Z. -hi, Sans. -s/. 

-y (/u&, AY. 80, 2. s. human faeces, excrement, ordure, night-soil; 
usually written -uu #i«/?. Pers. &S , or s.J . The reading is uncertain. 

v(^ /#?, or /«/*, AY. 17, i2. s. a harlot, a prostitute; also written 

>0 AVI, or 22, num. ciph. (generally circumflexed) an occa- 
sional variant of y a XII, produced by joining the ciphers. 

j^£)0 gdh, s. a place, a throne, a seat; see -^OOStX^v* tdkht- 
gdh] usually written -^-^ #«$• Pers. alT, anc. P. gdthu, Z. >^oa«Q5,. 

•am^ -2/^s/i (trad. -2 # /i«) adv. suf. affixed to adjectives, and some 
substantives, to form adverbs (see Jl O(3^ JJ ) J 0" i W Mtveshkdryish, 
-*00)pJiO* Qvdrunyish, -^OO^OfOO 1 afsoskaryish, -^OO/VO* av $- 
bimyisli, JL Q(3^00 dddyish, etc.). As. -«s/i . 

-*£)£} -?/?«, pi. suf. used for forming the plural of a few nouns, 
but more frequently in later writings (see -*Q0^O* afdihd, J iyyTO)^y s} 



172 -MX>0 

khrafstarihd, Jl 00- 1, U bandaklhd, -A(X)fQ))£j postihd, «*00K J ftl)^OO 
dddistdnihd \ a 00))^OO shatrdihd, -A^O^d)) nipikihd, and -J^O- 1 ^ 

danukihd)] in -JQOHfty khaduinakihd the suf. seems altered into jwv 
-/*a. Pers. L^ , 

•A(X)0 shedd, (trad, shahd) AY. 28, 2. s. a devil, a demon, a fiend; 
often the personification of an evil passion, or a physical evil;' pi. 
)*0000 shSdddn, AY. 1,26. 5,n. 17,n 5 i 8 . 41,43,49,50,70,3. 48, 2 . 
53,4. G8,i3. 99,5. GF. 4, 15, 26. 5,6. Hn. 3, is. )ft)OO0 shedddno, AY. 
5,8,13.68,3. GF. 3, 75. 4,26. Sas.pl. f\J3?22 sheddn, Heb. W, Chald. 
Tfifj 1V/ , Syr. jSjI^ As. s/dw; Paz. syn. (rare in Pahl.) ^^, or j(j, (/ct>. 

-*(X)O0 shedayyd, AY. 31,3. s. pi. devils, demons, fiends; or it 
may be merely a variant of o(X)0 s hcdd. Chald. emph. pi. NjTl?j 

^OJO^OOOO shcdayyd-yazakifi, AY. 25,6. s. devil-worship, de- 
mon-service, sinful practices; see the following-. -*QQO0 shedat/yd -f 
£} 7/as (crd. of ))^>C^ yctshtano) -j- adj. suf. } -afe + abst. suf. u^ 
-Z/i; Paz. syn. HU^Od* 3 dec-yazakih (comp. Z. -uCjujjjiJ»^UA). 

/\>)G>000 shedar-ydzakih , Hn. 2,28. s. see the preceding. -Q() 
sfccc/« (for 0(30(5 6-/zct/<:/) + ^£>o 2/asaA; (Z. -uCjlujj in ^Cjuj>,>.u>>j(j.dj) 

+ abst. suf. u(* -2/i. 

^MOOOO Shdhpuhar, Dk. 144, s. 151, 13. pr. n. the second, ninth, 
and eleventh, kings of the Sasanian dynasty bore this name; they were, 
respectively, Shdhpuhar-i Artakhshatardn who reigned A.D. 240-271, 
Shdhpuhar-i Auharmazddn who reigned A.D. 309-379, and Shdhpu- 
har-i Shdhpuhardn who reigned A.D. 383-388. Sas. ?2^2q.^"22 
Shahpuhari, Pers. ;*>L£ . 

vt\fcOOOO Gdychc-mard, GF. 6, 5. pr. n. Gayomard, the first man 
and progenitor of the human race, whose name has remaincd^in use 
among the Parsis; commonly written fly-£)00 Gctydmard. Z. gen. 

k\Ow»6 • )00»)0' , ' ,i, Q£> Peis - ^y*/*^ 



^OOO - WO 173 

COO0 shad, AY. 8,5. adj. glad, pleased, happy, joyful, cheerful. 
Pers. oLc, Z. -uyjufty (p. p. of shd). 

^O^OOO skddtk, AY. 5,7. 15, ig. 101,29. GF. 5, 5. /\>^)O0 shddih, 
AY. 15,7. Hn. 3,4o. s. gladness, pleasure, happiness, joy, rejoicing; 
see -J^^)O0 £2*1 visp-shdclih. — ^)<X) ^«</ + a bsf. su ^- ^0 '^5 
PerSi ^oLo, anc. P. shiydti, Z. j^jjjmjj. 

^JOOO Shahpiihar, Dk. 151, 4. pr. n. a variant of J-wjfcXJOO 
Shdhpuhar. 

-XJ^DO shahih, GF. 3, ss. s. monarchy, sovereignty, royalty. Pers. 
^.aX-, or ^&Li. This reading is uncertain. 

y^O yadaddn, or yazddn (trad, yahdn) AY. 13,7. GF. 1,25. 
)WO yadaddno , or yazddno, AY. 11, 15. s. pi. spirits who are to be 
worshiped, or praised; angels, or spiritual personifications of celestial 
and terrestrial existences in the good creation; sing. )c£XJ ycdatd] 
this pi. form is, however, generally used for 'God' (like the Heb. pi. 
EVftN) as the concentration of all spiritual objects of worship, see )*()0 
Yadaddn, AY. J, 14,26, 29. '2, 14. 4, 17. 5, 11. 13,6. 14,3. 17, Ye. 56,4. 
68,8,11. GF. J,i,4. 2,12. 6,3,6. Hn. 2,19,23. ))*ooT«(telfl«o,AV.1,o. 
73,8. GF. 2, 16. Sas. pfpj? Yaztdn and ^)J? Yazddn, Pers. 
^jfjyj , Z. sing, -xyuCujH} . * 

ft)0 -shan't ))*(JO shandy pron. suf. of 3 d pers. pi. them, their; 
of (to, for, by, or through) them; it is usually affixed to an adv., or 
conj., at the beginning of a clause in the sentence (see )*yOO* ctfshdn, 
>*OOfO Ji adinshdn, yw# p amatshdn, fiji^^j* aihgshdn, ft>01TO£ 
chigwishdn, Yi}0$^ zyashdn, and ¥i}0)£ munshdn), or to a piep. in 
the middle of a clause (see YW& azshdti); but when the clause has 
no initial adv. , or conj. , the suf. occurs in the unattached form fQQ** 
ashdn (see in alphabetical order), either at the beginning, or in the 
midst, of the clause; and in some cases the vowel ji a- may be found 
omitted. Pers. ^Lx ; ^ -ash -f pi. suf. yv -an. 



174 wo - yro 

WO :*kd% )WO sMno, pi. suf. used for forming the plural of 
f6^) valman, and perhaps a few other pronouns occasionally. Pers. 
^jL^— . in mUwjI and ^L&J . 

^WO sh&nak, AY, 5J, 62, 87, 2 . 79,4. 90,5. s. a comb, a fork, a 
pitchfork, Pers. &jl*& , 

^OOW^-f WO Yadaddn-minishnyish, or Yazddn-mainishnyish, 
AY. 101,25. adv. mindful of God, with attention to God. WO Yada- 
ddn + Y^Y-G rriinishn, to which compound adj. is added the adv. 
suf. -jqq -yish. 

DftD^^OO s hdyastano\ v. to be necessary, to be proper, to be 
fit, to suit, to be possible, to be able, to be capable; pret. fQ)^^0 
shayast, GF. 3, 21.; pres. 3 d sing. C^^QO shci-yctd, AY. 18, 7, 9. GF. 2, 30. 
3, 88. N. 78,io.; pres. 3 d pi. ^)HJOO shdy6nd : GF. 2,37. (usually con- 
nected with an inf. and having the meaning of the auxiliaries 'must, 
ought, should, can, may'). Pers. ^JC*oL&, Z. khshi, Sans, kshi, 'to rule'. 

y$ jch, Hn. 3,39. s. a harlot, a prostitute, a courtezan; see 
)0 M z - W>Vy- 

y^ XIII, or 1 5, num. ciph. an occasional variant <>fV^3 A7i/, 
produced by joining the ciphers. 

-uyO shibd, GF. 2,73. num. seven; often expressed by the ciphers 
fy*»* VIM, D^ptf, Chald. JDtf, fc^?tf> ^y3^« Syr.. ^L Aj |ial, Ar. 






«a^, auu«u/; Paz. syn. ^^y /^/7. 

Jl^tVDyO ychabunddano, ))^))y\D ychabdntand (trad, dab ana- 
tan) AY. 3, ig. 49, 9. Dk. 151, 10. N. 77, 3. v. to give, to grant, to bestow, 
to contribute, to present, to emit, to furnish, to afford; past part. 
^y)|v>0 ychabundd, AY. 84, 2. ^)))>0 ychabnnd, AY. '2, 17. 15, 45, 75, 
84,6. 20,51,2. G3, 70, 87, 89, 7. 69,9. T7, 8 . 83,5. Hn. 2, 17. ^|))>0 0»)£J 
frdz ycliabund. AY, 2, 30. given up, handed over, )^)))>0 ychabunto, 



6*b -■ d &Ms 175 

AV. 68, g.; pret; ^O 3 )))^ -"H bard ychabundd , Hn. 2, 33,34. 8,33. 
gave out, sent out, set, ^>))\>0 ychabund, AV. 17, 19. 93, 94, 5, g. 95,5. 
Hn. 2,28. ^v^MHD ychabiinto, Dk. 15J,i.; pres. 1 st sing;. £))yo yeha- 
bunam, AY. 87,8. GF. 2, 46. 3, 76, 97. 4, 17.; pre?. 2 d sing. -J(^)))^ ycha- 
bunih, GF. i,u. 4, 2.; pres. 3 (1 sing. e£}))j>0 yehabwied, AV. 48, 3. 54,4. 
Hn. 2,15.; pres. 3 d p ]. $^ yehabund, AY. 27,38,41,2.; fut. 2 d pi. 
CC5H )^ -°)i bard ychabimcd, AY. 2, 22. (or perhaps imper. 2 d pi. with 
bard, 'hand over'); imper. 2 d sing. ))yo yehabtm, GF. 8,73,79.; imper. 
2 d pi. ^0|))^ yehabuned, AY. 1,38. Heb. UiT, Chald. ag£ Syr. casiH-, 
Ar. CJ&5 ; Paz. syn. ))0£>O dddano, whose term. ))tfy -ddano is some- 
times adopted by its Huz. equivalent. This verb lis often written 
with a circumflex over its first letter, in accordance with its traditional 
pronunciation. 

£jj£} shap, or shav, AY. 4, 12. 17, 2. s. a night; pi. ^£J~y shapdn, 
J^dJ^O s h a P® n °i m Y°6^0 Gf yom-shapdn] AY. 2,35. j^^j^j £p 
ydm-shapdno, AY. 2,32. 3,2. GF. 3, s4. yA>£)-^ ) A> yom va shapdn, 
AV. i8,ii. )^J^3-J0 ) ■£)* yom va shapdno, GF. 3, 83. days and nights. 
Pers. ^.Ji, i^a.v^, or «.,&, anc. P. khshapct) Z. nom. -w^jjj w^/y , Sans. 
kshapd ; Huz. syn. -JQ-W lelyd. 

ajj£JJ0 shapdh, AY. 28, 52,2. 50,3. adj. darting, goading, pricking. 

Comp. Pers. ^.^j 'jumping', Z. -^CjifC-">>Wp , 7 Sans, lishap, or fts/i/p, 

'to cast'. 

^dJ^O s l ia pdn, s. a shepherd; pi. ^^£JJ0 shapdndn, AY. 15, 1, 
48,7. Pers. ^La^o, It is also the pi. 0." £)j^ s/mp, 'a night'. 

^ej-^o sha v tr -> ^v. 4 ? 25 - 5 > 3 - 12 5 8 - 13 > 5 - i4 ? 17 - 68 ? 9 - 10J )2B. 

GF. 2, 2, G, 14, 15, 27, 46, G7, 71, 74. 3, l 7 , 1 9, 34, 54, 92. Hn. 1, 1 1 , 16, 21 , 26, 3 1 , 3G. 

2,26,27,29. Dk. 145,8. N. 77,1. adj. good, well, excellent, (often used 
as a comp.) AY. 1,32. GF. 2,4,29. N. 76,9. better; pi. used as a s. 
^.b^jjy sliapirdn, AY. 17, 19. 27,3:1,89,7. 45,6. 08, fi ,io e used as an 



adj. ))am3£J~^) sftapifdno, N. 76, 2. Sas. /9Q.-22 shapir, Chald. TQ^, 
Syr. j.^^: Paz. syn. ^) re/>. 

^O-kfcJ-O shapirih, AY. 47,6. 68,19,20. s. goodness, good ; excel- 
lence, virtue. J^^j-^ sliapir -j- abst. snf. jy -£//; Paz. syn. -\)-^) 
vfliih. 

■^6^0 shafik) AY. 58, 5. adj. dirty, filthy. Comp. Pers, oi-i 
and L.&. The sadra, or sacred shirt, of the Parsis is expressed by the 
same Pahl. letters. 

^-^CJ-V Skapikdn, Dk. 151, 10. ))*>-*>£) Jy Shapikdno, Dk. 150,3. 
pr. n. the treasury where a copy of the Avesta and Zand (the Parsi 
scriptures) was deposited; also written ^-^^jy Shaspikdn, ))*0^^O 
Shaspigdno, and ))*>£J-K^ Shapdno, but the readings are uncertain. 

tfy£ dad, AY. 47, 6 . 101, 19. GF. 3,55. Hn. 1,2. s. a law, a rule, 
a regulation, an ordinance, a decree, justice. Pers. o\^ , anc P. dfafa, 

Z. -M^OJUJA . 

?t>0 ^^j )^O0 ddtd, p. p. and prer. of ^^>0 dddano. 

mM ^0 s hitd, GF. 2,72. num. six; often expressed by the ciphers 
)»j» . Heb. tftf, iW) Chald. ntf, JTtf, Nntf, Syr. 2u, }L, Ar. 

2 Sc: 

v^.w, xZw; Pa/, syn. *J(}Jy shash. 

^■"^OO ^rf^j AY. 17 ^- 101,i3. lu^xJ ddddr, AV. 61, 6.100,4. 
101,2c. lln. I, 2, 1. s. a creator; the nsunl title of -u£yoyo Auharmazd. 
From ))C£XJ dddano, IT.; Z. voe. (Isi^jjj^ , Pers. xf^lo. 

^^OO Adddr^ a. a giver, a grantor, a bestower; see J^^O"^^ 
frf'h-ddddr. From ))C£x3 dddano, I.. Z. nom. ace. pi. .^ta^^ • 

^O^d^OO ddd-parish, OF. 1,4,9. adj. negligent of the law, enre- 
loss of the ordinances, remiss in the observances. C^X? ddd -f *J(jJ£) 
parish. 

^yyoXig) ^y^j ddd-pasukhoih , AY. 26, 5. 63, e. s. justificatory 






*tf>o - )$>o 177 

reply, vindication, defiance. C£>0 ddd -(- yo&& pasukhd , to which 
compound adj. is added the abst. suf. -jq -ih. 

^°rO)^00 dddistdn, AY. 1, 17. 79, 9. )^>ftl)COO dddistdno, N. 78, s. 
s. a decree, a sentence, doom, lot, a judgment, a decision, an opinion, law, 
justice, impartiality; see )-uft2)COOjf ham-dad istdn. PI. -JQO^ft^^OO 
dddisfdnihdy Dk. 145, 2. Pers. ^Lcw^fo, Paz. ddestd. 

^OV^ftD^OO dddistdnih, AY. 1,15. s. a code of laws, a judicial 
code, decisions, opinions. ^pQ)COO dddistdn + abst. suf. ^j -ill, which 
is, however, perhaps added to the compound adj. ^JtD^OO C^P javhl- 
dddistdn, 'disagreeing, dissenting', comp. /^^pQJ^OOJJ' ham-dddi- 
stdnih, 

-D090O dddyish, AY. 20,5. -JQO^OO dddyish, AY. 15,5. 101,24. 
adv. lawfully, legally, justly, properly, religiously, tfjy dad -f- adv. 

Suf. JQ(J -?/fo/i. 

*&£{}dddak) s. an administrator of justice, a judicial officer, a justice 
of the peace, a police magistrate; pi. ^CgJO dddakdn, AY. 15, 10. 
Pers. d^h. 

^JOO shatman^ AY. 69,4. GF. 2, 17. s. the backside, posteriors, 

i^,t,™ Go So^. 

buttocks, the fundament. Heb. CH?i Syr. <-*l*j, j2uj, Ar. o^aaJ, x^; 
Paz. syn. j)4 kun. 

)^t>0 ycdato (trad, jdtan) AY. 5,3. GF. 8.33,72,77,7s. s. a spirit 
who is to be worshiped, or praised; an angel, a yazad, or good spirit; 
see ))tf)0 ))tfy Atard ycdato ; (rarely) Hn. 2, 0. God. Pi. see yw 
yadaddn. Pers. Oyj, or tXjf, 'God'; Z. nom. ■^■"Wk** 

J^OO ddtd, p. p. of ))^X5 dddano. 
\)^0<J ddtobar, AY. 91,4. adj. used as s. one who upholds 
the law, a judge, an administrator of justice; pi. J^Jj^OO ddtobardn, 
AY. 1,9. — )^>0 ddt ° C— ^OO *Wi ' law ') +3 &ft ^ ( crd * of M<$)J 
burdano); Pers. >^!t>, Jfo|<>, or^fj. 



ision 



178 ,KH> 

-XpOfOO datoharth) AY. J, 17. 79, 8 . s. justice, a legal deci 
a decree, a sentence, an award. 'O^OO ddtobar -\- abst. suf. ~ii* th ; 
Pers. ^J^lo, or ^5;;t^. 

5)^O0 yutuk, GF. 3,53. s. a sorcerer, a wizard, a magician, a 
necromancer; see ^)^>0 J ^)0* Akht-i ydtuk. PI. p^)^>0 ydtukdn, 
AY. 5, s . GF. 5,6. Pers. ^L> ., Z. >yuipo , Sans. ?y«£i/,, 'a demon'. 

^)^O0 ddtokar, Dk. 145, 1. s. <m administrator of justice, a ma- 
gistrate. Pers. Sc>\£> , 

^OJI^OO ycttukth, AY. 35,5. 76,8. 81,7. GP. 4, 10. s. sorcery, 
witchcraft, magic. A)Cg>0 ydtuk + abst. suf. jy -2/*; Pers. ^.ol^.. 

M^OO shatrd, AY. 1,4,9,10,12. 2, 15. 3, e. 67,7. GF. 1,2,3,7-9. 
Dk. 150,7,8. s. a city, a town, a country, a realm; pi. -J^0))^OO 
shatrdihd] Dk.150,9. Sas. 92^^22, or 9/^22, shatrf, Z. -Jc^g); 
Sans, kshetra, c a field', Pers. *-$-&. 

M^OO dddano , v. I.) to give, to grant, to bestow, to present; 
past part. tfy£ £ ^> ^- 15 > 3 - ^4,7. 55 > 6 - ®F. 2 > 46 - 4 > 2G - see ^OOHr^C 
yasliariibo-ddd; pret. ^g^ (/ad, AY. 4, 23. 26, 5. Hn. 2, 5, 10. ft}{} dad, 
AY. 31,7. II.) to create, to make, to form, to produce; past part, ftyy 
ddd, see ^yu-u£y*yo Aidiarmazd-ddd, J^OO ddtd, see -u^yoy* 
l^OO Auhawnazd-ddto. Pers. jj^lo c to give', anc. P. Z. efd, Sans. 
dd and cZ/w ; Huz. syn. ))^M)>0 yehabuntano. 

)mj3juv))^^ Shatro-iydrdno, Dk. 144, 10. patron, adj. the Shahar- 
yaran, descended from Shaharyar. i-*0»))^)O Shatrd-iydr (for i^j))^>0 
Shatro-ydr) + patron, suf. )yo -duo. 

^X> M ))900 Shatrd-aiyydr, GF. 6, 5. pr. n. see ^^))^>0 Shatro- 
ydr, the Huz. J-uyQii aiyydr being substituted for the Paz. )uy ydr. 

H^M^OO ydtuntano (trad, jdtfinatan) v. to come, to arrive, to 



ItfKJ 179 

happen, to arise; past part. ^))cOO y&tund, AY. 3,6. 4, 10,4. 11,8,9. 
41,8. (used as a s.) AY. 4,4. coming, ^))^X) — -uu bard — ydtuncl, 
Hn. 2, 36. come forth, ^))^£X) — J*>yoj lakhvdr — ydtttnd, AY. 17, i. 
come back, returned, )^))^>0 K5 lfi n ydtunto, Dk. 150,5. come unto, 
continued, remained; pret. ^))^Xj ydtund, AY. 1,4, 43. 3,8. 10, 2 , e. 53, 
69,4. 64,2,3.73,78,3. GF. I,i4. 3, 77. Hn. 2, 20. 3, 19. )^))^g}0 ydtunto, 
Dk. 149,5., ^))^>0 -°M bard ydtund, AY. 1, 15. 17, u. 19, 86,2. Hn. 
2,37. came forth, issued, ^))^£>0 J**y*J lakhvar ydtund, AY. 3,2. GF. 
3,84. came back, returned; pres. 1 st sing. -£))^)0 ydtfmam, GF. 1, is.; 
pres. 3 d sing. ^))^>0 y&tuncd, AY. 17, 10. GF. 3, 6 e. 4,7., ^))^>0 -*MJ 

bard ydtuncd, AY. 4, 17. comes forth, issues; fut. 3 d sing. -uu 

^OMSOO 'bard — ydtuncd, GF. 4, 19.; imper. 2 d sing. ))^>0 -*MJ 
bard ydtun, AY. 5,7. 10, 12. GF. 1,23. 3,47,67. 4,8. come on, come 
along, come again, ))^>0 — OM£J frdz — ydtun, GF. 1,12. come up. 
Heb. nnx, Chald. KHK, Syr. jlf, Ar. bl; Paz. syn. ))#£ dmadano, 
or ))y>£ ma dano. 

))^D^OO sheduntano, v. to shed, to send forth, to send; also 
written ))^)>O0 sheduntand] past part. ^)}^)0 shedtincl, GF. 3, 7s.; 
pret. ^))^)0 shedund, AY. 73,2. GF. l,u.; pres. 3 d sing. ^)^>0 

shedilned, GF. l,ie. 3,72.; fut. 3 d sing. ^))}^>0 lM M bard — 

shcduncd, AY. 2, 15. Heb. r\J£ 'to cast forth', Chald. Xlf 'to shed, cast', 
Syr. j^* Paz. syn. ))tf}flQV£J firisticlano (Pers. ^^U^i). If these 
be the correct Semitic equivalents, this verb must be a contraction of 
yeshduntano. 

^°fQ)))^00 shatrostdn, GF. 6,6. s. a city. Pers. ^Lcw^co. 

^OM^OO Shatro-ydr, GF. 6, 5. pr. n. 'friend of the country', a 
common man's name among Parsis both ancient and modern; also 
written J-^Jj^OO and ^O^^OO' Pers. jLj&Z. 



180 I^OO - ^^0 

J^f^OO ddtogub (trad, jddangob) adj. speaking justice, pro- 
nouncing the law, arbitrating, mediating; pi. used as a s. )^lV)tf)0 ^«ft>- 
gubd?i r AY. 15, is. arbitrators, umpires, mediators, intercedcrs. )&}{} 
(lata (= ^y{^ dad, daw') -f IV gub (crd. of ))^£jy guftano). 

WJCOO Shatvfiro, or Shatvairo, GrF.6,i. pr. n. the ameshaspend, 
or archangel, who is said to have special charge of metals, and is styled 
J^ii^A karddrtar , 'the more active', as he supplies abundance of 
wealth for all (He extra fol. * 10-11); his name is applied to the sixth 
month and fourth day of each month in the Parsi year. Z. inst. . -u/C^^Dp' 
-jjjj/W? ; Pers. ^j^ij or ^>^. 

■0*000 ydzdahum, GF. 2, 55. num. eleventh ; sometimes expressed 
by the ciphers £) \^ . Pers. ,*s> J>\L> . 

)j$ ddr, AV. 88,2. s. wood, timber, a tree, a gibbet, a gallows. 
Pers. vlt>, Z. >/>jwa, Sans. ddru. 

j^ ddr, crd. of JltfJO^O c ^htand. 

3jy» ydr, s. a friend, a lover, an adherent; see j^sJ^yo llur- 
mazd-ydr, 3j^^ Rdm-ydr : )^^yx> Srosh-ydr, and 3j(j))^^ 
Shatro-ydr. Pers. vL>, Huz. jj^Qm aiyydr. 

ju)jvt Ddrdi, or Ddrdk, Dk. 150, 1. pr. n. Darius, a king of the 
Acheemenian dynasty. Anc. P. nom. Ddrayavush, Pers. |Jt>. 

y^si)^ Ddrdydn, or Ddrdkdn, Dk. 150, 1. patron, adj. the Da- 
rayan, descended from Darai. -jw3,j^ Ddrdi + patron, suf. yu -an. 

))<^>yV^j dcklduntano (trad, ddlanatan, or ddrrunatan) v. to fear, 
to dread, to apprehend; past part. ^)>i)u^ dekhlund, AV. 53,5.; Imper. 
'2 d sing. )$-■($ dekhlun, AV. 53,9. GF. 3,78. Chald. im, Syr. <C?: 
Paz. syn. )jtf}.tt)^ tarstdano. The )i) is an old form of )/ fw« 

^3j^ ddrishn, AY. 68,24. s. having, keeping, possession, hold, 






■^■0 - -0^0 181 

retention, custody. 3j$ c ^ fr ( C1 ^- °* D^tXJ^O ddsKtono) + a ^ st - su f. 
jaq -&An; Pcrs j^y^; Huz. syn. j'OjjO^O yakhsenunishn. 

V^y shdrm : AY. 68, 24. s. shame, disgrace, confusion, bashfulncss, 
modesty. Pers. *w^o , Z. -w^/jjjv^^ . 

c£y^ dared, pres. 3 d sing, of JjtfX?-^ dd s M an °- 

jj)jq ddrin, AY. 69,2.09,3. )pi-\J da rim , AY. 92, 1. adj. 

wooden. 3^ {/«r -f- adj. suf. u -?w. 

•<5-J(j das, AY. 60,3. -0^(3 das, AY. 67, 3. s. a sickle, a reaping- 
hook, a bill-hook, a scythe. Pers. u*jt}. 

"0^0 #^ S > ^^"" ^J 27, ^J 31 ' ^» 9 * ^> ^> 3 * ^T 1 ? 11 ' l 4 j «, 17, 20. 15, 9, 

16. 69,io. 101,27. Hn. '2,12,31. 3,2. *0-\3 ^' 5 ' ^ n * ~> 2 > 7 " s * a P* ace ' a 
locality, a station, a position, a situation, a site, a seat, a couch, a di- 
van, a throne. Pers. slj^ anc. P. cjdihu, Z. >^>.«JQ2,; Huz. syn. ^j^jjj 
arshaya, 'a throne'. It is often difficult to distinguish this word from 
the next, and in AY. 2,27. it may be taken in the sense of either 
'place', or 'time*. 

-{j-Hj fjcis. s. I.) AY. 15,5. GF. 2,45,72. -0-»(3 9<* s -> ^- ^> 9 - a 
time, a period, a season. II.) N, 77,5. 126,2. one of tbe five watches 1 
or divisions, of the day and night (in the winter, four) ; see Mkh. glos. 
p. 88. Pers. sU': probably connected with the following word. In 
GrF. 2, 45. N. 78,9. it may be doubted whether 'time', or 'place', be the 
correct meaning. 

*0"H3 #^ s ' ^ n * ^' 5# s * a B y mil 5 one °f the fi ye gathvSy or sacred 
poems, which form the most ancient part of the Yasna, or chief liturgi- 
cal scripture of the Parsis; also one of the five supplementary days 
which follow the last month in order to complete the Parsi year, and 
which are named after the five gdthas respectively. PI. ^k)J0-j(^ gcisdn, 
AY. 2,33. 4,26. 7, 12,7. Hn. 2, 29. ^)jtfj^ tjasan, AY. 8, 5. GrF. 5, 3. the 
five sacred hymns. Z. -hqw^ Sans, gdthd. The pi. y»&~\) gdsdn 
is written precisely the same as j*(^^ dahisTin in many MSS. 



182 »*>->o - tfjO^O 

iiJi^jADu^ gdsdnbdr, GF. 2, 72. s. a season festival (Z. -ujj/jxw^) 
of which six are held during the com so of the year, on the 45 th , 105 th , 
ISO 111 , 211 th , 290 th , and 365 th , days of the Parsi year; see Mkh. glos. 
p. 81-82. Pers. \\jAStkt, ; lu^, ;l*Mlf, or Xj^. 

i)yo&~Hj gdsdnik, AY. 4, 10. 17,6. ±)ys)£>~i£ gdsdnik, Hn. 3, 4. adj. 
belonging to the gdthas, or sacred hymns, metrical, rhythmical, in verse. 
jaj^u^ gdsdn (pi. of -^-J(3 gds 'a hymn') + adj. suf. 43 -ik. 

IW^^O Shaspigdno, AY. 1, is. pr. n. sec ^)A)£)j^ Shapihdn. 

Dy^TO^O yukhsemmtand. (trad, jdsunatan) v. to have, to possess, 
to keep, to preserve, to maintain, to hold, to consider, to regard, to 
fancy, to think; pres. 1 st sing. -^JfO^O yakhscnunam, GrP, 4 , 1 e . ; pre?. 
3 d sing. c^jjO^O ydkhscnuncd , AY. 54, s. 64, 10. GF. 2,64,67. 3,34. 
4,20. Hn. 2,39., C^jO^O ^Y * lakhvdr yakhsenuned, GF. 2,26. holds 
back, keeps away, e^jfO^O — £$ madam yakhsenuned, AY. 54,5. 
has upon, possesses, contains; pres. 1 st pi. A^fO^O yakhscnunem, AY. 
80,3.; pres. 2 d pi. ^IJtJ-^ yahhscnuned, AY. 101,23,24. GF. 1, it,.; 
pres. 3 d pi. ^jTjjy yakhscnund, AY. 13, 1. GF. 3, 44, 51.; imper. 2 d pi. 
S"O)JtH0 yahhscnuned, AY. 6, s . 10J, 19. Chald. jpn ; Pa/, syn. fj^O^O 
ddshtano which is generally used for the p. p. and pret. in Pahl. 

WJKJ^O yakhscnwiishn, AY. 2, 13. GF. 3, c4. ))*O)T0^O Ijakhscnu- 
nishno, GF. 3, 88. s. possession, keeping, preservation, maintenance. JfO^O 
yakhsenun (crd. of Jj^jfO^O yakhscnuntano) -f- abst. suf. ^ -islm ; 
Paz. syn. JH))-^ ddrishn. 

M^OO^O ddshtano, Dk. 150,3,9. ))^00^6 ddshtano, GF. 3, 21. v. 

to have, to possess, to keep, to preserve, to maintain, to hold, to con- 
sider; jj^OO^O $ madam ddshtano, GF. 1,21,2s. to hold up, to 
withdraw, to cany away; past part. ^OO^O ddsht, AY. 2,33. 15, 2 . 
17,21. 27,53,5. 34,73,7. 40, 44, s. 67, 3,7,9. 69, 72,8.75,80,6. GF.l,i 5 . 
Jin. 2,30. ^OO^CJ ddsht i AY. 69, 10. 84, 5. Dk,144,n. J^OO^O d^shto, 



AY. 89,8., ^OO^O """H hard ddsht, Iln. 2, is. 3,'iy. kept on, con- 
tinned, ^XJ^O ***)*** lakhvdr ddsld, AY. 48, 7. 77, .9. 92,4. kept back, 
withdrawn, COO~*0 &) V(( J ddsht, AY. 23,5. the grace was attended 
to, or muttered; pret. ^XJ^O d**$hti ^ • r °i ~ ( ^ ^2, 5 - ^, ^, "^ u ^^ 7 - 
8^,-2. )^OO^0 dfisMd'. Dk. 145^; crcl - ^-V — r ' seo ^HU^tyMJ 2 X ^~ 
kdrdar] pres. 3 d sing, tfy-JM dared, AY. 46,2. Pers. wa^Ij, anc. 
P. Z. </«r, Sans. dhri; Huz. syn. M^JjO^O yakhsehunlano which is 
generally used for the pres. in Pahl. 

A^yj-j^ dakhshakj Hn. 2, 3, 35. s. a mark, a sign, a characteristic, 
a blemish, a defect. Z. -u^J^£y.ua. 

ja(3j$ dahishn, Hn. 3, 20. 5^^ dahishno, Hn. 2f2i. Dk. 151,6. 
s. creation, formation, production, origin; (also) a gift, a donation; see 
yi^S-Hj dahishn. ^j dah (crd. of ))^}-fJ ddddno) -(- abst. suf. y^ 
-ishn\ Pers. ^ii^D 'a gift'; Huz. syn. ^0)))>O ychabunislm. 

jjao*)^^ Baliishn-aiyijdr, GF. 6,2. pr. n. 'friend of the crea- 
tion', a Parsi priest who lived in the twelfth century A. D. yi^^(j dah- 
ishn -}- 3^o« aiyydr. 

-^OyiS^O dahishnih, see ^j^j^ VHr ^^dk-dahishnih . 

•^O^O s ^ as ^ im ) ^F. 2,32. num. sixth; sometimes expressed by 
the ciphers .ftpy*. — ^-"O s ^ a ^ (Pers. ji^i, Z. • > Q^» ^CC l> ; ? 
Sans, shasli) -f ord. suf. ■£") -wra; Pers. ^, 

))JtlH J shikastdno, Y - to break, to shatter, to demolish, to destroy, 
to ruin; past part. ffl)j*{j -wjj hard shikast . AY. 75,2. broken up, 
fractured, dislocated. Pers. ^CwJCi, Z. 5c/iu/, Sans, chhid: Huz. syn. 
Mft2))ri^° tcbrunastano. 

-*>)4-ty shukuh, AY. 14, 9. s. pomp, grandeur, magnificence, dignity. 
Pers. aJdi. 



184 )^ - w 

v^dJI^-Kj s^^A ^/V. 1^> 9 - 101,io. p.p. used as adj. astonished, 
amazed, admired, wonderful, surprising, admirable. Pers. .waaCw, 
^wCi«X«i, or ^JuUaC»£, 'to wonder'. 

^d))"^ shikuftak, see the preceding; in a^o^j^j^ e^yjj har- 
visp-shikuftak, AY. 15, 21. all-admired. 

O^dJB^O shik&ftich] GF. 3, 53,70. p.p. used ns s. with conj. what 
is rough also, a difficulty too, a perplexity oven, a dilemma indeed. 
^*£JH<ty shikuft (Pers. oJiJCi 'crooked, uneven') -f Q -left. 

^)j*{} Yazdakard, GF. 0,4. t^B'ty Yazdakartd, Dk. 14.4, 10. pr. 
n. the last king of the Sasanian dynasty, who reigned A.T). 632-651, 
and from the beginning of whose reign, 10 th June 632, the Parsi era 
A.Y. 1 is counted; some colophons, however, appear to be dated from 
his 20 th year; three of his predecessors bore the same name about two 
centuries previously. Pers. oS^^ Sas. ?£v!3-^ Yazdakarti. The 
initial $J5 has become J^ , probably through the intermediate forms 
2& and 3-(} . 

-D^ojaj^ Yazdakartlik, GF. 6,1. in K20, adj. of the era of Yaz- 
dakard, A.Y. — y*H-*(j Yazdakard -f- adj. suf. A) -ik. 

-ai))4 -Vj shekondj GF. 2, 3, 18,21, 24, 2s, 33. 35, sg, ss, 43, 50, 53, 50, 03, 6c. 
3,2,13,18,28,37,42, 05,87,90,93,90. s. misery, wretchedness , privation, 
destitution, penury. Comp. Hob. Chald. HIjSpD 'poverty', Syr. jlojuaaio, 
Ar. zjJLvj.* , 

A^ouAj^ shikinjak, AY. 31,2. s. the rack, a block, an apparatus 

for torture. Pers. kjsUJCco . 

w^ shem, AY. 1, 0,34, 35„ 2,19. GF. 1,7,9. Jin. 2, 0. s. a name, 
an appellation, a title, renown, fame. ITeb. D#> Chald. D#> Dltfi Syr. 

S c G ^ G G > 

>oI, Ar. *.-u;J , ***, |v-w. jv^, As. shumuj Paz. syn. (rare in Pahl.J 



4to - - Mto 185 

^ dam, AY. 17,18. jfo r/am, AY. 98, 6 . GF. 2,17,20,23,26. 4, 15, 
16,1s, .9. s. a creature, a created being, the animate creation (contrasted 
with }*0<ty dahishn, or j^-ty dahishn, 'the inanimate creation', but it 
is sometimes used for the whole creation); pi. y*>fo daman, AY. 33,6. 
W-£t3 daman, AY. 15, 12. Hn. 2, 23. Pers. Jo, Z. nom. -juG£a» 

^ //am, AY. 2, 24. 4, 7. 7-10, 1. 17,27,28. GF. 2,20,22. Hn. 2,33, 
34. 3,33. s. a footstep, a step, a stride, a pace. Pers. JS^ Z. -ugjuuM. 

Wj Jam. AY. 2,29, 30. s. a cup, a goblet, a flagon, a drinking-vessel, 
a bowl. Pers. j*U*; comp. Z. -jjGjwj^ 'glass' in the compound 4c ju, ) i O 
pjLu^jjjjjg) 'from a glass -manufacterei', Yend. 8,35.; Huz. syn. £y±G 
maiiman. 

^5iJWA Jdmdsp, AY. 11, 3,16. pr. n. the chief highpriest who is 
said to have succeeded Zaratusht in the time of king Yishtasp (see 
AY. p. 160, note 2); his name is still often adopted by Parsis. Z. 
-w^jjjuj^jlwu , Pers. ^^LU . 

Z. t-wGujC^Z- yahmdij AY. 4, u. rel. dat. sing, to whom, to which. 

J)v*)^^b yd m ti m t an o (trad, jdmtunatan) v. to arrive, to reach, 
to attain, to come ; to happen, to occur, to befall; pres. 2 d sing. -VM^vy* 
ydmtunih, GF. 2,6.; pres. 3 d sing. ^0})^^ ydmtuned, AY. 1,20,27, 
40. 16,12. 17,8. 54,3. 78,4. 87,9. GF. 2,5,31. 3,85. Hn. l,io., OM£J 
)^O))^-£0 f™ z yuwtunedQ, N. 76, 3. 77,6. 126, 2. reaches forth, extends; 
fut. o d sing. C£5))^.£(3 — -**)] hard — ydmtuned , Hn. 1, 35a. Sas. 
pret. £^2^©$^ yehamtimt, Chald. KBE, Syr. #**; the form ap- 
pears to be aph. , but without change of meaning, and the Sas. aph. is 
formed (in all the instances yet identified) by prefixing ^ ha which, 
iccording to this example, is retained after the pref. O ye, as happens 
occasionally with the Heb. hiph. ; if the. Sas. has been correctly identified, 
this verb ought to be read yehamtimt a no; Paz. syn. ))e£}i3J rasldano. 

5-£t9 J^ ma ^i AY. 15, e. GF. 1,21,23. s. a dress, a garment, clothes, 
covering; see ^.g^O* avi-jdmah Pers. &*L=^ Huz. syn. -ug))^ topd. 



186 w - ^ 

yH$ jdn, AY. 4, 19. IT, 5. 68, ir,. Hn. 2. 4. s. life, vitality, Animation. 
Pers. ^jL*. ; Huz. syn. j^jj khayd. 

)*0 "* s ^ w 3 )>*0 -fehtidj abst. suf. affixed to crude verbs to form 
future participles, as y{$))^ kuniskn, 'to be done', which however (like 
the inf.) are almost always used as abstract substantives, in the sense 

of 'what is to be done', 'an action' (see y^y p/ dmurzishih )Hyy* 

\ 
khurishn, ))H$bOy> anddzishno. ))^3i burixltiio, ate.) ; it is someiimes 

written y{$5 -ishn, or )yi$5 -ishno. Pers. v.^ , jL , or o^i. 

y^ -gan, )y{$ -gaud, a variant of the pi. suf. yo -an, occasionally 
used (in addition to the a k) when the sing, ends in a A- (see _j^y^£) 
)yi$y pattydrakgdno, y^A)yii^ rubdnikgdn, and y^Dyp rudikgdn)\ 
in all such cases the a A' is superfluous, as it is repeated in the suf. 
y^ -gdn, or -lean, and the final y{$* -kgdn merely expresses the Pers. 
final (jli'V , 

DfCD^W shndyidano, v. to esteem, to respect, to honor, to heed; 
pres. i st sing. hO±*yi$ shndycm, AY. 10J,s. Z. khshnu. In this parti- 
cular instance it may have the meaning of Pers. ^lV-oLuc, 'to hear'. 

yiSjU-uyi} shndyinishn, AY. 13,6,7. s. praise, propitiation, com- 
mendation, applause, eulogy, honor, homage, j^ny^ shndyin (crd. of 
D^OTO^TO shndyinidano) + nhsr. suf. y^ -is/m. 

M^OfO^W shndyinidano, v. to pay attention, to propitiate, to 
honor, to praise, to eulogize; past part. tf^fO^W & Huylnld. AY. 4, 27 
13,6, Hn. 2,29. Caus. of ))ft2)-U)*0 shndyidano. 

A-hjao ddndk) AY. 3, 22. adj. knowing, intelligent, sagacious, wise, 
learned; pi. used as a s. yo^ay^ ddndkdn, AY. J, 9. )yijny^ ddnd- 
kdno, AY. 101,9. the wise, sages, y^ dan (crd. of JjftDW ddnistano) 
+ adj. suf. Aij -dk] Pers. lift>. 






*W - ^w 187 

j^uj^ ddndkih, Dk. 140,2. s. knowledge, wisdom, experience, 
learning. 4JJ)*0 ddndk + abst. suf. J^ -ih ; Peis. jljfo. 

-a«)*0 shanayd, or shandk, AY. 29, 2. s. a tongue. Probably con- 
tracted from lishandk; Heb. JV^, Chald. |Bfy &G$6; Syr. ,_ll, lill, 

Ar. jjLJU, As. lishanu] Paz. syn. ^op)A) huzvdn. 

" J 0* u $O JJ > fl shndyadarih, Hn. 1,9. s. propitiation, reverence, honor, 
homage, eulogy, Jx&juy^ shndyaddr (either for Jjjtf^jj}^ shndyi- 
ddr from JjftD^W slridyidano, or for ^^fO-"^ shndyiniddr from 
DVOTC^W shndyinidano) + a bst. su ^- J ~^' 

))^°6W shuftano, v. to disturb, to disperse, to worry, to devastate, 
to ravage, to ruin, to destroy; see ))y*£JJ*0) vashuftano; pros. 3 d pi. 
^j^ shupand, or shopand, AY. 18, 13. Comp. Pers. ^^jf j& c to 
annihilate', ^JCi.&f 'to disturb', etc., Z. khshufs. Sans, kshubh. 

^;*0 shanai, or .s7ma£, (trad. sMQ AY. 1,2. 18, 54, n. GF. 1,4,9. 
2,51. 5,3.4. 6,1,4. s. a year; the Parsi year consists of twelve months 
(see jaui bidand) of thirty days each (see ^y /yarn),, and of five supple- 
mentary days (see «-M-J(3 ^ 5 ) following the last month, and which are 
named after the five gdthcts, or sacred hymns; these five days are also 
called collectively ^.D^y^j fravardikdn, 'those of the franashis \ 
because ceremonies relating to the spirits of the departed should be 
performed on them. The whole year, therefore, consists of 365 days, and 
commences now on the 21 st of September, according to the reckoning 
of the great majority of the Indian Parsis, or on the 22 d of August 
(one month, of thirty days, earlier) according to the reckoning of the 
Persian Parsis, which has been followed by a small minority of those 
in India since the 17 th June A.D. 1745 (see Avijeh-Din by Mull a Firoj, 
p. 12-14); as, however, the Parsi year does not vary in length, the date 
of its commencement retrogrades one day in the European year, every 
time a leap-year occurs, and it has so retrograded from the 16 th of June 



188 ?>-o - ^ro 

A.D. 632, in A.Y. 1, to the 22 d of August A.D. 1872, in A.Y. 1242; 

while the later new-year's day, of the 21 st of September, is said to have 
been occasioned by the ancestors of the Indian Parsis introducing an 
intercalary month into one of the years after they parted from their 
Persian brethren , which it had been customary to do once in every 
120 years in order to rectify the calendar. Heb. HitiS Chald. fcOtfi DjfcS 

Syr. ^.1.*, la*, Ar. iU.w ; Paz. syn. )**£> sal. 

4^0 shanatak, or shnatak, substituted for ^>y^ shanat in GF.1,4. 
byK2o, adj. (appended to num.) years old, years of age. ^yi$ shanat 
-\- adj. su p . a -ah; Paz. ^yn. *)u£> sdlak. 

))T*)Y(°f*to shochruntano, v. to extort, to plunder, to ravage, 
to seize; past part. ^)^£»)*0 shochrund, AY. 27, 7. Probably a shaphel 
form; comp. Chald. y^V. 'to press, squeeze', Syr. t ^L 'to press, gather', 

Ar. lAi. 'to detain'; Paz. syn. ))fly)0* avordano. 

J)*0 ddnar (trad, jdvar) s. a time, an occasion, an opportunity, 
a repetition; )y^ )yi$ ddnar ddnar, AY. 81,3. at various times, from 
time to time. Z. £/^)^3 • It is possible that the word Jj^ Jar (trad. 
jar) which explains this word in the Pah 1 . -Pa". Glos. 18,8., is merely 
a miswriting of )u) vdr — iiii bar. 

1)FQ))*0 ddnistano, v. to know, to understand, to comprehend, to 
be aware of; past part. fQ))^ ddnist, GF. 4,25. Pers. ^Juao!v>, anc. 
P. dan, Z. zan, Sans. jnd\ Huz. syn. JjftDM^O^ khavitunastano. 

J£>yi$ shusar, AY. 10,88,3. s. semen. Z. -^>£Op' . 

1)*0)*0 ddnishndj GF. 3,94. ))*0)*0 ddnislmo, Dk. 151, 3. s. know- 
ledge, learning, science. )*o c/a« (ord. of ))Jtl»*0 ddnistano) + abst. 
suf. )y^ -ishno; Pers. jjiofj. 

^)*0 sAtom (trad, sfalm) GF. 5,5. II n. 0,40. s. health, welfare, 
prosperity, pence, salutation. 11(d). Dfti^, Chald. D;#> Syr. >oL*. Ar. 






-0*0 )m 189 

.•^Ll; Paz. syn. ^cys drud. This word might also be read shnom 9 and 
be traced to Z. -ugijjjj^y 'contentment, joy'. 

■^^ dahum, GF. 2,52. num. tenth; sometimes expressed by the 
cipher ^)^. — ^ <M (Pers. sj) -f ord. suf. ^*| -«/??; Pers. *ij> , 

yyi$ jdn-iik, s. a knee; see ajj^ ^)£) frdz-jdtiuk. Pers. -.j|y, 

Z. >jdb , Sans. jdnu. 

)fi)Yi$ shnumand, N. 77,3. s. propitiation, conciliation, satisfaction; 
the sentence is incompletely extracted, and in the MS. it runs thus: 
va shnumano-i apam vispaeshdm. Z. dat. K})^ il 6<f){'0p r * 

))^M)*0 yehevuntano (trad, jdmmatan) AY. 5, u. IS, 9. 61, 7. GF. 
3,45,52. v. to be, to become, to exist; (contracted into) ^))}*0 yehevund, 
AY. 46,7. Past part. ^)))^ yehevund, AY. 1, 2, 14, is-20, 29. -,2,29. 3? 

47, 5. 4, 2S-30, 32. 7,9. 9,56,4. 13,9,11. 16,3. 17,21-23. 61,6,7.68,9,13. 

75,2. 78, s. 99,9,10. GF. 2, 8,-1.2. 3,62,63,83. 4,25. Hn. 2,25,30. )^)))*0 
yehevunto, Dk. 149, a., ^)))*0 -"H ^ Cir ^ yehevund , GF. 3, S3, become 
thoroughly, been quite. .Fret. ^))^0 yehevund, AY. 1,12,22. 2, 57, 1. 
4, 4, 14. 6, 6?\ 70, 78, 7. 7, 36, 3. 9, 82, 4. 12, 23, 79, s. 13, 10. 18, u. 32, 62, 
101,5. 33, 38, 63, 81, 85, <?. 68,15-17,23. 95,2. GF. 1,6,7. 3;, 15,49, 74, so. 
5,4. Hn. 2, 5, 37. 3,37. )^)))*0 yehevunto, Dk. 151,8. N. 78, 9., ^))^(5 -**H 
bard yehevund, GF. 2,7. became thoroughly, was quite; ^))^(5 3iJu>3 
lakhvdr yehevund, AY. 5, 1. became again; ^))^0 — jj^— -shdn 

— yehevund, AY. 1, 13. 77,6. there was for them, they had; ^p— 

^))Yb -man — yehevund, AY. 68,4. there was for us, we had; (used 
as an aux. to form a pluperfect) ^)))*0 yehevund, AY. 68, 24. 89, s. 
had, (to form a pas. pret.) y>))yi$ yehevund, AY. 89. e~. )^)))*0 V cac ~ 
vunto , Dk. 149,2. was, were. Pres. 3 d sing. C£})))*0 yehevuncd, AY. 

53,9. 54,10. 10.1,20. GF. 1, 4, IS, 27. 2,32,36,40.3,71.4,19. 5, 2~4. Hll. 1,2, 

2,3,36. Dk. 151.2- N. 78.8 ; (used as an aux. to form a pas, pres,) 



190 )W - ^-D 

AY. 2,i6. Hn. I,i4,i5. is. Pres. 3 d pi. 3))yi$ ychevund, GF. 3, 59.: 
(used as an aux. to form a pas. pres.) Hn. 1,6. are. Fur. 1 st sing. _uw 
■^DW bard yehcvunam, GF. 8,54,55.; fut. 3 d sing*. ^)))*0 -°H bard 
yehcvuncd, GF. 3, 40. 4, is. Hn. J,3s«. Imper. 2 d sing, -iqjj))^ yelie- 
viinash, GF. 2,3,18,21,24,28,33,38,43,50,53,56,63,66. 3,2,13,18,23,37,42, 
65,87,90,93,96.; impcr. 2 d pi. c£})))*0 ychevimcd, AY. 101, 20. Conj. 3 d 
sing. ^tVIIW yehevundd, AY. 3, 13. 101,28. GF. 1, 1. 6,3,6.; (used as 
an aux. to form a pas. conj.) GF. 5,6. may he be, let him be. Sas. 
£22^9 yehevun, Heb. Pljn, Chald. N1H, Syr. )cn] Paz. syn. ))^)i 
budano. 

ty*0)))*0 yehevunishno, Dk. 151,6. s. being, existence. ))^ yehc- 
vun (crd. of ))^))^ yehevuntano) -f- abst. suf. )|^ -ishiio; Paz. syn. 
)^U buyishn. 

*y{$ shut, AY. 13,i,8. 24,6. 26, 5. 63, s. 69, 10. 71, 9. 83,4. 85,7. 
GF. 3,45,52. 5>*o ***#> AY - 62 > 5 - G3 >«- G9 >s- 70,6,7. 78,7. 82,5. Hn. 
2,39. s. a husband. Pers. (**-&, or *£, 

.3)^ J})*0 s/hu mond, AY. 60,6. adj. having a husband, married, 
redded. 3)^0 s/ma -f- pos. snf. 3)j£* wc/y*c/ (= s£ maud). 

-QO </£s, AY. 34, 5. s. a curl, a ringlet, a side-lock of hair. Pcrs. 
U^r, or y*3 , Z. ^tp-UQg,. 

-'O^O^O ^**^> SGe ^O^O-JO J ^tV9CS Chakdt-i Dditih. 

)^0))c£}-V} yditunishn, AY. 68, it. s. income, sup])ort, susteuanec. 
maintenance. jjC^^Q yditiin (crd. of ))y^))^^ ydituntano = ))^)j^OO 
ydtuntano, or ))Y*)ycO^ ydityuntano, see Pahk-Paz. Glo*. p. 16, 2,6.) 
+ abst. suf. ^ -£s/m. 

.w^j^ Dditikj sec ^o^j^ J fO J )(2 Chakdt-i Dditik. 

))^)y^^O ydityuntano (trad. jditagHmtari) GF. 1,21,2s. 3,9. Dk. 
151,9. v. to bring, to fetch, to conduct, to lead; past part. ^d))j^j(j 



ft-K) ^-00 191 






yaityund, AY. 3, 23. 15, 12. GF. 4, 23.; y^CO-^O -"H bard ydttyund, 
AY. 47,6. led away, seduced; y^lHCO^O ^O^) nahichak ydityund, 
AY. 1,42. lots were drawn. Pier. y^WC^^ yuityund, ^W&j-Hj 2/#^ _ 
yunlo, Dk. 152,2.; y^HvC^-^? -"H fcffrtf yaiiyund, AY. 101,2. brought 
forth, led on; ^)Wc^J(^ m£ madam yaityuntl , AY. 1,8. brought on, 
instigated. Pres. 1 st sing, ^u^j^ yaityunam , AY. 1,4*.; pros. 3 d 
sin S- vOWyO^O yaityuncd, AY. J, 24.; pres. 1 st pi. ^j^-iy ydttyu- 
?icm : AY. 1,26.; pres. 3 d pi. ^Wc^^o J-u^ui kdchvdr ydityund, AY. 
85, 3. they bring back, turn back. Imper. 2 d pi. C^jWCg}-^ ydityuncd, 
AY. 3,22. Heb. hipb. tf>nn, Chald. aph. Tri!, TP$, Syr. aph. JL] , Ar. 
^St; Paz. syn. ))fl£))0* dvofdano. According to the general Sas. rule 
for aph. forms, this verb ought to be read yehctyuntarid. 

WJ^yO^O ydityunish?i (trad, jditaguncshn) GF. 2, cs. s. bringing, 
fetching, inhaling (the breath). WC^-^ ydttyim (crd. of tJ^jPC^^M 
yaityuntano) -f- abst. suf. y^ -ishn. 

i3uy sfa>, AY. 87,8. 94, 6 . 95,5. i^ shir, AY. 87, 7. 94, 5. s. 
milk. Pers. a<i, Z, ^l^ftyy , Sans, hshira; Huz. syn. -Jf^yUi khakld 
(originally -uiJii khcdbd, LJf in Burhan-i qati'). 

ui>jy shirin, )W.bj/» sJrirhw, adj. sweet, luscious, delicious, 
palatable, pleasant, agreeable, fresh (water); comp. )^)u1d^ shirtno- 
tar, GF. 3, 24,31. Pers. o ? ^ . 

ja^-iq dahishn, s. I.) AY. 17, 19. a gift, a grant, a donation, a 
gratuiiy, a present. II.) GF. 3,94. creation, production, formation; see 
^J0 dahishfi: pi. ^^-^ dahishnchi, AY. 13,5. 17, 17. — ^ dah 
C* 1 '^- °f MytH) dadano) + abst. suf. y^5 -him] Pers. JZ.&J 'a gift'; 
Huz. syn. y^))y^ yehabwiislm. 

^OPO^-^O dahishmh, sec ^y^S-i^G) uzdaJiishnih. 

^-OO delink, AY. 1,4. s. ravage, havoc, devastation. Comp. Pers, 



192 yOO - HHi 

20 'annoyance', sJu^J 'combat*, Z. _ua.u£y.ua , Sans, das 'to sting', 
(/<2s 'to injure'. 

))^))a-0O shedkunlano (trad, shikunatari) v. to leave, to forsake, 
to cease, to release, to let go, to let fall, to drop, to hang; past part. 
v*^"00 shcdMnd, AY. 19, a. 24, 4G, G . 88,3., ^))}-00 A* madam 
slicdkund, AY. 15,5. let go on, allowed. Pret. ^))A-QO shcdkund, AY. 
59, 5. 95,c, v$)Bt)0 -"H &^ r « shedkund, AY. 2,86. left off, discontinued. 
Pres. 3 d sing. c£}))A-00 shcdkundd, GF. 3, 70.; pres. 3 d pi. -3)^-00 -"H 
bard shcdkund, AY. 16,7. they let fall, shed, ^jja-qo a>£ madam 
shedkund, AY. 54, 11. they let go on, release. Fut. 3 d sing. c^))^-00 -"H 
bard sfiedkuncd, GF. 3, 53.; fut. 3 d pi. ^))4 <X) -»)\bard shcdku/al : \X. 
18,u. Conj. 3 d pi. ^)))-Q0 shcdkundnd, Dk. 151, 1-. ^)^-00 -"U 
frara shedkundnd , Dk. 152, g. they should allow. Chald. pD#j Syr. 
woa*} Paz. syn. jj^OO* htshtano. The original form was t)y*))f)y\D 
shebhuntano (see Pahl.-Paz. Glos. 1(3,9.) which has probably been 
corrupted into ))^)H-00 shedkfodano, through the intermediate form 
WM^W shevkuntajio. 

^6KH3 dahyupatj AY. 1, 5, 13. GF. 2, 57. s. a ruler, a governor, a 
sovereign, a king; pi. J^y^JOO dahyupatdn, GF. 2, 13, 59, go. )y*>v*£J>00 
dahyupatdno, AY. 14, 7. GF. 2,68. Z. )&*&* (Gath. >jjjjojja, an ■. 
P. nom. dahydush) + j^Jii^j ; Paz. dahevad. 

^Ov^^jKXJ dahyupatih) AY. 7,9,8. s. rnlcrship, government, 
sovereignty. ^£}>00 dahyupat, + abst. suf. -j(j -2&, 

fuOOO Gdyomard. AY. il, ig. pr. n. the first man and progenitor 
of the human race; see ^KJOOO Gdy8M-mard. Z. nom. . 4 JJ<U Q5, 
~uy r Ji}£, Pers. OwXu.a5, c^^caS", or c~*j.aS^. 

)J00 slrivQ") AV. 16,7,9 ; n. 57,4. s. lamentation, wailing, mourn- 
ing. Pers. c j*.x-^ • 



>00 ■} 193 

))CO))K)0 shivdnidano, Dk. 149, 4. v. to mix, to mingle, to combine, 
to incorporate. Comp. Pers. ^jtXxjL^^i 'to mix', st\3%x.w 'mixed'. This 
reading wants confirmation, but it is perhaps as probable as supposing 
the word to be a corruption of jjOOJJJlO^O y&khsenunintdand, caus. of 
Jl^lfO-^ yQ-khsenurdano, 'to keep, to preserve'. 

!_ gh. 

o cjh is the tenth letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and occurs in 
very few words; in oau aigh it corresponds to Sas. \ k; in )Q glial, 
to Ch.Tahl. 3 and Chald. j/, n; in a . &&</A, jay roghan, *£magh, 
and y*^*\vaghdd?i. to Z. 0; in ai 2000 and jgj 4, perhaps to Ar. 
c ; and very few other occurrences of this letter can be quoted. In 
words from Z. it is sometimes changed into a fc, and in £±o aigh it is 
occasionally omitted. 

)<i j/hal, Hn. 1,2. 2,35. 3, 20. pron. that, that one, he, she, it, him, 
her; (also prep.) to, unto, for, (usually before verbs, like Z. -h))^, or 
j»ij). It is a harsher pronunciation of i>) ^*a7, 'to', which is also often 
used for fgr) valman, 'that'; in Ch. Pahl. kal stands for Sas. /2 val, 
'to'; Paz. syn. (hardly used as a pron. in Pahl.) 6i and 6. See i) vol 
and tf?) valman. 

a fc, j 20. 

a is the eleventh letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 

equivalent of Sas. ^, Pers. <J> and final s, Z. a, and Chald. 2, p. 

It ought not to join a succeeding letter, but it is often found so joined 

and then it cannot be distinguished from 3 g : as in ^ = yv% kdn, 

Jb = )a fear, ~J03 = ,j0A 7a7?, jjj = jja fe#rc, etc.; which change of 

form may perhaps have led to the Persian pronunciation of the suffixes 

25 



194 $ - S») 

-gun, -gar i -gi, -gun (= -gin and -gin), etc. When a k is joined by 
a preceding letter it remains unaltered, except after 3 % and 5 y, d, 
when it is often changed into 3 , as in tJ> = y and -i> = a3 ; in MSS. 
it is sometimes marked with two diacritical dots above, when the writer 
thinks it ought to be pronounced g. The cipher a 10 is classed with 
this letter, as its form is often nearly the same. 

a -ak, )j -afeo, adj. suf. affixed to substantives to form adjectives 
(see ajq£)*3i bardzishak. a^ji bar-hamak, AfO-tfAj pdyinak, A)^3^ 
ttshnak, 4W*(» chashmak, *§y ranjak, *)*}& sdlak, a i pfQ) sta- 
hambak, j^*)H$ shanatak, etc.); it is also sometimes added to past 
participles, especially when they are used as adjectives, or substantives, 
(see ^^VfQ)^ astddak, a^?Q))a> austurdak, A^)^)>)gj fardkhtak, 
a.9£>J-> zddak, A^£J)AJy shikuftak, etc.); and perhaps to present parti- 
ciples, when used in a similar manner (see &))*-} zivandak). Pers. &1- . 

a X, or 10, AY. 73,2. GF. 2,65,76. 3,64. Hn. l,n. num. ciph. 
ten; it is generally circumflexed, and often written like Z. a, from 
which it is probably derived, being the initial of Z. ~uj3.ua 'ten'; when 
prefixed to the ciphers y , or y», it sometimes joins them, as in 
the forms j^ XII and y^ XIII. Paz. syn. (rare in Pahl.) ^ dah. 

y AT/, or 22, GF. 2, 51. num. ciph. twelve; sometimes written 

JO* — A A + y W; Faz. syn. -j^o*^ dvdzdah. 

)aja fear, AY. 1,32. 3, 17. 32, 5. 75,6. 77, 7,9. 100,3. 101, 21. GF. 
2,5,64. 4,6,13,19. Hn. 1,4. Dk. 145,5. 149,3. N. 77,3. s. an action, a 
deed, work, labor, performance, efficiency, use, an affair, occupation, 
a task, business, duty (as distinguished from a£))4 kirfak, 'meritorious 
deeds'). Pers. ^, Z. Sans. kdra. 

)jja kdr, GF. 3, 73, S2. s. ploughing, tillage, cultivation. Pers. ^ 
(crd. of wjc^S^ Z. harsh) Sans, krish). 



3*5 — ^ 195 

ataj Mid, AY. 42,2. 53, 4 . 54,7. 64, io. -Ju>i^ feaZa, AY. 2, 5 . 

43,2. s. a noise, a sound, an uproar, clamor, a voice, a cry, a scream, 
a shriek. Heb. b")p . Chald. b\> , N^j? , Syr. \Js> ^ ]l_c ? Ar. jU , J.S' , c an 
utterance'; Paz. syn. i}*>) ^aft#. 

^).u^ fcard, AY. 64,5,i2. 74,2. GF. 2,27,29,30. 3, 23,30. 4, 27. s. a 
knife. Pers. 4>^, Z. _ju^>£/jj&. 

^j)Xwa kdrih, see -JQjUja K3 gadman-kdrih and -JQ*u^-0*M) 
vandsMrih. 

jj^gjjA kdrvdnik, adj. a variant of the following; pi. ^-D^op.u^ 
kdrvdnikdn, AY. 67, 10. in K20. 

j)ysi^ysiA kdruvdmk, adj. belonging to a caravan, or company of 
travelling merchants ; pi. used as a s. ytDyo^yuj kdruvdnikdn, AY. 
67,68,io. 93,5. travelling traders, travellers. ^^jpiJA kdruvdn (Pers. 
<jf;nfc\ or (jbslO + adj. suf, & -ik. 



jmqju* 



kdrvzdr , Dk. 149, 1, s. a battle, a conflict, a contest, a 



war. Pers. >!}>f. 

5ftD"**5 kdstak, AY. 80,6. p.p. used as adj. diminished, lessened, 
deficient, short in quantity. Pers. aJUcK. 

Z. w^v)j.u)£jk)a kdhmdiclnd , AY. 4, 1 1 . pron. dat. sing, to whom- 
ever, to everyone. 

)tVJ?5 Kdm-dino, GF. 6,5. pr. n. a Parsi man's name in the 
14 th century A.D. _u>^ kdm, l a wish' (Pers. *\& , anc. P. Z. Sans, kdma) 
+ )Jrj dmo. 

#5 Mmafc, AY. 4, 25 . 17,i 5 ,i 8 . 55,63,87,95,7. 100,4. GF. 2,4i, 
47. 3,75. 6,3,6. Hn. 2,5,10,26-28. s. a wish, a liking, a desire, a will, 
an intention. Pers. awb', Z. -u£jlua , anc. P. Sans. kdma. 

3j£)a> ^^ kdmak-homand, adj. wishful, willing, desirous, coveting, 



196 g$ - ^ 

intending; sec $£yo $*^ akdmak-homand, — ^ kdmak + pos. 
suf. i^Cyo homand. 

-a^^^a) ^ kdmak-homandyish, AY. l,*o. adv. wishfully, will- 
ingly, voluntarily, intentionally, ^^m ^^ kdmak-hdtnand + adv. suf. 

-J(^)$) kdmakih, see -^^) )j?Q)*>Y» khvdstako-kdmakth and 
-^^£9 jpj varcno-kdmakih. 

y_J»^ XV, or 25, AV. 22,7. GF. 1,4,9. num. ciph. fifteen; 
see ,03 /-Jii^j, and it is sometimes written y y\^ . — a A + y* 
III + o II; Paz. syn. ^(0)A>^) pdnjdah. 

^j»w)kMj XVIII, or 26', GF. 6, i. num. ciph. eighteen; sometimes 
writteiiv>M)&*0 . — a X + ^V* 4 -?V + > kM -^J P^z. SYn - ^O^OO"" 
hashtdah. 

•3u kabed, I.) AY. 1,15,22. 5,19,3. 14,9, 11. 10,9,12,21. 16, s, 7. 
31, 33, g. 47, 1, 7. 49, 8 . 52, 5. 53, 6.9, 83, 4. 55, 1. 81, 7. GF. 3, 30. Iin. 1, 4. 
Dk. 145,9. 149,2. adj. much, many, more. II.) AY. 15,40,41,54,6. 
16, 9. 30, 33, 58, 82, 100, 5. 55, ±, «, 8 . 57, 90, 97, 4 . 60, c, s. 71, 7. adv. much, 
very, often, repeatedly; su OIW hdvandich kabed, AY. 99, 1. as 
many more too; see 3)a kaved. Comp. Heb. Chald. 123 'heavy, nume- 
rous'; Paz. syn. -Q) vas. 

-Hjjuy* 31^ kabed-andkih, AY. 10, 4. adj. very evil, very mischiev- 
ous, much distressed. £19 kdbed -f -fy^y* andkih. 

t)uyoQ M^ kabed-pahndk, AY. 4,7. adj. very wide, very broad. 
5j^ kabed -j- juyoy pahndk. 

tfjl 31 a kabed dard, AY. 54, 1. 99,2. adj. very painful, agoniz- 
ing, excruciating. 5lx kabed -f- flys dard, 

^)£U kapud, AY. 10, 13. adj. blue. Pers. c>*.a5^ ^Jj-^i or **ji> 



0£M feflf'2, AV. 27,2,5. 67,9. 80,6. s. a measure of capacity, a 
bushel, less than half a Bombay phara; see £3£JU feo/Vsf. Pcrs. uutf', 
y^r, or i^T; Huz, syn. ^) ^as. 

)jj^a kaddr, Hn. 1, 2, 11, ie, 21,26, 31, 36. 3, 4. interrog. pron. which? 
what ? Z. .-oMu^.ua , Sans, katara. 

-iuy*iq>j kaddrchdi (trad, kaddrzd) AY. 4, n. Hn. 1, 10. 2,5. prom 
whatever else, anyone whatever, anyone else. Comp. Z. _jjmu^.ua. 4~ 
pi{V) ; it is probably a compound of )jj^a kaddr 4 (2 -w^ (anc. P. 
c/^'t/, Z. p> ^ , Sans, c/w£) 4- -am ac, or fc/iad, 'one' ; and if so, it should 
be read kaddrich-ae ; comp. -uy^3 zakdi. 

w^ kacldm, AY. 7,37,4. 8,-13, 42, 3. 9, 16, 5. 17, 7. GF. 2,41,52, 
62. 3,35,86,92. interrog. pron. which? what? J*^A )j£* wulra kaddm, 
AY. 47,3. who and which? Pers. ptO^, Z. fra 4- sup. suf. -tcma. 
Sans, katama. 

D^cjp^A kelrwitano, v. to remain, to stay, to abide, to continue; 
also written ))^)))^A ketfunt'ano ; past part. )^>)p^A ketrunto, Dk. 50,8. 
^>)p^>^ j^u frara kctrund, AV. 101, 10. remained, stood still; pret. 
^o)p^ ketrund, AY. 89, 10.; fut. 3 d sing. ^})p^ -»U &ar^ kctruncd, 

I AY. 2,19. Heb. *TD 'to wait', Chald. IPO, Syr. jl\i ; Paz. syn. yy*£ 
mdndan. 
^5^oa katas 1 AY. 15, 12. s. a conduit, a channel, an aqueduct. 
Comp. Pers. ^S ', 'a subterraneous canal'. 
a^oa. kadak, s. a house, a dwelling, a habitation; see the follow- 
ing. Pers. scXf, or J^; comp. Z. -u^jja. 

-u^jaja^a kadak-khitdd, or »jw^>^>a^a kadak-khuddt, s. a master 
of a house, a householder; pi. jj^jj^woa^a kadak-khudddn, AY. 1, 10. 
^ja^^j a^ kadak-khuddydn, AY. 15, 10. — a,^oa. Tcadak + -ju^o^j 
fc/mt/d (= -juu^>)a> khuddi)] Pers. fj^.cX5". 



198 }<•* 



-A, 



^jyyoi^t) kadak-bdnukih, GF. 8,44,51,57. s. the duties of the 

mistress of a house, housewifery. ^ kadak + j\f^ bdntik (Pers. 
•.jLtXS^) '+ abst. suf. -^ -ih. 

s)<?)))^ ketruntano, v. see ))^)y^ ketrHntand\ fut. 3 d sing. 

c^)))^a -m)1 bard ketruned, GF. 4, is. 

^a, or i>, -fcar, adj. suf. affixed to substantives, and sometimes 
to adjectives, to form adjectives implying action (as in 3^)^o> afsos- 
kar, ^gj bazah-kar, 3^ bazankar, 3^p.5g) piruzkar, 3^(oj 
vazak-kar, 3^^ yazishnkar, etc.); and sometimes the adjective has 
become a substantive (as in 3^^} ddtokar), which it does always 
when the plural suffix is added. Comp. Pers. ^—, anc. P. Z. Sans. 
-kara. 

-jui^ kalbd, AY. 18, 13. 43,3. 48,2,7. -j^^ kalbd, GF. 2,19,49, 

51. s. a dog; pi. ^5 kalbddn, AY. 48, 3. 76, 2. >»0*^ kalbddn, AV. 

84,2. Heb. :fo, Chald. jab, Syr. \£±Z, Ar. vlif; Paz. syn. **> sag. 

ysifi -ui3^ kalbd-zubdn, AY. 63,6. adj. <dog-tongued', snarling, 

snappish, abusive, scurrilous, -^yj kalbd -f fvjp zubdn. 

^ kerp, AY. 4,18,20,22. Hn.2,23,24. s. a body, a shape, a figure, 
a form. Z. inst. -u^/^y^ 

j^^j3^ fcerp^, see -^£)3^ 3u.f mdr-kerpih. 

tSj> 10,000, Hn. 1,26. num. ciph. ten thousand, a myriad. 3 /0 
X chlOOO; Paz. syn. 3ui bevar. 

^ form, AY. 33,45, 81, 2. 69, 1. 71, 73,3. s. a worm, a maggot, 
a caterpillar, insects. Pers. +S, Sans, krimi. 

-*^) Awfttf, or kirttd, s. a fortress, a citadel, a city; -u^V^ 
|tl)e)1 karitd-nipist, AY. 1,7. the fortress of writings, or the city writ- 



) 



^ - W} 199 

ings, the archives. Heb. n^~lp const. FTlj?! Chald. Ni"i5 emph. MT*p , 

• i G--ci^ 

Syr. jLj.x, Ar. 2bJ>, 

1W)^ ? karituiitcmd, v. to call, to exclaim, to term, to designate, 
to convoke, to summon, to invoke, to recite, to read; also written 
i)W^O)5 karituntandj past part. ^))c^3a karitund, AY. 1,28.; pres. 
2d pl- ^OM^Cp^ karituned, AY. 10, io.; pres. 3 d pi. §))^yj karitilnd, 
AY. 6,5. 9,2. 65,4. GF. 2, 25, go.; fut. 3 d sing. ^)^3a -um bard 
karitfin$d,GF.b,i. Heb. JOj?, Chald. fcOp, Syr. £c, Ar. fp; Paz. syn. 
^^ja>^ Uhvdndano. 

^ has, AY. 67, 9. 80, 6. adj. small, little, less, deficient, inferior. 
Pers. &^, Z. >J3iJA ; Huz. syn. 3a &ad. 

gj3^ top, Hn. 1, 11,21, 31. $%j hasp, Hn. 1,3 6. s.Talue, worth, 
price. Comp. Heb. P)EG 'silver, money 7 , Chald. f]D3, tf£>D3> Syr. wa.».s, 
l^ai} Paz. syn. ^jj arj. 

,03 r^-®^ XV, or 15, Hn. 2,23. num. ciph. fifteen; a rare form 
of JM^3 * — ^ X + r*2** til -f ^3 II; Paz. syn. -J0£^gj 
pdnjdah. 

^jj hash, AY. 1,37. 2,21. 67,3. s. the armpit, the side, the flank, 
the loin, (sometimes) the breast. Pers. \J»$ ^ Z. -um^jia, Sans, kaksha. 

-J04 hasli, crd. v. used as adj. drawing, pulling, dragging, hauling, 
bearing; (or perhaps used as a s.) one who is pulling, a dragger; pi. 
used as a s. ?%){$* kashdn, AY. 58, 2. the pulling ones, the draggers. 
Crd. of ^)e^5-sQ4 hashidano; Pers. jjk*", Z. ^/j&J*)*--* 

upi^^A Kai - Khusrobo , GF. 6,2. in K20, pr. n. 'a famous 
prince', the third of the Kayanian kings, whose name is still frequently 
adopted by the Parsis. 3a Kai + UV^*)" khusrobo, (= JV-^^ 
hu-srob); Pers. ^^L ^ or «^A^5", Z. nom. -«>>.m/J3>o» . -a»»ua. 



200 *j(^ - ^)) 

D^O^O^ kashidano, AY. 49,4. v. to draw, to pull, to drag, to 
haul, to extend, to stretch, to carry, to bear, to support; past part. 
^j^ kashid, AY. 26,40, 51,2.; pret. ^^ kashid, AY. 49, 4.; pros. 
3 d pi. 5^X55 kashSnd, AY. 96,2. Pets. ^(X^&f, Z. kash,karsh; Huz. 
syn. ))^c)p^3^ yezderuntano. 

1)^K)05 kashinidandj v. to cause to draw, to make drag, to drive, 
to impel, to compel; pres. 3 d pi. 3)XX)$ kashinand, AY. 63,2. (which 
may, however, be only a variant of 3>005 kashend ., see tne preceding). 
Caus. of j)^^^ kashidano; Pers. jjJuuL&S". 

-u^ /t«/i«, AY. 35, 2. GF. 2, 23. s. a tooth, the teeth. Ghald. 603I 
Paz. syn. y^y danddn. 

fy ke?n,<AV. 16, 10. adj. little, less, few, scarce, deficient, defective; 
see wa kcm. Pers. *f , anc. P. kamana, Z. -uGJua • 

JiJ^A kamdr, AY. 21, 2. Hn. 3, 3. s. a head, or skull (of evil be- 
ings), a pate. Z. -u(a ^G^A 5 comp. Pers. w^ 'a cupola', Sans, ton, 
'a head'. 

)* -fczm, adj. suf. a variant of ju -kun and )u - f 0ira (sec ) j g> 
hamd-kun, jajj, bimkun, and )4-^i rcshkuri). 

^^ fcoZa, AY. 1,43. 2,2,10,14. 68,4. 101,8,23. GF. 1,10. Hn. 2, ic. 
Dk. 151,2,9. adj. all, every ; y -u)^ kola II, AY. 6,11. 52,7. 69, 
79,2. 71,73,76,3. all the two, both; -i^u -ju)^ kold khadih, AY. 18, 
9,10. 54,8. everyone, every individual; $*H}iy -")^ feoJa khadti-bar, 
AY. 22,7. every single time: ^ufo -u)^ kola jindk, AY. 18, 12. every 
place, everywhere; (used as pron). ^ -u)^ hold maman, AY. 3, u, 
24. Dk. 150,5. everything which, whatever, whatsoever; )£ -u)^ kold 
man, AY. 6,9. 18,8. GF. 1,6. 2, 5. everyone who. Heb. bl, Chald. 
tei N %L >IS Syr. vsi, JLS, Ar. <p; Paz. syn. (rare in Pahl.) 3-tf /i«r. 



e»? - wj 201 

e))) fcof, AY. 18,12. 40,78,2,3. 44, 50, 2 . 49, 4 . 87, 8 , s. 95, i. GF. 
3, 4, 22, 29. s. a hill, a mountain. Pers. s^, or ^?yf , anc - P- kaufa, 

Z. -Mg).biJA . 

))^£JH kuftano, v. to strike, to beat, to smite, to thrash, to pound, 
to bruise, to trample; pret. ^£J)A OM£J f r ®' z huff, AY. 31,3. beat on, 
smote; pres. 3 d pi. 3)£J)4 kufand, AY. 41,3. Pers. ^Xi.5^ or .jJ£a5 . 

jt))j kirfak, AY. 6,7-9. 7, 9. 8,6. 13, 10. 14, 5. 101, 21. GF. 2, 5, 64. 
4,6,i3. 5,2. Hn. 1,35a, 3s«. s. a meritorious action as enjoined by the 
Mazdayasnian religion, a good action, good works (as distinguished 
from Jua kdi\ 'an ordinary action, or duty'). Sas. Q-)^ kirf, Pers. 
&i*y, Paz. kerba. 

06)$ koftz, AY. 96, 2. s. a variant of £3£Ja kafiz. 

j^^)j karddr, s. a doer, an actor, a maker, a performer, a causer; 
see )<u^)* ajjjaj anak-karddr. PI. ^>3.u^)a karddrdn, AY. 11, 15. 
From ))^)a hard and. 

\»W) karddm, AY. 41,3. 52,2. s. an axe. a hatchet. Heb. tiTljp; 
comp. Ar. ^Ss, f#fjt[i j^Jf, f)^ ^>f> ^j>jf' and U)^ 

a^sja kardakj AY. 1,26. )4^u kardakd, Dk. 144, 10. p. p. used 

as s. what is done, an action, a performance, operation, use. Pers. sOyf; 
Sas. pi. ^J^2|, or ^^'1' kartakdn. 

a^u kudakj AY. 44. e. 59,5. 64, 9,10, 12. 78,3,4,9. 87, 7-9. 94,5,6. 
95, 5. s. a child, an infant. Pers. s J^, 

a^cja kutak, GF. 2, 2?, 29, 30. adj. short, small. Pers. *3S^ or sL^; 
Z. -uAii^>i. 

a^ja kirdak, GF. 4, 20. s. an enigma. Pers. J*>*^. 

)^u kardano, AY. 1,3. 3, 17. 13, 10. 67, s. GF. 2,37,39. 4, 14. 

26 



202 *v 

Dk. 145,i. 150,io. 152 7 i. N. 77,2. v. to do, to make, to perform, to 
offer (prayer, or praise), to practice, to use, to exercise, to accomplish, 
to execute, to provide, to fulfil, to commit, to cause, to effect, to con- 
struct, to form, to act; to set, or put, (in, on, or to, anything); past 
part. ^a)4 hard, AY. 1, 6, 29. 2, 3, 5, 16. 4, 28-30, 32. 7, 7, 8. 8,28-30,35,45, 
51, 67, 73, 84, 97, 5. 9, 49, 8 . 12, 19, 24, 47, 71, 81, 89, 96, 99, 7. 13, 22, 27, 
31, 36, 44, 53, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 87, 6 . 14, 3, 15. 16, 9, 10. 17, 21-23. 25, 5, c 
55, 57, 76, 80, 4. 60, 2. 63, 6 , s. 64, 78, 9. 68, is, 20. 77, 4, 7. 79, 6 , 9. 88, 6 , 7. 
GF. 2,12,44-46. 3,62. Hn. 2,28-30,32. )^)$ karto , AY. 7,13,63,7. Hn. 
2,26. Dk. 149,6.; <?)$ -^H hard hard, AY. 1,17. GF. 4, 27. Hn. 2, 31. 
quite made, accomplished, set on; see ^c)A Qy* kliup-kard, ^0)^ yjJ 
zarin-kard, and )^ja )fo Dino-karto. Pret. ^au kard, AY. 1,37. 2,29. 
15,io,ii. 17,16,17,19,20. 19,26,48,49,78,5. 20,21,25,27,29,30,33,34, 
38, 45, 46, 51, 58, 59, 62, 66, 84, 86, 93, 95, 96, 3. 22, 24, 36, 40, 41, 44, 60, 
63,81,85,87-89,4. 23, 2, 4, 7. 28, 3,6. 31,4,7. 32,52,3,5. 43,2,4. 50,3,4. 
55,72,82,83, 90, 92, 97, 98, 100, 2. 64, 6 . 67, 8 . 68,10. 71, 5, 9. 91, 2, 4. 
94,3,5. )^ou karto, AY. 101, is.; ^u -uw bard kard, AY. l,i. quite 
made; ^ou — uj yin — kard, AY. 42,5. (probably) begat in, (and 
GF. 2, 45. perhaps contains a similar idea). Fut. part. ))*0))4 kunishno, 
IS. 77,7. ))*0))4 -uu bard kunishno, N. 78,4. to be quite done, to be 
completed. Pers. ^cXi"; Sas. p. p. (^2^, or f[V\, kart and ?f~>2^, 
or ^[7/^ karti; anc. P. Z. kar, Sans, kri; Huz. syn. ))^)M)M vddun- 
tano, which is generally used for the present, while ))^)4 kardano is 
mostly used for the past tenses, in Pahlayi. 

pQ))4 kust, s. a side, a direction, a quarter, a part; Jtl))A i) flQ)H 

kust vol kustj AY. 89, 1. 94,2. from side to side. Comp. Pers. ou&S' 
'the loin, the side'. 

J)j^Q)U kustikj AY. 68, 3. s. the sacred thread of 72 woollen strands, 
or yarns, which is passed three times round the waist by Parsis of 
both sexes, and is tied with four knots. Pers. ^a**^; at first, probably, 



-W - »)) 203 

an adj. meaning 'belonging to the waist', comp. Pers. ouii", v^ukS" 
'loins, waist'. 

))^O0)^ kushtano, substituted for ^jjO^t ncksund in AY. 1,9. by 

B. N. , v. to kill, to slay, to slaughter. Pers. ^jJCccJ", Z. hush; Huz. 

syn. J)^)Jt^) neksuntano. 

^0-^)4 kushishn, AY. 30,5. s. killing, slaughter, butchery, mas- 
sacre, murder. ^)* bush (crd. of M^JO)^ kushtano) + abst. suf. j*($ 
-ishn\ Pers. y*u&^ 

))j kevan, AY. 19,23,55,9. 39, e. 40, 42, 7 . 68,5,21. 77, 10. 87, 3, 9. 
89,io,u. 99,u. GrF. 3,47,62,63. 4,2. Dk. 149,4. 152, 5. adv. now, at 
present, yet, still. Chald. TO ; Paz. syn. ))) nun. 

))* kun, AY. 77, 2. s. the backside, posteriors, buttocks, the funda- 
ment; see ))^ o»0* avdz-kun. Pers. ^5^, or ^^; Huz. syn. ^OO 
shatman. 

))* -kun, adj. suf. affixed to substantives to form adjectives, and 
equivalent to 'making, causing' (see ))j -J(^3 reshkun and )}^v^ sahm- 
kiiri); also written )j -kun and ju -gun. Crd. of f)^u kardano\ comp. 
Pers. jjjJL-. 

gju kevanich, Dk. 15 1, 3. adv. with conj. now also, now even; 
see Q))* kevanich. — ))j kevan + £ -&&. 

}*0)M kunishn, I.) AY. 1, 30. 4,24. 17, 12, 14, is. 89, u. ))*0))^ &$&- 
ishno, AY. 4, is ; 23, 25. 17,i5. Hn. 2,22. N. 76, 10. s. a doing, a deed, 
an action, a performance; see jaojja^s) hu-kunislm and J^O))}-^^ 
dush-kunishn. II.) tWH) kunishno, fut. part, of ftpM kardano. — 
)U feww (crd. of ))^)^ kardano) + abst. suf. jq$ -ishn ; Pers. ^&J&, 
or yiJ^; Huz. syn. )H$)Yiy) vddunisJm. 

y£))^ kun-marz, AY. 19, 71 ; 7. s. unnatural carnal intercourse, 



204 w - ^ 

sodomy, psederastism. ))a. kun -f y£ marz (Pers. v^c, crd. of ))tf)<y.f 
mar zt dano). 

^))4 kcvanich, GF. 3, 02, 63. adv. with conj. now also, now even, 
now indeed; see £))a kevanich, — jja kevan -J- q -ich. 

3)j kaved, AY. 58, 82, 5. in K20, a variant of 3ia kabed. 

^ja kand, p.p. of jjja kandan. 

My*))^0)) kcirituntand, v. a variant of ))^))^£)3a harituntano ; 
past part. ^>))tf)) A karitund, AY. 32, 1. 

-D)a kanik, AY. 4,18,21,22. Hn. 2,23. s. a maiden, a damsel, a 
girl, a maid, a virgin. Z. -ua^jja , Sans, kanyikd, comp. Pers. yxA^ 
and ^JwJy, 

uja kandan, v. to dig, to excavate, to extract, to scoop out, to 
root out; past part. 5)^ kand, AY. 81, 1. Pers. ^Ja$", anc. P. Z. fecm, 
Sans, khan] Huz. syn. ))^>)ys^ khefruntano. 

3a Ifcu, GF. 2,71. pr. n. a royal title of the Kayanian kings of 
Persia; see ny^^A, Kai-K/iusrobo, and ^-wcOOH^ Kai-Vishtdsp. 
Pers. 5^, Z. nom. _u»jja , Sans. /cay?. 

-*j$a kadbd, I.) AY. 49,7. 51, 5. 79, 9. 91,4. GF. 3, 4C , 55. -jhja 
kadbd, GF. 3,54,68. adj. false, lying, fallacious, deceitful, unjust. 11.) 
AY* 33,5. 90, 97,4. -*h3a kadbd, GF. 3, 4s. s. a lie, a falsehood. Heb. 
DJ3 'a lie', Chald. iO"D, Syr. ]J>^Z. Ar. l^^? P^z. s y n - 9r^ drdgh. 

Qj kef, AY. 23,3. s. foam, froth. Pers. v^US^ or ^5^ Z. -ju^jja, 
Sans, kapha. 

jq^P^a ktrukih, Dk. 151,7. s. a memorial, a memorandum, a re- 
cord. W^ 1 ) kiruh (Pers. ^jS 'memory') + abst. suf. ^ -ih. 

-i^a kesh, AY. 1,15. -^3a kcsJi, AY. 47,7. s. a religion, a form 
of worship, a creed, a sect; comp. -J^-^^y*)^)^ poryo-dke sixth. PI. 



^ - rj 



205 



YfyQ?* keshdn, AV. l,n. Pers. (ji^, Z. -n Qj Ufiuw, Sans, dikshd. 

jyi$5* keshvar, AV. 53,5. Hn. 1, si. s. a region, a continent, one 
of the seven divisions of the earth's surface, which are said to be 
separated by seas and mountains impassable by man without spiritual 
aid. The central keshvar. ^k)y* Khvantras, contains the countries 
best known to the Iranians , and is said to be as large as the other 
six united; the eastern keshvar is -uj£j Savah; the western, .joYu, 
or _u^iJ , Arzah ; the two northern, f£>0^1r)) Vorubaresht and 
cOO^JJrM Vorujarcsht] and the two southern, -J(^£)tfp£J Fradadafsh 
and ^0£)Ct^) Vidadafsh (see Bund. 14, 5-13. 20,15-19.). Pers. Wkf', 

Z. (/^» ^ j * 

DjyfyS/) keshvarik, adj. belonging to the keshvar s, or regions of 
the earth, terrestrial, worldly, eartbly; pi. used as a s. )}*>.!> J^^a kesli- 
varikano, Dk. 151, 13. the earthly, the inhabitants of the world. ))*0^4 
keshvar + adj. suf. Jt) -ik. 

/ua kern, adj. little, less, few; see fykcm. Comp. iee£^ Mmtar, 
AV. 18,12. lesser, smaller. 

ua fern, or ken, AY. l,io. s. hatred, enmity, malice. Pers. ^j^-> 
Sas. p\ (?) fcerc, Z. ->i)to^. 

-uuA fetra (trad, fcma) AY. 15, 1. 74,5. s. a sheep, a goat, one of 
a flock, or herd, a domestic animal. Comp. Heb. ~D 'a lamb, or sheep'; 
Paz. syn. 3)£).tfu} or ^)£2>p, gospcnd. 

£)ii.u^(j^ Kai-Vishtdsp, AY. 11,3. eE^^XW Kat-Vishtdsp, 
AY. 11, is. pr. n. the fifth of the Kayanian kings, in whose reign the 
Mazdayasnian religion was taught by Zarathushtra ; he should not be 
confounded with the later Yishtaspa who was father of Darius. Z. 

-M^)i5jw^4^j^ . -u»ii^ , Pers. uwull^ f . 



206 f - -^ 



■f m. 



j£ m is the twelfth letter of the Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual 
equivalent of Sas. ©, Pers. * , Z. £, and Chald. o, Q. When not 
final, it is always joined to the succeeding letter without any change 
of form, as in the compounds : <*fy$ mdh , ju£ mam , y±£ man , £ 
man, u£ madam, etc. When joined by a preceding letter, the junc- 
tion is nearly always made at the top, so as to force the bottom of 
the £ m below the line, as in the compounds: p ham, ^ ram, jp 
sani, Ap sam, vy* sham. ^C ma-man, u yam, etc. 

£ -am, pron. suf. of 1 st pers. sing, me, my; of (to, for, by, or 
through) me; it is usually affixed to an adv., or conj., at the beginning 
of a clause in the sentence (see £$$ afam, £fQ** aclinam, -f^f* ^mat- 
am, .puu aigham, a>3 zyam, £~C mamanam, and j$)£ munam), or 
to a prep, in the middle of a clause; it also occurs occasionally un- 
attached in the forms £u am, or J$ am, like the other pron. suf. ^ -at 
and ^ -ash. Pers. *.L., anc. P. gen. dat. -maiy, abl. -ma. 

j$ -am, suf. of pres. 1 st sing, of verbs (see £)yty khefrunam, 
■fllFQ)** khaditunam, J$))$yY* hankhetunam, J$£y3 homanam, G))SfaY* 
khavitunam, -£*))*fcH bavihunam, ^))^3^j pczkunam, >$&))& pursam, 
^)p^^3 zcktcUmam, £))$y& sdtdnam, £))$*$ yehabunam. ^j^OO 
ydtdnam, etc); in Paz. verbs the suf. is often £) -6m (sec ^y^ssyo 
andcslwm, -fj^^V^ padmtljom, ■£))*[)? tiibdnom, •£)ty2>J rasidom, 
etc.) and occasionally j$S -cm (sec £*&))& pursem). Pers. *I_, anc. 
P. Z. Sans. -mi. 

j^y^ mdh, AY. 8, 1,5,7. 15, 19. 72,6. s. the moon; the twelfth day 
of each Parsi month. Pers. sLo and \x> , Z. ^y^G and -o^»jfu»€ j 
Sans, mas; Huz. syn. -«4) ^ fciJfed and -J^H^ kamrayd. 



-Hy-f - W 207 

juy^ mdh , GF. 2,49. (and 2, 51. in most MSS.) s. a month; (for 
the names of the twelve months in the Parsi year, see -wpl bid and). 
Pers. sLo, anc. P. mdha, Z. o^f^G 1 Sans, mas and mdsa; Huz. syn. 
-ujji bidand. 

juy^ Hn. 2, 35. probably a contraction of -J^-m.^ may a, or may ah, 
s. cohabitation, sexual intercourse; see ^My.£ mdyud. Comp. Pers. &jLo ; 
it explains Z. -ujjjkug . 

-^W*0»-f mdhmdnih, Hn. 2, 33. s. see ^jyA»jj^ mahmdnih. 

Yiyfmiydn, AY. l,io. 25,2. 53,3. 68,24. 91,4. 4)*^^ miydnak, 
N. 78,7. 126,5. )yiji£ miydno , N. 77, s. s. the middle, the midst, the 
centre, the waist; mediation; see ^-^ miydn] (sometimes used as 
prep.) between, among. Pers. jjLyc and ajLye, Z. -u)>ljj(3jjj£ . 

•J(}*)(oyyi£ mtydtijikih , AY. 67,7. s. mediation, interposition, 
interference, arbitration, administration. £>(oyqji£ miydnjik (comp. Pers. 
^sxjLxjc) + abst. suf. jq -ih. 

yoi)^y£ mddikdn, GF. 1, 1. 6,1,4. )y*D^y£ mddikdno, GF. 5, 1. 
adj. pi. used as a s. a narrative, an account, a description, an explana- 
tion, a history, a tale (a term applied to nearly all the Nasks); also 
written ftJJ^y.f . 

\ufmdr, AY. 19, 28, 81, 86, 2. 36, 2, 3. 37,50,71,3. 60, s. 69,4. 
GF. 5,2. s. a snake, a serpent; pi. yo)*i£ mdrd?i, AY. 19,3. 56, 90, 1. 
71,2. )y<iju£ mdrdno, AY. 66,2. K 77,2. Pers. Xx> . 

-\)£)jj 3u.£ mdr-kcrpih, AY. 36, 7. s. a serpent form. jsj£ mar 
-f ^jja kerp (comp. Pers. ^J>\Lo) , to which compound adj. is added 
the abst. suf. ^y -th» 

\$u£ mdlman, AY. 2,29. adj. full, filled with, laden with, com- 
plete, perfect. Heb. fcfei Chald. hl2, ty, Syr. fiu>, Ar. SU, JjtILj, 
As. mala; Paz. syn. ))£) p#n 



208 S»c _ y,j; 

f(^55^si^ Mdzdayasn, adj. Mazda-worshiping, belonging to the 
worship of Ahura-mazda, or to the religion of the Parsis, Zoroastrian; 
also written flQ)^.f« ^\. used as a s. yof(}H-J*i£ Mdzdayasndn, 
AY. 2,17,21. 3,io. 5,3. 10,7. 12,8. 101,28. ^o^)^3ji^ Mdzdayasndn, 
AY. 1,42. 2,8,36. 3,5,0,13. 13, 9. 101,14. yoft£$J*}£ Mdzdayasndn, 
AY. 1,39. 68 ; o. )yoft}&-Ju£ Mazdayasnano , AY. 2,6. j^j^^aj^ 
Mdzdayasndnd, AY. 101, 5. the Mazdayasnians, the worshipers of Ahura- 
mazda. Sas. y??)J 3 Q Mazdayasn, Z. _mJjo.u,>,>.uaCjj£ and jj.djj.>jj^.uj£. 

Jij-tti)^ mdsrabar, adj. scripture-bearing, knowing the scriptures 
by heart, able to recite all the religious formulas ; also written JiJ-tt^f 
mdnsrabar. PI. used as a s. y*JLJ&u£ mdsrabardn, AY. 14, 1. those 
who know the scriptures by heart. j&u£ mdsra (Z. -u/CJJ£G} Sans. 
mantra) -f- )i frar (crd. of ))flyu burdano). 

~*(}yo}*G mahmdnih, AY. 7-9, 1. s. hospitality, lodging and enter- 
tainment, board and lodging; see -\)Y*»-(y£ mahmdnih. Pers. jU^. 

yv£ man, AY. 2,24. s. an abode, a dwelling, a residence, a 
house; (also) a family, see y±£*^y dudak-mdn. Pers. ^Lx>, Z. -u).w£) 
(Gath. -u).m6{j). 

yy£ -man, )yy£ -mdnd, pron. suf. of 1 st pers. pi. us, our; of (to, 
for, by, or through) us; it is usually affixed to an adv., or conj., at 
the beginning of a clause in the sentence (see yo-Cty afmdn, ^f^P 
amatmdn, y*£<ujj aighmdn, y^H-^ zyamdn, y*G)£ m unman, and 
Y*G$) vadmdn), or to a prep, in the middle of a clause; it may also 
perhaps be occasionally found unattached, like the sing. pron. suf. £ -am, 
^ -at, and ^ -ash. Pers. ^U ; J^ -am + pi. suf. y* -an. 

Y*&Y*$ mdnpdn, s. a housekeeper, a householder, the head of a 
family; pi. yoyoyy±$ mdnpdndn, AY. 48,7. — y>£ man -f- y*Q pan 
(Pers. ^L, or J^). 



K" - >»4 209 

)H5)£)^Y*-£ Mdrspenddn , AY. 1, ie. patron, adj. the Marspendan; 
the son, or descendant, of Marspend. 3)£)£>yy£ Mdrspend + patron, 
suf. yo -dn. 

5)y&yo-£, or 3)^5jA^, Mdrspend, GF. 1,7. pi*, n. an old Parsi 
name, especially that of the father, or forefather, of the famous ^VdhJ^tV 
Ataro-pdd who was prime minister of Shapur II.; (also) the 29 th day 
of each Parsi month; likewise written ^)^j^)^^f, or ^^j&y&C, 
Mdnsraspend. Pers. tUi^U, or dUA-wuLg.* , Z. -u^^^^i . -!>)&£$ 
'the beneficent religions formula'. 

)ij&y*£ mdmrabar, adj. a variant of JiJjau.^ mdsrabar] pi. 
yoju&yo£ mdnsrabardn, AY. 14, i. in K20. 

yi$y±G mdnishn, )y^y^C mdnishna, s. an abode, a dwelling, a 
residence, a habitation; see ))*($)**£ *^x)g£ Mujrdyik-mdnishno. — 
y±$ man (crd. of Vy»£ mdndan, Pers. ^JuL*) -J- abst. suf. y^ -ishri. 

^iCy° Y\$Y*G mdnishn-homand) Hn. 2, 3, 35. adj. having dwellings, 
provided with habitations. )H^y^ mdnishn + pos. suf. s^Cy* homand. 

)yi$)y&)y*G Mdrospenddnd , Dk. 104, 0. )yi$)£%))y±G Mdrospen- 
ddno, Dk. 144, 7. patron, adj. variants of y^Q&y^G Mdrspenddn. 

))^))&}*-G meddrituntand (trad, mditunatan) v. to strike, to beat, 
to smite, to flog, to drive (a nail, or peg), to vanquish, to destroy; 
past part, v^jtf}^ makhitund, AY. 57,4. 60,8. 74,75,2. 79,5. 92. 1. 
98,6. GF. 5,6. Hn. 2, 28 . ; pret. ^))^.£ makhitund, AY. 31, 50,V; 
pres. 3 a pi. $))^*i£ makhitund, AY. 28, 58, 2. Heb. NTO, PlTID, Chald. 
^np, Syr. V^o, Ar. livjo 'to destroy'; Paz. syn. ))^) zadono. 

ft£5*£Mazdayast, )fflr)5u£ Mazdayasto, Dk. 149, 2. 151, 3,11. 
adj. a variant of ft*S5j}£ Mdzdayasrh Either a)£ = Z. -W).u6 
(as in -u^^> Avharmazd) and ftlp ?/<:/s£ (Z. -m^j^m)^) is substi- 

27 



210 ** - ,^ 

tuted for j^3 yam (Z. -ujajjjjio); or u£ = Z. C-ug (comp. )^yij = 
Z. 4^ JJ ( <u ) 4 b'K 3 = Z. -u&, and f££) = p^^ was originally a mere 
mal-formation of f(}5 (the change of f(j into p^, and vice versa, being 
not uncommon in MSS.). The word ^q^jj^ is also sometimes malrist, 
'greatest' (see Bund. 13, is. 14, g. 22, i. 43,3,4. etc.), anc. P. mathishta, 
Z. -u^oj^jCjj£ , Sans, mahishtha, 

^owy^ mdyud, Hn. l,io. s. sexual intercourse, copulation, concep- 
tion. Comp. Pers. xjLo ; it explains Z. -uj,u)£>}iJ . Perhaps a better 
reading would be mdyavad, 'what has generative effect'. 

s£yo V)fiy£ mdyuvad-homand, Hn. 3, 35. $£yo )^))(Jf-f md- 
yuvato-homand, Hn. 2,35. adj. having what procreates, provided with 
breeding creatures. fl>/£ mdyu (= ^-£N or -\)*>-£i mdyd) -}- V) 
vad (Z. £A)>>1 -f- pos. suf. -Sj^yj homand; Z. ^>jj» jjjjjluG * 

-u^o^* matd, AY. 15, 10. s. a province, a district, a town, a village. 
Chald. NH£, Syr. j2tio As. Wia£; Paz. syn. ^) dih. 

))y*£ madano, v. to come, to arrive, to attain, to reach, to happen; 
past part, yf mad, AY. 2, 4. 4, 12. 8, 6 . 49, s. 68,24. 89, 8 . GF. 2, 45. 
3,70.; (used as adj.) AY. 15, 3. appointed, proper; ^^ -uw bard mad, 
AY. 10,3. Hn. 2 ? 35. 3,34. come out, come forth; ^*£ $>»)£} frdz mad, 
AY. 4,7,8. 6,19,20,1. 12,i,9. 16, 2. ^ $y)£J f r « z ma( ! d > Dk - 150 » 9 - 
come up, advanced, come up to, arrived at. Pret. ^>£ mad, GF. 1,4. 
3,53. Hn. 2,29.; y>£ -uu bard mad, AY. 4,2. came out, came forth; 
^•G 0*)6J ffdz mad, AV. 4, 27. 17, 19. GF. 4, 21. came up, arrived; k^ 
)y>j£ madam mado, Dk. 150, 13. came on, advanced. Pers. jjju^f, anc. 

P. Z. Sans, gam; Huz. syn. ))^))^X3 y&MMand and ^^))C^-*(3 ydi- 
tuntano. 

))^>j£ Mitro (trad. Mat tin) AY. 5,3. pr. n. the yazad, or angel, 
of the sun's light, whose name is given to the 16 th day of each Parsi 
month. Z. nom. ^^CJ^G 1 anc. P. Mithra, Sans, mllra, 'the sun', Pers. >-£*, 



)*f - «W 211 

))^£ mitro (trad, matun) AY. 52, 6 , 7. 85, 7. s. a promise, an agree- 
ment, a covenant, a contract, an engagement. Z. nom. 4'w<>G ) comp. 
Sans, mitra, 'a friend', Pers. v ^o , 'friendship'. 

f^OM)^* Mitro-dpdn, GF. 6,2,5. pr. n. 'honoring Mithra' (?), a 
Parsi man's name, still in use in the form Meharvanji. ))y>£ Mitro -f- 
y*ty apart (— crd. of Pers. ,jJuobf 'to praise', Z. Sans, fcara); Pers. 

^^O*)^))^ Mitro-patidhk, GF. 6, 2. pr. n. a Parsi man's name in 
the 13 th century A. D. ))^-£ Mitro, or mitro, -f- A-^lgJ pcmdhk (= 
^tyjgj pandh). 

(oys ))?*•£ mitro-druj, AY. 52, 5. adj. used as s. promise-breaking, 
a breach of promise. ))^^ mftrd -f &y$ druj (crd. of ^^Vr^ drukh- 

tano), Z. ace. G£&>/* , 4'O^G* 

-i(j(oy5 )j^.f mitro-drujih, AY. 70,6. GF. 4, 20. s. promise-break- 
ing, a denial of an agreement. The preceding -f- abst. suf. ^ -ih. 

j£ mar, AY. 1,20. s. a number, a total, a sum, an account, a 
calculation; )^ 3 3 £ min zak mar may mean either 'out of that 
number', or 'on that account' (comp. Mkh. 10,4.). Pers. 00. 

j£ mar, GF. 1,24. 2,3,18,21,24,28,33,38,43,50,53,56,63,66. 3, 2,13, 
18-21, 28, 37, 42, 53, 65; 70, 76, 82, 87, 90, 93, 96. s. a destroyer, a malefactor, a 
criminal, a felon. Z. -j^jj/jaj^ 'deadly'. 

fly.f t?*«/y/, substituted for -ajnj #«6m in AY. 31, 36, 46, 68,1. 
38, 58,5. by K20, and in GF. 2,8. by K26, )$•£ mardo, similarly sub- 
stituted in AY. 22,6. 27,5. by K20, s. a man, a male human being; 
pi. )*>$■£ rrtarddn, see y^^OJPf-^ magoi-marddn. Pers. dy* , anc. P. 
martiya, Z. _u^g).u£ 'a mortal', and -ujjm^ jj£ , Sans, martya; Huz. 
syn. -uh-> gabrd. 



212 rcW - 5V 

•G)VO$ fnardum^ AY. 1, 28. 0, 15, •>. 37, 47, i, 41, Oil, o. 42, i, 3 . 4b, 7 . 
-19. 80,8. 55,4. GF. 1,4,8. 2,44-46,52. s. a human being, a man, man- 
kind, people, a male human being (in AY. 37, i. 41, 6. 48,7, GF. 2, 45.); 
pi. Y±C)tf}<G mardumdn, AY. 1,12,18,25. 15, 2 7, g. 16,7. 20,49,2. 2 ( J, 
47,5. 36,75,3. 37,4,g. 73, s. 92,4. 101, 20. GF. 2,37. )y+G)yo£ mardu- 

mdno, AY. 28, 6 . 39, 2. GF. 1 , 1 5. 2,75,76. 3, -30. Pers. rOv*; Huz. syn . 
-H^y^y* ansliutd. 

))fly-£ murdand) v. to die; a variant of ))tfj£ murdanu] past 
part. tfy-G murd, substituted for fly^ murd in xYV r . 55, 1. by K20. 

yuQy£ Marzpdn : GF. 6, 2. pr. n. a Pars! man's name. Pers. ^U\wa\ 
^0^^* marzishn, s. sexual intercourse, cohabitation; sec the follow- 
ing. y£ marz (crd. of ))tf)^-£ marzidano) -f- abst. suf. y^ -£s/m. 

^5)*oi^ marzishnih, sec -^J*0s)^ Mr^O* avdruno-marzishnih. 
■VyiSV-G marzishnik, see .u^s)^ )p^o* ctvdrun^marzishnlk. 

))&}£)£ ma rzi dano , v. to have sexual intercourse, to cohabit; 
pret. &}&£ marzid, AY. 88,2.; crd. y£ marz, see y£))j kun-marz 
and y£ V^vOO^ dashtdn-marz. Comp. Pers. \yxi 'coition', Z. marcz, 
'to sweep', Sans, wry, 'to cleanse'. 

yoy^jj£ mar<j-arjdn. AV. 55,4. adj. death-deserving, worthy of 
death, capital (crime), mortal (sin); also written yHy3)£ mar/j-arjdn. 
ij£ marg -f- yvy±} arjdn. 

aj£ marak, AY. 54, c. s. a number, a total, a sum. Pers. 3^. 
It may perhaps be here (and occasionally elsewhere) an adj., 'numerous', 
from j£ mar; but it is usually a s. 

-u^3^ malkd, OF. 6,4. Dk. 144,s,io. 149, r. L50, 11. 151, 4, 13. s. 
a king, a monarch, a sovereign; pi. yfjty£ malkddn, GF. 6,4. )yy>y£ 
malkddno, Dk. L 44, 8, 10. 150,-u, 151, 4,13, Sas. ^J^)?3 mated, pi. 



$f - -o^ 213 

p|/D malhdn; Heb. ^D, Chald. frO^E, Syr. J^io, Ar. lie, dJUo; 
Paz. syn. -*(X)0 s hdh- 

&y**y£ marvdrid, GF. 2, 13. s. a pear]. Pers. Jusf.oo. 

)jj^u^oy^ marcnchinlddr (trad, marochiniddr) s. a destroyer, 

a devastator, a ravager, a murderer; see ^C^y^y-^ }*(jO^ geh&n- 
marenchiniddr. From the following. 

D^OHCxr^ niarenchinidand (trad, mardchinidan) v. to destroy, 
to devastate, to ravage, to murder; past part. C^P^y-^ marenchtmd, 
AY. 47,6. Z. marench] comp. Sans. mn. 

i*3.£ mar^f, s. death; see i)^)£) par-marg and ^^j^3^ rnarg- 
arjdn. Pers. t<Lc , Z. -ua/^jjj^ . 

j^ij^ margik, AY. 21, 2. s. death. £j£ marg + abst. suf. ^ 4A-. 

^3^* mozd) AY. 93, 6. s. hire, wages, pay, a salary, remuneration, 
a reward, a price; see ^3^* mozd. Pers. u>y^ 5 - Z. -uAels^ , see 
Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 156. 

33^ ma.^, AY. 46, 80, 81, 2. 91, 1. s. the brain, brains, marrow. 
Pers. y*x>, Z. -JUQ51C.UG, Sans, majjd, 'marrow 7 . 

))^)jj3.£ (trad.) mazduntano, v. to sell, to dispose of; past part. 
^)u3^" mazdund, AY. 27, 6. 80, 7. Probably to be read mezadnuntand, 
corrupted from ))^d))i3^" mczabnuntano (perhaps through the interme- 
diate form jj^ip.^ mezavnuntano) which is derived from the part, of 
a pael form, such as Chald. J2T, Syr. i-j ^ 'to sell' (comp. Ar. ^jO; 
whilst ))^o)u3 zednuntano, 'to buy", similarly corrupted from ))^ju3 
zebnuntano, is the peal, or qal, form of the same verb, which means 
to buy' in Chald. and Syr. Paz. syn. jj^^Vrd frokhtdno. 

^^ mas, AY. 4, 25. 12, is. 14, 1,17. 15, 6,13. Hn. 1,11,16,21,26, 
31,36. 2,26,27,31. adj. great, grand, superior, (often used for the comp.) 



214 TtD^ - ^0-0^ 

greater, (and sometimes for the sup.) greatest; pi. used as a s. )*£>£ 
masdn, AY. l,io. the great, the grandees, the nobles. Pers. xx>, anc. 
P. math (in mathishta, 'greatest'), Z. w$ and Cut, Sans, mahat, mahd. 

S3)yQ)^ mastorg, AY. 46,2. s. a skull. Z. J-u^c/jj^jaiJG ; comp. 

San?, mastaka, 

^0^0-^ Tnasih, AY. 12, 15. s. greatness, grandeur, superiority. ~q£ 
mas + abst. suf. ^ -ih] Pers. ^0 . 

JO-f »**fcft, AY. 67,71,4. 69,2. 79, 5. 92, 1. 99,3. s. a nail, a 

spike, a pin, a peg, a stake. Pers. *>-yo . 

~H}£ mayd, I.) AY. 3, 19. 4, 26 . 10, 13. 13, 20, 38, 58, 72, 98, 5. 14,i 5 . 
15,3,13.17,17. 23,6,8. 27,75,6. 37,6,7.41,7. GF. 2, 70. 3, 19-21. Hn. 1,6. 
N. 77,i. s. water, a liquid (in AY. 1,7.); (2^-^ maydich, Hn. 2, 29. 
the water also. IT.) GF. 3,38,39. pr. n. the female yazad, or angel, of 
water, the Ardvt-sura Andhita of the Aban Yasht, whose name And- 
hita is applied to the planet Yenus; here the Huz. ~\}£ mayd has 
been substituted for the Paz. $y do which would be her more correct 
appellation. Ileb. I'D, V, Chald. Wft] Syr. £uo, Ar. eUo , As. mic\ 
Paz. syn. $y do. 

53 -j^^* mydzd, AY. 3, 20. in K20, a variant of 5j>*£ myazd. 

*jqjq£ maydih, AY. 98,5. s. an aquatic region, or state; water- 
iness, liquidity. ~*(j£ mayd + abst. suf. -1^ -ih ; Paz. syn. J(^$y 
doth. It is probably, however, a miswriting of ±)^^ maydik 'watery, 
aquatic', == -J(^-£* mayd -f- adj. suf. J) -ih; Paz. syn. Dty dock (see 
Bund. 48,4.). 

^j~Hj£ mishgd (trad, mashyd) AY. 84,5. s. oil, clarified butter, 
liquor, essence, extract, or infusion. Chald. NTlL^p, Syr. JIa^o} Paz. 
syn. )a£ royhan. 



-Wf - *f 215 

r^^^-C mishguih (trad, mashydi) Hn. 2, 33. s. oiliness, unctu- 
ousness, liquor, essence, j^j^^* mishgd -f- abst. suf. ^ -7//. 

)^.£ miydn, AY. 11,2. 15, 10. also 25,2. in H17, s. the middle, 
mediation; see )*(J*£ miydn. 

o£ maghj GF. 3, 69. s. stones in regular succession at certain inter- 
vales used as a seat during the ceremony of purification. Z. -u^fJg . 

~Uj-C makas, AY. 69,4. s. a fly. Pers. ^^JCo, Z. jM^p»AiC, 
Sans, makshilxd. 

^^j)p3A^ mekadluntano (trad, makdaruntan) v. to receive , to 
accept, to admit, to entertain, to allow, to acknowledge, to assent to, 
to approve; past part. ^)p^.£ mekadlund, AY. l,i. 101, is. ^y5^j£ 
mekadlund, AY. 43,6. Corrupted from ^^c)yiA^ mekabluntano ', (see 
Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 1G, 11., perhaps through the intermediate form 
))^)p|A.£ mekavluntano) which is derived from the part, of a piel form, 
such as Heb. "Op > Chald. 73j?, Syr. vLc, comp. Ar. JuS*' Paz. syn. 
))^d£j.b^£) padtraftano. 

^f mfl«ira, I.) AY. 19, 48, 49, 67, 71, 73, 78, 5. 20, 21, 25, 27-30, 
32-34, 38, 45, 46, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 66, 84, 86, 93-96, 3. 22-24, 31, 36, 40, 
41, 43, 44, 50, 60, 63, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-S9, 4. 55, 72, 82, 83, 90-92, 97, 
98,2. 64,65,69,79,6. 99,7. GF. 2,17^20,23,32,37,55,65. 3,1,12,17,22-25, 
,89. N. 76,3. 77,6. 126,3. interrog. pron. which? what?; oa>3 ^C 
ma man rat, AY. 6, 3. 68, is. 100, 3. for what? wherefore? why?; ^C £ 
min maman, GF. 3, 41. from what? whence? II.) GF. 3, 19. reh which, 
(perhaps a miswriting for )£ mun); -§ -uu kola maman, AY. 3,24. 
Dk. 150,5. all which, everything which, whatsoever. IIT.) AY. 2,6, 

53,9. 4, 26. JO, o. 16,12. 52,7. 68,6. 101,7,23, GF. 1,24. 2,4,11,19,22,25, 
2 9, 3 0, 34, 39, 4 0, 44, 51, 54, 57, 64, 6 7. 3, .3, 5, 14, 19, 20, 23, 39, 43, 66, 6 8, 71, 78, 7 9, 82, 

88,91,94,97. 4,9,15,22. Hn. 1,7. 2,3,37. Dk. 151, 3. adv. or conj. for, as, 
since, because; GF. 3,36,45,54,55, Dk. 150,7. even, too, yet, also, 



216 „f - iC 

moreover, besides, however. Sas. rtK) maman; see Pahl.-Paz. Glos. 
p. 154; Paz. syn. chi, and sometimes g -ich is substituted for ^ 
maman and vice versa. 

Vrf$ mamanat, I.) adv. or conj. with suf. for (as, since, or because) 
of (to, for, by, or through) thee; for (as,. since, or because) thy, or thee. 
II.) rel. with suf. ^^ _juj^ hold mamanat, AV. 3,i4« whatever of (to, 
for, by, or through) thee ; whatsoever thy, or thee. ~§ maman + pron. 
suf. ^a -at of 2 d pers. sing.; Paz. syn. chit. 

-K^/ff mamanash, Hn. 2,3,38. adv. or conj. with suf. for (as, 
since, or because) of (to, for, by, or through) him (her, or it); for (as, 
since, or because) his, her, its, him, or it. ^C maman -f- pron. suf. 
-jy -ash of 3 d pers. sing. ; Paz. syn. clash. 

£^ mamanam, AY. 101, u. adv. or conj. with suf. for (as, since, 
or because) of (to, for, by, or through) me; for (as, since, or because) 
my, or me. ^ maman -f- pron. suf. £ -am of 1 st pers. sing.; Paz. 
syn. chim. 

£ mill, AY. 1,24,29,32,34. 2,14,15. 3,1,3,6,8-11. 4,11,17,21,27. 5, 

12,13. (>, n, 12. etc. prep, from, out of, (sometimes) by, through, with: 
AY. 1,28. 17,13. GF. 2,17,20,23. .% 2i. Hn. 1,2. of; AY. 64, 10. 68,23,24. 
GF. 2,9. 4,i9. owing to, because of; AY. 42, 7. for; (with a com]).) 

AY. 4,22. 11,4. 17,13. GF. 3,22-27,29-34. Hll. 1,11,16,21,26,31,36. 3,38. 

than; (with a sup.) AY. 12,9. 17, 11. 101, 13. Hn. 2,20,24. 3, 19. of; 
£ i-i^y akhar min, AY. 4,34. GF. 3, si. Hn. 1 , is. 2, 3,38,39. later 
than, after; $5 £ k^fy akhar min zak, AY. 1,12. 10,6. later than 
that, after that, afterwards; £ -uw bard min, Hn. 1, 10, 31,38. Dk. 144,s. 
apart from, besides, away from, without; £ yy levin min, AY. 2, 15. 
earlier than, before; hj^y £ min akhar, AV. .16, 7, 9. after, on account 
of; AY. 49,50,3. from behind ; AV. 53, 11. in the rear; t£w £ min 
aigh, Hn. 2,21. N. 7fi, 2. 77,5. from where? from what? whence?; £ 
_>_jijj min hahd-i, GF. 2, 64. from the way of, by means of; j^p £ win 
levino, AY. 53, 10. of the front, in front; -^3 £ min zak, GF. 1, 15. 



t - Sf 217 

Hn. 2,36. owing to that, because; If ^3 £ mm zak mar, AV. 1, 20. 
of that number, (or) on that account, therefore; ^ £ min maman, 
GF. 3,4i. from what? whence? Sas. VO min, Heb. Chald. |B, Syr. 
^o ? Ar. J^o; Paz. syn. $y as. 

fi mil, AV. 34,5. s, hair; see ^ mill and s£ mud. Pers. ..*, 
or 55^. 

1>*0h°^ 5"0 iJ ^T^' Mujrdyik-mdnishnd, AV. 1, 4, s. adj. of Egyptian 
residence, residing in Egypt, -au)^^ Mujrdi (anc. P. Miidrdya, Heb. 
DyiJiD) + adj. suf. .1) -ik -j- j^u^ mdnishno. 

jfi mdr, AV. 60,8. 69,4. s. an ant. Pers. ^o, Z. jA>Aaj£; comp. 
Sans, vamrd, vamri. 

^yo£ murdak, GF. 3, 71. and substituted for ^^)^) vadardak in 
AV. 16,9. by K20, p.p. used as adj. dead, deceased, defunct, being 
dead ; pi. used as a s. yo^tiQ^ murdakdn, AV. 3, 6. )y*jyo£ murda- 
kdndj AV. 2, 15. the dead (specially applied to the wicked, as contrasted 
with 4fl£)^) vadardak applied to the righteous). Pers. so^o, 

))it)j^ miirdano , v. to die, to expire (specially applied to the 
wicked); see ))yo£ murdano; past part. $£ ^y& frod murd, AV. 
55,i. died away, expired; pret. $£ y>yy frod murd, AV. 17,5. ex- 
pired. Pers. ,ji>yc, anc. P. Z. mar, Sans, mri; Huz. syn. ))^»))e^A> 
yemituntano. 

*y£ mtiriik, GF. 2,25. s. a bird, a fowl. Pers. £>>o, Z. u*<fth$. 
S3^ mozd, AV. 39, 5. s. hire, wages, pay, a salary, remuneration, 
a reward, a price; see ^3^ mozd. Pers. ay*, Z. -uadb^g . 

iiu3^ ?nozddbar, adj. used as s. one who carries away wages, 
one who works for hire, an employee, a workman, an artizan, a laborer; 
ph y\yS^ mozdohafdn, AV. 39, 5. — ySg mdzdo (= $$£ mozd) 

-f- \ bar (crd. of ))^Q)i burdano)] Pers. yj^va? ♦ 



2S 



218 V - tf 

-**)jo£ nidg-gabrd, GF. 2, n, s. a Magian man, one of the Magi; 
see -u) u*y£ magoi-qabrd. 

Stti\C must, GF. 3, s, ii, i4, ig. s. the palm of the hand, the grasp, 
the fist. Pers. ou&xr, Z. j^^>^ , Sans, mushti. 

- J 0?Q)r£ miestihj GF. 3,7. s. a handful. ft&£ must + abst. suf. 
j^ -ih ; Pers. _£&*, 

-jq^ milayd (trad. wiw/tf) AY. J, 22. 40, e. GF. 2,7. Hn. 1,33. s. 
a word, a saying, a speech, a discourse, tidings. Heb. Chald. i"to, emph. 
pi. NJ^pj Syr. )A,Ssn ; Paz. syn. ^A)A5 sakhun , or )^ui3 sakhun. 

-JtyC minash, AV. 3, 17. 93,6. Hn. 2, 37. prep, with suf. from (with, 
by, or through) him (her, or it) ; therefrom, thereby, therewith. £ min 
+ pron. suf. ^j -ash of 3 d pers. sing.; Paz. syn. -^fcy azash. 

yiSjC minishn, or mainislm, s. a variant of jH$y£ mmishn, or 
mainishn; see ^^w hu-minishn. 

^ muk, s. an outer boot, a shoe; see *£)tf khadu-muk. Ar. 

j^ (borrowed from Pers.) ; comp. Z. -u^o^y>gj^j^>ju^) 'shod', Sans. 
prathnukta, 'clothed'. 

)£ man (trad, mavan) I.) rel. (generally used conjunctively) AY. 

1,29,32. 4,11,14,27. 5,5. 0,2. 10,9. 12,2,5. 15,13. 16,5. 17,9,16,19. 23, 

24,2. etc. who, that; AY. 2, 12. 17, 19. 54, 10. ITn. 1,4. etc. one who, he 
(she, or they) who, whoever; AY. 5,8. 10, 12, 14. 12, s. 53,5. GF. 2,17, 
20,22,36,39,64,67. etc. which , that; 27,38, 41, 52, 58,71,2. whom, to 
whom; AY. 6,u. 19,5. 20, 21, s. 22-24,4. etc. whose, of whom; AY. 
64,u. GF. 3,17,19. of one who, of those who, of what; AY. 19,2. 54, 3. 
of which; )£ c£}U ait mun, AY. 1,35. there is (or are) who, some; 

)£ -u)A kola mun, GF. 1l,c,. 2,5. all who, everyone who; -J^fcy )£ 

mun — azash, AY. 15,22. that from (with, by, or through) it, with 
which; -^l^J — )£ mun — aUbash, AV. 67, 7. that to him (her, or 
it), to whom (or which); -J(^£) )£ man padash, AY. 1,ig. that on 



iiT 219 

him, on whom; $>>)£) — \£ mun — frdz, AY. 18,7. upon which; )£ 
£j)£ mun mandavam, GF. 3,53. which thing ; uj — )£ mun — tfin, 
AV. 2,ii. 16,3. in which, on which; \£ Ytji5)£ munshdn mun, AY. 
94,i. who by them whose, by whom their; in GF. 3, 17,00,91. perhaps 
)£ mun is substituted for ^gg> amat : and in GF. 1,9. for jC mamdn. 
II.) interrog. AY. i. 22. 6, 8, 14, 75, 3. 9, 16, 65, 5. IT, is. 66, 73, 7 7, SO, -1. 
GF. 3,26,27. Hn. 2,24. who?; AY. 17, 7. what? or who?; AY. 61, 3. 
70, i. 79, c. which? what? of whom ? who?; Hn. 3, 1. whom? to whom?; 
}£ j^3 zak-i mu/i, AY. '26,39,3. 56,57,2. 67,69,5. 76, j. 99, o. that 
(or those) of whom? whose?; )£ £ min mun, Hn. 3, ±. from whom?; 
j±^4 \£ /??f/^ kaddrn, AY. 47,3. who and which? (the couj. ) va being 
often omitted in duads) ; )£ j i mini, AY. 17,35,3. of whom? whose? 
Heb. •£, Chald. jD, [ID, Syr. v^ ^, ^^5 ^ r - cK 5 P^ z - s J n - ^) 
kc (see ^j* amat). 

^)j£* munat, Hn. '2, 25. rel. with suf. who (which, or that) of (to, 
for, by, or through) thee; who (which, or that) thy, or thee. )£ mun 
+ pron. suf. ^0 -at of 2 d pers. sing.; Paz. syn. ket. 

(°)£ munich, AY. 15, 13. Hn. 2,29. rel. with conj. who (which, or 
that) also (even, or too). )£ mun -f- (o -ich. 

^0)£ munash, AY. 4, 20. 6, 9, 10. 18, s. 19, 71, 78, 7. 20, 21, 35. 45 5 

2.5. 22,40,2,g. 23,24,31. 36,43,44, 50, 63,81,85,87,88,6. 26,2. 27, 29, 
30, 33, 34, 38, 39. 46, 51. 62, 84, 96, 5. 28, 1, 5. 48, 2, 7. 79, 2 , s. 82, 83, 4. 
Hn. 2,25,37. rel. with suf. who (which, or that) of (to, for, by, or 
through) him (her, or it): who (which, or that) his (her, its, him, or 
it); whose, whom; of (or by) whom (or which). )£ mun -f pron. suf- 
^ -ash of 3 d pers. sing.; Paz. syn. kesh. 

yfJO)iC munshdn, AY. 6, 7. 7, 49, 73, 2, 7. 8, 42, 5. 9, 4, s. 12, 7, 15. 

13,74,75,1,5. 14,3,4,u,i9. 15,1,7,10,19. 16,9,10. 17,68,2. 25,47,61, 
2,5. 37,2,6. 55-57,72,92,1,4. 65, 69, 2, s. 66,80,89,6. 70, 76, 77, 1,6. 



220 |£ 



— ^, 



90,93,94,1. 97,98,4. 99, 7,9. GF. 2,12. )YW)£ munshdno, AY. 12,i 8 , 
14,7. 80,i. 99,3. rel. with suf. who (which, or that) of (to, for, by, or 
through) them; who (which, or that) their, or them; whose, whom; of 
(by, or to) whom. There appears to be no sufficient reason for suppos- 
ing that YtJQ)£ munshdn is ever used merely as a pi. of \£ mun, 
although some sentences might readily be mistranslated in accordance 
with that view. When the verb is understood, or is used in the prer. 
or P-P-' ^)0)]^ munshdn clearly means either 'that their, whose', or 
'that by them, by whom'; the phrase Ji>i2))^) Yi)Q)£ munshdn ni~ 
kuiisdr, AY. 37,2. 70, 74, 80, 93, 1. means 'that their head downwards, 
or whose head downwards'; when the verb is pi., it agrees either with 
the antecedent of )£ mini, or with a nom. understood, as in 13, 1. 'that 
consider their husbands', in 15,7. 'that walk among those of them who 
are brilliant', in 15, 10. 'that they have seated them on it', in 55, 1. 
'that suffer their torment', in 68,2. 'that they drag them', in 75, 1. 'that 
have been thrown under the feet of their cattle', and in 99, 9. 'that have 
been disobedient unto their rulers'. )£ mun -f- pron. suf. yyQ -shdn 
of 3 d pers. pi.; Paz. syn. keshd. 

£)£ munam, AY. 4,22. 11, 18,4. 17, 13. 68,20. Hn. 2, 21. 0,20. rel. 
with suf. who (which, or that) of (to, for, by, or through) me; who 
(which, or that) my, or me. )£ mun + pron. suf, j£ -am of 1 st pers. 
sing. ; Paz. syn. kem. 

Y*£)£ munmdn, AY. 2,13. rel. with suf. who (which, or that) of 
(to, for, by, or through) us; who (which, or that) our, or us. )£ niun 
-f- pron. suf. yo£ -man of 1 st pers. pi.; Paz. syn. kemd. 

$)£ -mond, pos. suf. a variant of s£ -mand] see 5)£ ^W shut- 
mond. 

*£ many, AY. 1,38. 2,22,29,31. s. a narcotic, henbane (hyoscya- 
mus), 'the seed of which, imported from Cabul, or Persia, is sold in 
Bombay as Khurdsdni ajwairi! (see Dalzell and Gibson's Supplement 
to the Bombay Flora, 1861, p. 62). Pers. Jo* . 



*f - 0<r 221 

$£ mui, AY. 34,6. 54,5. $£ miii , AV. 23,3. 96,2. s. hair; see 
£ mu and $£ mud. Pers. ^..x>, or ^ . 

-^ /?i#d, AY. 73,7. s. hair ; see ^ mu and 3^ /mH. 

$£ -mand , pos. suf. affixed to substantives to form adjectives 
implying possession of the thing expressed by the substantive ; see 

^iCW^y* khvahishnmand. Pers. Ja* 5 Z. £^6 — ? Sans. -???«£; 

Huz. syn. 3j£)aj homand. 

•*>£ muyak, AY. 1G, 7,9,11. 57,4. s. weeping, crying, wailing, 
lamentation, (perhaps) tearing the hair. Pers. xj^ . 

■fy^ mandavam, or mindavam (trad, mandum) AY. 1, 14. 2,8 
46,5. Dk. 144,5. ^^ mandavam, AY. 17, 19. 27, 80, 7. 68, 6 . GF. 2 
6,17,23,37,55. 3,53. Hn. 2, 28. s. a thing, something, anything, a matter 
an affair, a concern, property ; q£\>£ mandavamich , AY. 89, 7. GF 
3,58. 4,i8. even anything, anything whatever. Chald. E«tnp> OJH^Tp 
Paz. syn. -JM^£ chish (Mkh. this). 

i>)«Oy^ mczishnlk, adj. mnking water, voiding urine ; tf?$J £ 
^y^ mm ragclman mezishnik, AY. 25, 6. making water on foot, or 
whilst standing, which is forbidden on account of its causing the pollu- 
tion of more ground than is necessary, and risking the pollution of the 
feet. q£ mez (crd. of ))&}%}£ mczidano, II.) + abst. suf. y^ -ishn 
+ adj. suf. J) -ik (which is, however, probably a mere substitute for 
the abst. suf. ^ -ih, added to the compound adj. )*0O*£ ^ M£) 
pavan-ragelman-mezishn). 

jO-f mizak, or mczak, s. taste, flavor, relish, savor ; in the comp. 
adj. phrase 3^^^" ))g pavan-mizaktar, GF. 2, 6 2, 64. with more taste, 
more in flavor, more relishable, more savory. Pers. sy* . 

^JO-f mivuk, AY. 71, 2 . s. a sting, a fang. Comp. Pers. ^Lx>. 



222 o-f -- tf 

))^0O-£ mezhjano, v. to taste, to sip, to suck; past part. tf}0-£ 
mczid, AY. 73,2. Pers. ^Joy>.A>, or jjJoyo, 

))^00-^ niczidand , v. to make water, to void mine; crd. ^.^ 
mez, see ju^^^" mczishnik. Pers. jjJoyju>, or ^Ju&u*, Z. wife, 



Sans. mill. 



^y^J5^ mirishriih, sec ^y^J5^ y>yy frod-mirishnih. 

$■}*<$ myazd, AY. 3, 20. s. a sacred repast, of which Parsis of 
all classes partake at certain festivals, after the recitation of the pre- 
scribed prayers and benedictions for the consecration of the bread, fruit, 
and wine, which constitute the feast [Dcst.] (sec AY. p. 147, note); 
also written ^3jq^ mydzd. Pers. jjXo 'a banquet', Z. -aj^jjjj^ ♦ 

-^^ mesh , GF. 3,25,32. s. a sheep, a ram. Pers. u&x*, Z. 
.am^Kjjjg, Sans, meshct] Huz. syn. ))^-w arriin. 

u£, or m£*5 madam, prep. I.J before s. and pron. AY. 1, 7, 16,22. 
2,i6,i9. 14,5.7,71,4. 19,8.34,91,5,6. 40,3,6. 44, 76, 3. 52,7. 64, 3 ,n. 
68, 15. 72, g. 92, 94, 1. GF. 1, 23, 24, 26, 29. 2, 9, 10. 3, 4, 56, 69. 4, 19. Hn. 1,4. 



2, 6,1c, is. 3,5. on, upon, up, above, over, about, into, along with, with, 



unto, at; ~{jm*±> j±£ madam dkds, AY. 101, 20. acquainted about, 
aware of; i) j& madam val, AY. 1,36. 10,4,9,12,14. 54, 1. Hn. 2, 3,36. 
on to, upon, up to, unto, into. II.) used adverbially with v. AY. 1,18, s. 
3,3. 4,i6. 15,5. 31,93,2. 42,6. 54, 5,11. 98, 1. GF. 1,21,28. 4, 23. Hn. 2, 
19,37. 3,i8,37. sec ))fti)-*ty khdstano , jj^CVMTCV^ hankhetunddano^ 
))^g)-*Vg) padlraftano, ))y*))^v ramiturltano, ))^y ridano, ))^))tfy*> 
sdtuntandj Jj^jfO^O yokhseriuntano, M^OO^O ddshiano, ))^)y^^ 
ydityuntand) ))y*)))-(X) shedkuntano, ))ftl)- u ) vaytdano, and j)^))i3) 
vazluntano. Sas. 030 madam (?) ; but its etymology is uncertain, 
as it is not satisfactory to compare it with Ifeb. Chald. D^O 'away 
from' ; Paz. syn. (rare in Pahl.) )%y 



avar. 



ItFQ))^-^ tnedammuna stand, v. to seem, to appear, to be like, to 






y€ 223 

like, to be of opinion, to deem, to consider; pret. ^Q)) 1!£ mcdammunast, 

AV. 4, 1C. 12,6,10.13,17,19. 13,12. 14, 2, 0, 10, 13, IS, 21. 15,8,15,17. 17, 

64,11. 54,2.; pres. 3 fl sing. &})!*£ medammuned, AY.l, as. 4,25. 17,i 5. 
GF. 2, 42, 4s. Hn. 2, is, 19, 21, 22, 2c, 27. 3,17,18,20.; pres. 2 d pi. *fy)l*£ 
medamm uncd , GP. 2, 15. Probably contracted from the part, of a piel 
form, such as Heb. HEl. Chald. HEli Syr. >2a\\ Paz. syn. ^)^Q)iJii 
sahastano (Z. s«t|). 

^^jJJ-^ macjdput, GP. 6, 5. s. a Pais! priest who is chiefly engaged 
in the performance of ceremonies, a mobad] pi. yu^^y^ rnagopatdn, 
AV. 1,9, 2,36. Sas. f^Q-2>t) magopat ; \)£ mago (Z. nom. 4» iJ ^-"fi ) 
+ ^£J P f/i (2. ^«>-**£J » Sans, pati, Pers. <Aa , lXa , cXa ). 

-^lyOV-G rnagdi-gabrd , Dk. 149,4. s. a Magian man, one of the 

Magi; also written -jj)^^ — 3jj.£ magoi (Z. 4» iJ Q9.- u £? 01> > 9f^ 

anc. P. magu, Pers. *x>) + -u)\ J gctbrd ; Paz. syn. yfyuy£ magai- 
'mard. 

YQY^ minishn, or mainishn, AV. l,r.o. 4, 2 4. GF. 3, 5, 70. ))*(MJ.£ 
minishn-o, GP. 3, 75. Hn. 1,4. s. thinking, a thought, an idea, the mind, 
the disposition; also written JH$£ rhinishn; see y^^^yo hu-minishri, 
yi$\)£ £yo) Vohuman-minishn, and fH^y^foy dusli-mtnisHn. — y£ 
min (crd. of ))tfMJ-£ minidano) -f- abst. suf. y\$ -ishii] Pers. w^ax>, 
or jSJLfl . Modern writers are apt to confound this word with )y^)y£ 
minamddnp (pi. of 3)y£ mlnavad) by inserting a superfluous ) 0. 

^OWH-f minishnih, or mcrinishnih, see ^W^^r^ hif-ravakh- 
tninishnih. 

jlq^^u^ minishnyfoh , or malnhhnyish , see -a^W^^ WO 
Yadaddn-mtnishnyish* 

«l))A(^u^ miiiishnikj Hn. 1,4. adj. thinking, thoughtful, mental, na- 
tural. >H3H^" vntviishn -f adj. suf. -i> -f-fe; Pers. ^Aax> . 



224 y£ 

3)y£ minavad , or mainivad, (trad, madonad) AY. 2,24. 14, 15. 
61,5. GrF. 2,2,4,14. Hn. 1, 2, 1. s. a spirit, a spiritual being; spiritual, 
or immaterial, existence; an invisible state, heaven (as contrasted with 
-"JtD rtM'i '* ne world'); see $)y£ ***)%> Ganrdk-minavad. PI. yow-G 
minavaddn, AY. 3, 11. 13,7. 101, 1?,. yi$)y-C minavaddn, Hn. 2, 3, 3c 
JYbW-G ftimavaddno , AY. 1, 24. 5,4. GF. 1,26. Probably derived from 
an anc. P. word mainivat, equivalent to Z. >jj)jjj^ , Sas. 2(0 minu, 
Paz. mainyo, Pers. j.A-yo , or ..ax> , 'heaven' ; it may be objected to this 
supposition that a final t in anc. Pers. or Z. becomes a Pahl. 3 d only 
when it follows w, so that mainivad must either be a corruption of 
mainivand, or ought to be read mainand (comp. £yo and from Z. 
avand) ; but the alternative reading minui is liable to still greater 
objection, and departs more widely from tradition. 

^y^YY)y£ minavad-vcnishnih, or mainivqd-vdnishnih, Dk. 144,4. 
s. the discerning of spirits, beholding the spiritual world, heavenly 
visions. s\y£ minavad -f f^VS venishn (Pers. jLJ^j , anc. P. v«m, 
Z. vaeti), to which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. ^ -£/>. 

))e^u^ mmidano, or matnidand, v. to think, to mind, to heed, 
to attend to, to regard, to care for, to like, to respect; past part. ^y£ 
minid, AY. (18, 8 .; pret. $)?4 V tar m ^4i AY. 26, 62, 5. thought 
contemptuously of, scorned, despised; pres. 3 d sing, tyy4 mined, AY. 
18,io.; pres. 2 a pi. tyy£ mined, AY. 100,4. Anc. P. Z. Sans. man. 

SVfy-G magCn-mard, s. a Magian man, one of the Magi; pi. 
y*$t>y-G magoi-marddn, AY. 1,19. — sy£ magoi (Z. 4»- u ^ ij 6^ d* 
><pG, anc. P. magu, Pers. *i) + fc).f mardj fluz. syn. -uyop-f 
magoi-gabrd. 






225 



) n ) V, Uj o, o, r, or /. 

) w, v, u, o, r, or /, is the thirteenth letter of the Pahlavi alpha- 
bet, and the usual equivalent of Sas. (, 2, Pers. jj., ., Z. }, Zp , 

», >, a, ijj, A, 4^ CxTi and Chald. 3, 1, p; it also sometimes 

corresponds to a medial Sas. ), Pers. v, J, lj , <£f, Z. /, and Chald. 
*1, ^. When initial, it stands almost always for ?z, or V] and when 
used as an apparently unnecessary final, it is represented by o. When 
it is a vowel, it is read u unless the Z., or Chald., equivalent indicates 
some other vowel, in which case it is read 6. Its form remains un- 
altered, in all situations, as it does not join a succeeding letter; but 
when joined by a preceding letter, the junction is always made at the 
top, which tends either to reduce the size of the ) , or to force it below 
the line, as in most of the compounds: W)(y s Vty , y*0*' J^ , 

& ^ rP^ 3' ^ v> i* > £' fr ,^P' ft' wooo> 

YVOi ,#^ )*bi XX)' ^ *f* ^ ^ ^' ^ >»> etc. 
In hasty writing, the ) is occasionally turned at the bottom and joined 
to the succeeding letter, being converted into j f, c, or 3 d; owing 
to this irregularity (which is analogous to the frequent junction of., w 
and J , with a succeeding letter in Persian MSS.) we find H«>3jLQ0(3pA3 
Srosh-yasharibo occurring thrice in He for HV-MXX^r"^ Srosh-ijasha- 
rubo (?ee note to AY. 3, io.), and W<afeP^J baresem-chino in K20 for 
»u^^y()3t baresom-cMnp, (see note to GF. 4, 27.); and several instances 
in which 1 b has probably become ) v and then been changed into 
3 d by this irregular junction, will be found mentioned in the remarks 
on the letter 1. 

) va, conj. (nearly always attached to the word which follows it, 
in MSS.) and, also; (it connects phrases and sentences, as in) AY. 1,2, 
3,6-15,17-19, etc, (as well as words, as in) AY. 1,6,7,10,12,17,19, etc. 

29 



226 jw 

(and is repeated before each word, or phrase, when several are connected 
together, as in) AV. 1,4,9,13,15,20. etc. (It is sometimes omitted, as 
between substantives repeated to give them a distributive meaning) see 
^X)^° tasht, Jfb ddnar, and ^)p gunak, (and in other cases where it 
might be expected, as in) AV. 2, 2c 3, 17. 4,27. 10, 7,11. 17, 19. 21,2. 
50,3. 59,5. 60,8. 04,2. 101,2i. GF. 1, 28. 2, 30. etc. (these omissions may 
sometimes be accidental, but it seems to be a general rule that when 
only two phrases, or words, are coupled together, it is optional to omit 
the conj. Occasionally this conj. has a disjunctive meaning, as in) AY. 
8,6. 48,4. 54,7. 08,io. 91,6. 100,4. etc. but, yet. Sas. 2 va, Pers. . , 
Heb. Chald. 1, ), Syr. ©, Ar. ;, As. va. 

U^OOM nihudano, v. to put, to place, to set, to deposit, to lay, 
to put out, to protrude; past part. c£X)>) nihdd, AY. 00, 2. Pers. ^LgJ, 
Z. p. p. -ju^auqj) , Sans, ni -f- dhd) Huz. syn. M^yjlflty^ hankhc- 
tunddano. 

))cg)0>) vdkhtand, v. to ornament, to beautify, to enamel, to paint, 
to rouge; past part. cgX)M vdleht^ AY. 73,7. Comp. Pers. ^L, ^j, 
'decorated', ka^Ij 'plaster', Z. -u^oi^Q/yxi^j 'embroidered'. 

tyy) niydz, s. see &Q5) niydz. 

yo&y) niydzdn, AY. 88,7. pr. p. wanting, wishing, longing, craving, 
desirous, solicitous ; ))^)4 )*J£X)M niydzdn kardano, to make desirous, 
to tempt, to seduce. §yy) niydz -f pr. p. suf. yo -an; the pr. p. of a 
v. ))tf}(?X)M niydzidano, 'to want, beg' (Pers. ,jJuvLu) , Paz. writers 
read it vidvd. 

Y*$yW) viydvdrij AY. 53,2,3. adj. pi. used as a s. places without 
water, a desert, a wilderness, a barren waste. Pers. ^L>Lo, Z. 
-ju£jjjj j 'p and -Jkj^jjjj))^^ . 

D^OF^fcXV) niydzdnlnidunb, v. to make desirous, to instigate, to 



-KJ) 



fcvt 



227 



tempt, to mislead, to seduce; pret. C^V^fcX)*) niydzdninid, AY. 1,4. 
7 J, 9. Denom. from y^^yy) niyazan. 

^ J iy) Vdhrdm, AY. 5,3. pr. n. a yazad, or angel, who is said 
to be a promoter of successful war, and is a personification of victory ; 
his name is given to the planet Mars, and also to the '20 th day of each 
Parsi month; it was likewise assumed by several kings of the Sasanian 
dynasty, and is still common among the Parsis in the form Bchramji; 
it is also written i^uJ) Verehrdm and ^u)jj)) Verehrdn, which are 
older forms of the word. Pers. J^ , Sas. ^2^22, or ^/^/2, 
Verehrdn, Z. J»)^w(^/^, Sans. Vritrahan. 

Y*J? mk (y) Vdhrdmdn, AY. 55,5. patron, adj. Yahram's ; of, be- 
longing to, or descended from, Yahram ; an epithet of the most sacred 
fire, which is also often written without the suffix. ^" J iy) Vdhrdm 
-f- patron, suf. y* -an. 

j mk iy) vahdk, AY. 27,6. s. a price, a charge, cost, value, worth. 
rs. Lgj . 

y(ji) nihdn, adj. hidden, concealed; see YQQ) nihdn. 

"HX5W) nihdnyish, AY. 63,8. adv. secretly, clandestinely, privately. 
)) nihdn + adv. suf. oq^ -yish. 

)Y^) ndkhun, AY. 50,2. a finger-nail, a claw. Pers. ^j^-b , or 
■j^b, Sans, nakha. 

O^OM ttishiv, AY. 49, s. s. a descent, lowliness, humiliation, degra- 
lation. Pers. ^^k&j , •>-&i, ^^^, or «ju&* Or it may be merely a 
corruption of ^y) niydz, 'want', as assumed in the text. 

IW^^ty) niydyishno, Hn. 3, ±. s. praise, thanksgiving, benediction ; 
iften written yi$3 jq) niydyishn. Pers. jj&jLu . 

^y) vdd, AY. 4, 17. 17,io-i2. 18, s. 93, 2. GF. 2, 31. Hn. 2, 19,21,22. 



228 om — **) 

3,i8,2o. s. a wind, a breeze, a gale, air; it is peisonified as'a yazad, 
or angel, whose name is given to the 'J2 d day of each Parsi month. 
PL ^o^tV) vdddn , lln. 2, 20. 3, 10. Pers. j>Ij , or of., Z. -m^jyj/?, 
Sans, vtda; IIu/. syn. -ju.i>3 zikd. 

0») vdj, AY. 2,3i. 3,2o. 23,6. s. a short prayer, or formula, usu- 
ally muttered, especially that used before and after meals; a grace, a 
blessing; ))^))O0 OM V ®J vakhduntano, ))y*£)^ OM vdj gereftano, to 
take possession of the grace (by muttering a portion before eating, or 
acting), to mutter grace, to ask a blessing; ))^gui -u)l qy) vdj bard 
guftano, to release the grace (by speaking out the remainder after eat- 
ing, or acting), to say grace, to return thanks. Pers. \lj, or L , 
Z. nom. pi. -jo^jji? , 4{ gjJJ Z? , 'words', Sans. vdch. 

ty) vdz, AY. 54,3. s. an arm, the fore-arm, an arm's length, a 
cubit, (perhaps) a fathom. Pers. \L, dj, ^\L> , or svb, Z. >(*»{'> 
Sans, bdhu, or bdha. 

^ty) vdchak, N. 78, s. s. a word, a saying. Z. nom. 4^"°t? 1 Sans. 
vachas and vdchaka. 

uj3u) vdrdn, AY. 55, i. )}*>).») vdrdno, GP. 3,32. s. rain. Pers. 
jjLlj, Z. -u/jwZ?, Sans, var, van, 'water', varsha, 'rain'; Huz, syn. 

-u3^o^ mitrd. 

yo)si) ndldn, AY. 75,2. pr. p. groaning, moaning, lamenting, wail- 
ing. Pers. jj^lli , pr. p. of ,j JuJlj , 

\ 
M^fcy-") vdridandj v. to rain, to pour down, to tall (as rain); pret. 

c£))jj) vdrid, AY. 17,3. Pers. ^jJoxL, Z. vtfr. 

)})*>) vdlino, AY. 17.5. in His, K20, a variant of W \ bdlino. 

-Orrtl) 1 *! vdstrydsh, s. a cultivator, an agriculturist, a husband- 
man, a farmer, an individual of the third class, or caste, of the Maz- 



**) - j^i 229 

dayasnian community; pi. PUOyJffl)**) vdstryoshdn^ AV. 14, 14. Z. nom. 

JIFQ)^) vdyidand) v. to blow (as the wind); pres. 3 d sing. Jtl)"") 
vdyed, Hn. '2, 21. 3, 20. ^Q) iJ ) >^ madam vdyed, Iln. 2, 19. 3, is. blows 
over, on, or up. Z. ra. 

)^^5ij) vakhsishno, Dk.151, 6. for ))H3~Hj**) vakhshishno, s. growth, 
increase, enlargement, development, augmentation. JDiJ) vakhs (= -J(jiJ) 
vakhsh, crd. of ))c^j^iJ) vakhsMdano) -f- abst. suf. )^ -ishno. 

^QQO**) Nikhshdpur, AV. 1,35. pr. n. a city in Khurasan; (also) 
the name, or title, of a commentator on the Avesta w r ho is quoted in 
the Pahl. translation of Tend. 5, 112. 8,64. Sp. and very often in N.; 
likewise written ij^^X)- ) Nikhshdpur . i)^OOO iJ ) Nikhshdhpur, 
5)^00^) Nishdpur, j*>)Z)Q{3) Nishdpukar, i-")£X)O0) Nishdhpuhar, 
W)5)00)J| Nikhshdpuhar, 3jj)£j.a(^jj) Nikhshdpuhar, J^j^OO^) Nishd- 
pahar, ^IfcJ-^OO-*) Mshdpuhar, and ^jfcXXXP) Nishdhpuhar. Pers. 
s«.jlxcs>jj and s«.jLw.aj , 

5^00"") vakhshdk, AV. 14, 14. adj. (probably) bulky, voluminous, 
grand, majestic [Dest.]. Perhaps -^iJ) vakhsh (crd. of j)^-^^) 0«tt- 
shidano) -f ac lj. suf. 4-u -«/>;; comp. Pers. (JjL&* c a garment'. 

^OO^) vahisht, AV. 3, n. 5, 7, 10, 12. 6, 9. 61, 7. 68, 2, 5, 22, 24. GF. 
2,4,6,14,15. )C£X} JJ ) vahishto, GF. 2,2. s. the best existence, paradise, 
heaven. Pers. o^L$j , Sas. 9^129^2 vahishti, Z. nom. sing. m. 

■^-K^O*-*^ 'best'. 

^900^) vahishtik, Hn. 1,38«. adj. of, or belonging to, paradise; 
heavenly, destined for heaven. ^JO^) vahisht + adj. suf. JD -Ik. 

))P£}j^u) vakhshidand) v. to grow r , to increase, to enlarge, to 
develop, to augment; past part, or pret. c^^Q-N) vakhshul, AV. 7,2. 
12,12,15. 14,12. 15,19. Z. vakhsh. Sans, vaksh, 'to accumulate'. 



230 



p - >*»» 



^vw) ndmihj GF. 2,74. s. fame, reputation, renown, celebrity; 
(or) a writing, a history, a narrative, a legend, p) nam (Pers. *lj , 
anc. P. ndma, Z. nom. ace. _jj£jm ) , Sans, ndman) -f- abst. suf. -j^ 
-*7&/ or Pers. ^Lj. 

**{£1 vamik, AV. 15, 21. in K26, a variant of -D*** bdmik. It can 
also be read ndmtk, 'famous'. 

))^£jfO) nihuftano, v. to hide, to conceal, to cover; past part. 
)^o£j^j nihuftd, GF. 3,56.; (used, as an adj.) ja^^a)) nihuftdko, Dk. 
145, 3. hidden, occult^ obscure. Pers. ^vAjLg.3 . 

FQ}^) nakhust, AV. 4, 9. 7, 1. 17,2. GF. 2, 1. adj. earliest, first; 
(used as adv.) AV. 3, 10. 5, 4. at first, in the first place. Pers. ^^.saJ, 
^.^aaw.^v.j , j^xj , or ^.jys^j , 

Z. ^0 , - > 9 Wo/im, Hn. I,ii,i8. adj. nom. ace. sing. n. good; (used 
as a s.) a good, a benefit; the second word of the sacred ashem-vohu 
formula of the Parsis. Sans. vasu. 

a}A») vohuk ~ Z. flO^t? vohii, see ^ v^jj aslicm-vohuk. 
£yo) nuhtim, GF. 2,49. num. ninth; sometimes expressed by the 
ciphers ^jyjujy). — _*>) nuh (Pers. x3) + ord. suf. ■£) -um\ Pers. 

]£)*>) Vohumau, AV. J 1,1,5. GF. G, 1. pr. n. the ameshaspend, or 
archangel . who is said to have special charge of cattle and sheep, and 
is styled i^lfcyfi chdpuktar, 'the more active, or ingenious', as he 
supplies wisdom (lie extra lbl. 10-11); his name is applied to the 
eleventh month and second day of each month in the Pars! year. Z. 

nom. 4)-»G • >0»-^i Pers. tf*& • 

y\$y£ £yo) Vohiiman-minishn^ AV. 0,4. adj. thinking of VohA- 
man, thinking good thoughts, inspired with good ideas. £)*>) Vohu- 
man -f Ytof-G minishn. 



w - V) 231 

%) vdng, AY. 23, 89, 2. 53, 5. 54, 10. 57, 1. 04, 12. 78, 80, 3. 87, 8 . 
101,ii. GF. 2,26. 3,62,74. s. a voice, aery, an outcry, a noise, a sound, 
clamor; JJ^JO-^O *W vdng. ddshtano, to keep crying, to continue 
crying; ))^)4 3y*) vdng kardano, ))^)HY) $)**) vdng vdduntano, to 
make an outcry, to cry out, to cry, to crow. Pers. lXjLj ; Huz. syn. 
-uVu^ Mid. 

-w) Vdi, AV. 5,3. pr. n. 'flyer', an appellation of two spirits, 
one of whom is -j^j -ui) Vdi vch, or -ld-£)J^ -u>) Vdi shaptr , 'the 
good flyer', a name of the yazad \*v Ram, the vayu of the Ram 
Yasht ; the other is j^) -juij Vdi vatar , 'the evil flyer', a name of 
COOO) J PQ) iJ Astt-vihdd, the demon of death; also witten wyj , or 
u^Jj, F%d. Z. >jW?. 

a^^J) nahichah, AY. 1,30,40,42,43. s. a lot, a chance; see the 

\ 

remarks on )) var. The reading wants confirmation, but possibly the 

word may refer to some mode of drawing lots by means of reeds (Pers. 
sUj, s>:>Lj, &.^l3, ^>Jj, ^Lj, or ^) of unequal lengths; some 
desturs read vdijeh, and it is translated by Sans, dangaraha, see AY. 
introd. p. 79, note 3. 

.uJbjj) ndirik, Hn. 2,39. s. a woman; pi. ^.uJbjif ridirihdn, AY. 
13,i,5. Z. -uaj/jjlwJ, Sans, ndrt 

HJ)i ov HJ J h Vdyd, GF. 3, 34. pr. n. see owj Vat Z. voc. Jgmijg. 

))V))C()i MWKfl' or MW/Q£h vdduntano, v. to do, to make, to 
perform, to offer (prayer, or praise), to practice, to use, to exercise, to 
accomplish, to execute, to provide, to fulfil, to commit, to cause, to 
effect, to construct, to form, to act; to set, or put, (in, on, or to, any- 
thing); pret. (rare) ^))0) vddund, AY. 2, 21. Pres. 1 st sing. ^)Wyj vd- 
diinam, AY. 2, 22.-5 pres. 2 d sing. /\^))fj vddunih, AY. 4,35.; pres, 
3 d sing. ^OlMyt vddunedj AY. 54, 10. 87, a. 101, 21. GF. 2, 5, 26. 3, 73,79, 



232 -O) 

(in GF. 2,6. it seems to be used for the p.p.) CO)Wj) vdddncd , GF. 
3j 82 -5 ^O)f0M -"IJ b ar <x vdd&nSd, GF. 2,s. quite performs, accomplishes, 
completes; pres. 2 d pi. ^)My) vddancd, AY. 100, a. 101,23. tf}))(J() 
vdduncd, AY. 101,25.; pres. 3 d pi. 5)HV) vddurid, AY. 5,8. 10,21,2. 
45,i4. 10,7. 42,2,7. 80,3.; $)HY) -*?*? laid vddiind. AY. 85, 2. they 
make up, construct; 5)\\y) M} yin vddiind, AY. 80,2. they force in, 
introduce. Fur. 1 st sing. -£)M)M -»)l bard vddunam, GF. 1,3. Imper. 
2 d sing. )^j) vddifoi, AY. 2,23. ))wyj vdduno , GF. 1,8.; ))My) -jju 

frara vddiind, GF. 3, 67. 4,8. quite perform, accomplish, complete; )yy 
))MY) levtno vddiind, GF. 4, 20. put forward, advance; imper. 2 d pi. c£))Myj 
vdduncd, AY. 2, s. 16, 11. Fur. part. )yis))tf) vddunishno, ?s. 77,3. 
126,3. It appears to be corrupted from a Semitic verb equivalent to 
Heb. "pjfj Chald. "iDy, Syr. r al; Paz. syn. ))^)4 kardano (which is 
generally used for the past part, and pret.). 

Mv^)Ky^' or ))v*))O0 1 vakhduntano (trad, vdgunatan) AY. 18,7. 
v. to take, to seize, to catch, to hold, to retain; past part. ^)Wj) vakh- 
dundj AY. 50, e. Hn. 2,21.; ^))(j) OM£) f ntz vakhdilnd, AY. 11,2. £>M£) 
^))ij) frdz vakhdund, GF. 1,6. 2, i fl . taken hold of, laid hold on; 
V)Kl) ***)*» lakhvdr vdkhdund, AY. 39,5. held back, retained, 
withheld; ^\)fj) -u\u3 laid valltdund, Hn. 2,21. 3, 20. taken up (in 
the nose), snuffed up. Pret. ^))tf) vakhdund , AY. 81, 3. GF. 3,86. 
)v*)K3') vakhdunto, Dk. 151, 12.; ^))(J) Jfo** kheshm yakhd&nd, GF. 
3,f,o. seized anger, became angry; ^)WJ) fcj»)£) frdz vakhdund, AV. 5,6. 
53,,. GF. 3,i6. ?)fo) o»)e) /^ vakhdund, AY. 4,6. 11, 13. 10, 18, 
101,i. GF. 3, 11. took hold of, took up; ?>))$) OM V( V vakhdund, AY. 
3, 20. took possession of a grace, or short prayer, by muttering the first 
portion before eating, or acting; muttered grace. Pres. 1 st sing. £))$) 
vakhd&nam, GF. 3, 8 . £)fo vakhdtinam, AV. 17,?.; pres. 3 d pi. 5)^ 



>&) - -W) 233 

vakhdund, AY. 14, it. Imper. 2 d pi. c£)))0) vakhduncd, AY. 101, ie. 
Heb. THKi Chald. "inx, Syr. ,![, Ar. JcLf; Paz. syn. ))y*£J^ gereftano. 

i^j) vafar, AY. 40,3. 55, i. GF. 3,4. s. snow. Z. _u/g)jj/?, Pers. Oyj. 

wdJ) twpartd, or niperctd, AY. 1,4. p.p. used as s. what has 
destroyed, war, a battle, a fight, a conflict. Pers. o t aj , Z. m -f- pcrct. 

))ftl))r£J) neflfinastano (trad, oaflunastan) v. to fall, to drop; 
pres. 3 d pi. 3)pgJ) «} yin neflund, AY. 43, 3. they fall upon; fut. 3 d sing. 
tfjjpgj) -juh bard nefluncd, AY. 18, s. Ch. Pahl part. ?iaftat, Heb. ^SJ, 
Chald. h&Z, Syr. ^j ; Paz. syn. ))f^D6y° ctiipastand, whose term. ))J1Q) 
-stand is adopted by its Huz. equivalent. 

u)^j) nafrin, AY. 26, 5. s. a curse, an imprecation, a malediction, 
an execration; opp. of y)$y dfrui] ))^)^ )^£J) nafrin kardano, to 
curse, to imprecate. Pers. ^oJfcj'-, 

ytei>eJ1 nipis*, AY. 1,7. for f£>0£)) nipisht : j^OOfcl) nipishto, Dk. 

150,3. B^XJ£)I nipishtako, Dk. 150,7. p.p. used as s. what is written, 
a writing, a document, a record. Past part, of ))C§X?£J) ^P^htano, 
Pers. v^cLo , or o^i%J . 

))^006i) nipishtandj AY. 4, 1. v. to write; past part. ^£X?£J) m " 
pisht, Hn. 1,34. 4^£>0£)) nijiiiihtak, AY. 1,7., (used as adj.) )^^)0& ! ) 
nipishtako , Dk. 150, 2 . written, (used as s.) see the preceding; pret. 
COO£J) nipisht, AY. 3, 24. GF. 6, 2,5. Pers. ^Ju&aj, .jJui.3, or ^A^cco^, 
Sas. part. OfrllC^i nipisliti, anc. P. inf. nipishtanaiy ; Huz. ))^)uj^JJ 
yektibuntano. 

^0) nafshman, AY. 1, 30. 13, 8 . 15, 26, 58, 82, 95, 97, 5. 22, 67, 3. 

24,43,6. 35,62,2. 44, 2,6. 59, 2, 5. 63,3,6,8. 64, 5,12. 71, 9. 72,76,83, 

91,i. 78,7. 87,2,7. 89,n. 94, 1,5. 100,4. GF. 3,9,45,52. Hn. 1,2. 2, 5, 

10,22,25, ss. N. 78,9. adj. belonging to one's self, personal, one's own, 

30 



234 »& - V) 

his own, her own, its own, their own, my own, etc. (according to the 
pers. alluded to); vy«£J) J))^o tanu-i nafshman, AV. 34, 7. 38,5. 81,3. 
89,8. Hn. 2,i8. 3,1-. )\^ ifo&) nafshman tanxi, AV. 19,8. G2, 89, 6. 
one's own body, one's self, himself, herself, etc. (according to the pers. 
indicated); .£(3£)) y Ink nafshman, Hn. 2,24,25. thou thyself; j^3 
Wjgj) zak-i nafshman, AV. 4, 18,23. 17, 12. 23,3. 50,6. 101,22. Hn. 2,2, 
7,12,22,25. 3,2. that which is one's own, one's own, his own, her own, 
e * c -5 -£(5£J) )£ m ^ n nafshman (interrog.) AV. 4, 22. whose own? whose? 
Sas. nT72.Q.< nafshman, Heb. Chald. l^BJ 'self, Syr. ^j, Ar. jj-Ju, 
As. pi. napshdt, 'lives'; Paz. syn. -\)3yo klivcsh. 

■*>£)) nipik, GF. G, 2, 5. s. a writing, a book; pi. with conj. 
(2 JL 00 -1, £J) nipikihdich, Dk. 151,4. Pers. ,-aj, ts"^' or ^yt* 

-jy)*0££)) nipimishnih, see -\))*0££J) -u)jj) lala-nipimishnih, 

))&)iyK*) vaddkhtano, or viddkhtano , GF. 3,7,10,15. v. to melt, 
to fuse, to liquefy, to dissolve; past part. C£){J>y*) -uu bard vaddklit, 
GF. 3,u. quite melted; (used as adj.) Ac£){)>^) vaddkhtak, AV. l,i«. 
64,4. Dk. 145, 5. j^COO 1 ^) vaddkhtako, Dk. 144,6. melted, molten; pret. 
^)^>>N) -mu &«/'« vaddkJd, GF. 3, u..; fut. 3 d sing, tf)ty^) -"H fr#ra 

vaddjed, GF. 3,8. Pers. ^A^fjo, Z. w + tach, 'to flow' (p. p. 
takhta). 

))^^) vaddrdano, or viddrdano, v. to pass, to proceed, to move 
away ; past part. fl£)^) M^ ?y^ vaddrd, AV. 18, 14. passed in, entered; 

pret. fly-u^) vaddrd, AV. 101,27. Pers. ^Jji^; nearly the same as 
))^t)v^) vadardano , but sometimes more causal, as if derived from Z. 
vi + caus. of far. 

Aftj^) vadardak, or vidardak, AV. 16,9. p. p. used' as adj., 
or s. passed away, departed, deceased, dead; departure, decease; pi. 
j^ftj^ vadardakdn, AV. 4,9. 10,7,12. iy*>}fly^t vadardakdnd, AYj 



Vi - »m 235 

10,2. the departed, the deceased (specially applied to the righteous, as 
contrasted with 4fly^ murdak applied to the wicked). Past part, of 
the following. 

MvtJv*) vadardano, or vidardano, AY. 1G, ±. v. to pass, to cross, 
to proceed, to pass away, to depart, to die (specially applied to the 
righteous); ))fly^) -w)l bard vadardano , AY. 16, 9. to pass oyer, to 
traverse; past part. $y») vadard, AY. 16,4. (t)^ 5 ) -unbard vadard, 
AY. 5,2. Hn. 2,35. passed over, passed away, departed, deceased; pret. 
VOV) vadard, AY. 16,4. Pers. ^JuyXS^and ^jju&jdt, anc. P.Z. i»-f- 
tar, Sans. i>* + irf; Huz. syn. ))^))il) vabruntano. 

A>tfjy>) vadardik, or vidardik, adj. a variant of Afy^) vadar- 
dak; pi. used as a s. ^^)^)^) vadardikdh. AY. 4,9. in K20, the 
departed, the deceased. 

4^0) vadak, AY. 17, 15. adj. bad, evil, vile. Pers. Jo, 

JJfly^l vadirdano, or vidirdano, v. to pass, to proceed, to pass 
away, to depart; see ))fly^) vadardano f; pres. 3 d sing. tf)-*^) -"H 
frara vadtred, Hn. 2,2. passes away, departs, dies; fut. 3 d sing, -uu 
^id^c) bard vadircd, GrF. 2,34. A variant of Mfly^l vadardano. 

^^i3^j vacUrishnihy see j^^-b^o) _juu bard-vadirishnth. 

3iJ£0) m.sar, AY. 94, 5. adj. thin, lean, meagre, emaciated, slender; 
also written )*i^) ?iizdr. Pers. J-J, 

3jJ(0) vajdr, crd. of ))ft)iJ£) vajdrdano, see ^^))J gu-vajdr; 
pi. )*>3.U{0) vajdrdn\ see ).u£) ))*(V£j frashno-vajdr. 

))^0**&) vajdrda?w, or vijdrdano, GrF. 1,6,20,27. 3, 66,71. 4,7. v. 
to separate, to solve, to interpret, to explain, to arrange, to dress (hair), 
to perform, to accomplish, to spend (time), to remain; past part. (t)-«C?) 
vajdrd, AY. 34, 5. GF. 4, 1.; pret. fly-tf^ vajard, AY. 25, 2 .; pres. 



leanness 



236 -^ - )eu 

1 st Bing. £^*i(°) vajdrom, GF. 4,3.; pres. 3 d sing. ^y"e/) vajdred y 
Hn. 2,2,7,12. 3,2.; pres. 3 d pi. Sy)^) vajdrcud, AY. 30,2., U£ 
^o)x>^() ym vajdrcnd, Hn. 2, 35. they carry on, perform, practice* tut. 
3 d sine. C^)3ij(0) -uu bard vajdrcd, GF. 1, 10. Hn. J, 10.; imper. 2 a sing. 

)u^o) juu 6am vajdr, GF. 1, 23. 3, 50,67. 4,8. Pers. ^<>Jy3, ^^IcXi, 

and ijJljJjj^ Z. Sans, we -f- c/iar. 

3u£) vijdrishj AY. 89, 1. s. weakness, feebleness, debility, 
, thinness. Pers. j^Ls^ ; comp. jq)d3» nizdrlh, 

A-u)^) vajardk, adv. separating, scattering, diffusing ; see A^i^n «^H 
boi-vajardk. jq\ vajar (= 3i)(©) vajdr, crd. of J)fly •**(«) vajdrdano) 
-f- adj. suf. ^u -a& ; comp. Pers. Is jo 'passing', Myj 'paying'. 

■*\jM vazurg, AY. 10, 13. in He, H17, K26, a variant of s\&) 
vazurg ; pi. used as a s. j*o3<o) vazurgdn, AY. 12, is. the great, nobles. 

-WO^^OCS) uzdahishnih, Hn. 2, is. see -*(^0^^0(2) -»U bard- 
uzdaMshriih. 

)^(<M vazak-kar, adj. a variant of J^fij bazak-kar] pi. used as 
a s. }A)3aa(0) vazak-kardn, AY. 5, 8. sinners. 



3))£) vazurg, AY. 10, 13. 15,7. 16, 2. 58,5. GF. 3, 41,44,41 



, „a, W _, 



K21 
V \ \ 

57. adj. great, large, big, grand, noble ; see 5)q\ vazurg-, sup. ■^J^-')^ 

vazurgtum, AY. 15, ig. Pers. <£;);, or <^yi, anc. P. vazarka ; Huz. 
syn. -ut) rabd. 



^TQMCi) vajustdr, or vajostdr, s. an inquirer, an examiner, a 

V \ 

searcher, an investigator; pi. ^-aftDJfi) vajustdrdn, AV. 15, 16. From 

the following. 

MTtD)(2) vajustano, or vajostano, v. to inquire, to examine, to 



)«l 



\ 237 



search, to investigate; crd. )g\ vaju, see the following. Pers. ^Zm*&>, 

perhaps Z. #*;« + </« s £« (p. P- of j ai h ' to beg', anc - P ,/ a ^> Sans. 
aac/, 'to speak'). 

))*04)£) vajuishno, or vajoishrio , Dk. 152,5. 153,2. s. inquiry, 

examination, search, investigation. )(jn fojw (crd. of. l)pQ))(2) £>#«/$- 
stand) -f abst. suf. ))A(^^ -ishno. 

))&}(*) vajidano, or vijidano, v. to choose, to elect, to select, to 
prefer; past part. cf}£M -uu 6am vajid, AY. 1,34. chosen out, selected; 
pret. ^)£\ vajid, AY. 2, 2 4.; imper. 2 d pi. ^)J(°) -"U &«ra vajincd, 
AY. 1,32. choose ye out, select, Pers. ^joy>, Z. Sans. i?j -f chi. 

-^Cy) vQJfo, or vichir, s. I.) AY. 91,4. a decree, a decision, a judg- 
ment, a mandate, an order, a command. II.) Dk. 145, i. a judge, a 
magistrate. Pers. y^^ or «^, Z. -m/jjo^jZ? 'deciding'. 

)^ifQ)^))A) -^£) vajir-khvdstdr, adj. applying for a decree, seek- 
ing justice ; pi. used as a s. uo)>ifQ)^^s} j3(©) vajir-khvdstdran, AY. 
91,4. applicants for justice. jS^jm vajir + XuflQjjjyAj khvdstdr. 

3^-b^) vajirkar, or vichirkar, AY. 91,4. adj. making decrees, 
issuing orders, awarding, adjudicating, sentencing. iS^o) fa^'tr + adj. 
suf. 3a -fear; comp, Pers. j.^., or wil^-., 'a judge'. 

3) war, AY. l,ie. 48,4. 62, 65,2. 67, 3. Dk. 144,9. 145, 2,10. s. the 
bosom, the breast, the chest. Pers. jj, or w, Z. -m/jj/?, comp. Sans. 
^/rws. Perhaps 3) far in Dk. 144, 9. 145, 2, 10. may mean 'choice, selec- 
tion, preference' (Z. far, Sans, yri, vri, 'to choose'), and war nirang 
would then be 'the ceremony of selection, trial, or ordeal*. It is also 
possible that the phrase A^^y) 3 ) va li nahichak, AY. 1,39,42. 
should be read var nahichak, 'the lot of selection'. 

)) var, AY. 10, 12, 13. s. a pond, a tank, a lake, an enclosed piece 



238 V • ldi 

of water. Z. j/j.uZ?. It also means: 'an enclosure, a domain, a park, 
a district, a valley', Z. -u/jjZ? j comp. Sans, vara, 'surrounding'. 

3) t'er, or v'air, see ijp^ /1/m-ucr. 

i>) val, prep. AY. 1,4,11,15,26-28,40,43. etc. to, unto; AY. 5, 13. 
15,i2. 17,19.89, 10. 91, e. for; AY. 4J, G . GF. 5,4. at ; A.V. 2, 27. GF.4, 26 . 
on; AY. 27,6. 101, 21. with; AY. 27, G . 53, u. in, into; i) ju£ madam 
vol, AY. 1, so. 10,4,9,12,14. 54,4. Hn. 2, 3, 36. on to, upon, up to, unto, 
mto '•> rffV ^) va ^ tamma?i, AY. 4,8. 9, 1. GF. 1,4. to that place, 
thither; ^£^0 ^) va ^ latamman, AY. 8,6. to this place, hither; i) 
syy val Icvin-i, AY. 32, 6. to the front of, before; ?()>£ ^=>) valmiydn, 
AY. l,io. yi$£ i) val miydn, AY. 11,2. into the midst, amongst, 
among; (when the v. is modified by an adv., the latter generally pre- 
cedes any phrase of the object dependent on val, as) i) -uu bard val, 
AY. .1,2,15. 47,60,9i, 6 . GF. 4, 26 . %) OM£J 1™ % val, AY. 2, 30. 4, 7 . 
53,ii. GF. I,t2. See )<{^ glial Sas. 12 val Heb. ^H, by, Chald. b%, 
Syr. ^,1 ^ Ar. JLc ; Paz. syn. )yo avd (trad. 0). 

i) val , GF. l,io. 4,27. Hn. 3,37. pron. that one, he, him, she, 
her, it, they, them; (used as an adj.) AY. 3,8. that, the. See •£?) valman. 

\^$w\ vardzishak, adj. a variant of a-^^-'J bardzishak; sup. 

■£)v*5~ J 0^) vardzishakPum, AY. 12, 9. in K20. 

V«*3ji3) Verehrdm, pr. n. a variant of i*^-^) Vdhrdm, substituted 
for )A)^*Jjl(^) Ydhrdmdn in AY. 55,5. by K20 ; but yj)u)) Vcrchrdn 
is a more usual form. 

-\}»\ Valkhash, Dk. 150. 1. pr. n. of several Persian kings of 
the Ashkanian, or Arsacidan, dynasty. 

Jl^O^flU) varddnidano , AY. 68,24. v. to make turn, to change, 
to alter, to convert. Pers. ^jJy.jfoJr'. 



*\i - t>) 239 

j*OflU) vardishn, AY. 6,12. Hn. 1, 33. s. a turn, a whirl, a revo- 
lution, a change, a transition, fly) vard (crd. of ))^)fly) vardidano) 
-f- abst. suf. y^ -ishn; Pers. j^dyS. 

^OW^yi vardishriih, sec -J^)*Ofly) -**)] bard-vardishnih. 

))&}$) vardidano, v. to turn, to whirl, to revolve, to change, 
to vary, to become; pres. 3 d sing. )e£}fl£)) vardcdo, N. 76, 10. (perhaps 
a miswriting ofj^s)) varzddo), c^jfly) v*r£J f*&4 v(iT dcd, Hn. 1,38. 
turns away, departs, deserts; imper. 2 d pi. ^fly) vardcd, AY. 101, ie. 
CO^t)) )ij^u3 Jakhvdr vardcd , AY. 53,7. turn ye back, return. Pers. 

Y^U) vardln, AY. 14, 9. )f$) varclmo , AY. 12, ig. adj. turning, 
winding, surrounding, encompassing, wrapping; see Vfly) )VA>) rdno- 
varcUn. — ft}) vard (Pers. t>*5 ) + adj. suf. u -hi. So taken in the 

text; but it may be a s. 'a crown, a coronet', Pers. ^dJ* , (j)J> «> t*yii\ri 
^\yf and jjl^wS^; and it may be read vartir, vartiro, and compared 
with Sas. 2?j{>2\ kartir, Heb. "TO and i"Dtp# 'a crown, wreath, diadem'. 

)j^)Jfly) vardinidano, GF. 4, 21. v. to make turn, to change, to 
alter, to modify, to convert, to avert. Caus. of ))tf)^j) vardidano. 

£) varz, AY. 15, 12. GF. 3,73,79,82. s. agriculture, cultivation, 
tillage, husbandry, farming, labor, work, a practice, a habit, a custom. 
Pers. v,^ , or ;j , Z. -wjjg/jjZ? 'practice'. 

^u£j) varzdk, AY. 32, 6. 75,5. GF. 4, 5, 12. adj. cultivating, tilling, 
ploughing ; the phrase in GF. should be translated : 'how much is the 
ploughing value of one ox?' ^) varz (crd. of ))tf)^) varzidano) -f 
adj. suf. a.u -ah. 

•J0^!-)^ varz-hardih , Dk. 144,2. s. a customary habit, an hab- 



240 d) - v>i 

itual practice, y) varz -+- ^)^ hard (p. p. of ))^)^ kardano) -f- abst. 
suf. ^(j -ih. 

))tf}d) varzidanO) v. to till, to cultivate, to labor, to practise, to 
accustom, to use, to employ, to contract (a marriage); past part. &}V) 
varzid, AY. 8,5. 13, 8 . 15, 1. G8, 7, 12.; pret. ^)S) varzid, AY. 4,33. 
17,18,25. Hn. 2,32.; pres. 2 d pi. tf)fc)| varzSd, AY. 100, 4., imper. 2 d pi. 
^s)) -juu bard varzed, AY. 101, 17. practise ye fully. Pers. ^jOo);^ 
or ^Jo}}-^ Z. veress, 

*$) narm, AY. 2,3. adj. soft, mild, gentle, easy; ))y$)4 v) narm 
kardano, to soften, to soothe, to ease, to learn by heart. Pers. +Ji . 

tf?) valman, pron. Hn. 1,7. that one; AY. 2,9. 4, 11. 89, 10. Hn. 
1,13,38. 2,5,24. he; AY. 2, 14. 17, 8,14. 32,2. 60,3. G3, 7. 85, e, 7. etc. 
him; AY. 4. 11. Hn. 2,2,5,7,12,19. 3, 2, is, 38. his; Hn. 2,25. she; AY. 
24,3. GF. 3,48. her; GF. 3, 64. Hn. 2, 22. it; Hn. 2, 35. 3,34. they; (used 
as an adj.) AY. l,3c. 2,1,10,21,25,34. 3, 1,15. 4, 15. 17, 11,13. 19,7. 20, 
21,5. etc. that; AY. 1,5,8. 17, 5. 54, 7. the; AY. 92,4. those; ift) 
valman-I, Dk. 144,8. 150, 11. that one; see jo ghaJ. PI. )*QOfV) 
valmanshdn, AY. 2, 20. 6, 13, Gl, 3. 16,9. 56,57,90,2. 70,77,4. they, 
those ; AY. 2, 21. 14, 3. 42, 99, 5. 56, 74, 89, 90, 92, 94, ,. 66, 6 . 93, 1, 5 . 
GF. 2,i4. N. 78,6. them, those; (used as an adj.) AY. 1,33,42. 2,2,12, 
17,24,29,32,34,36. etc. JHOOfV) valmanshdno , AY. 14, u. 61, 1. 99, 9. 

those. Sas. rt/2 valman, Heb. 5>Ki ^X, t\X, bn, Chald. \x, Ar. jt 
'the', As. ullu; Paz. syn. (hardly used in Pahl.) 6i, pi. oshd and csltd, 
whose pi. term, -slid is adopted by its Huz. equivalent. 

y) varen, AY. 95,7. )y) varcno (trad, varuri) s. desire, lust, 
(often personified as a demoness). Z. _ujg/jjZ? ( a wish'; comp. Pers. 
£->;; 'greedy'. 

-^)V) varendih (trad, varum) AY. 55, 7. lustfulness, lascivious- 
)y) vareno -f- abst. suf. ~j^ -ih. 



ness. 



!>) - »i 241 

j^*4^a |yj vareno-kamakih , AY. 60,6. 71,8. s. a desire for lust, 
a liking for lewdness, lasciviousness. )y)j v arena + ^a kdmak + 
abst. suf. jf* -2/*. 

)*03y) varoishn, AY. 1, is. s. belief, a creed, faith, trust, reliance; 
pi. ^H^V) varoishndn, see yjj^p) gj^j khup-varoishndn\ ^jj^p) 
varoishndno , AY. I,i7. — p) ward (crd. of })^y) varoidano , 'to 

believe', Pers. jjJo.Ij, Z. t?ar) -f- abst. suf. ja^ -ishn; see ^^y^ 
giravishn. 

)^j) vctrijan, AY. 63,3. in K20, a variant of )^)i barijan. 

j^)ii3) nizdrih, AY. 77,8. s. thinness, leanness, meagreness, 
emaciation. )jj3j n&4r (= ^(5)? Pers. J\J>) -f- abst. suf. j^ -ih. 

))^)y^) vazluntano (trad, vazrunatan) v. to go. to proceed, to 
pass on, to depart, to become, to ensue; past part. ^)p3) vazlund, 
AY. 2, 41,6. 16,i. 18,2,5. 53,ii. 77, 9. GF.3, 49 ,63.; ?))>S) — i*Y& 
frod — vazlund, AY. 99, 4. gone down. Pret. ^c)p3) vazlund, AY. 3, 
1,2.20,5. 53,10. 64,2. 65,3. 68,22. 95,7. OF. 1,2. 3, 6 i,si.; ?)y5) jujj 
bard vazlund, AY. 17,5. 60,6. GF. 3, 69. went out, went forth; -u/jj/ 
^)p3) laid vazlund, AY. 86,2, went up, ascended: )^a)p3) & ma- 
dam vazlunto, AY. 4, u. went into, passed over; ^o)p3) ty yin vaz- 
lund, AY. 19,2. 41,8. 69,4. 70,3. GF. 1, is. went in, entered. Pres. 
1 st sing. £)y*J) vazlunam, AY. 1, 40. 17,7. Hn. 3,4.; pres. 3 d sing. 
p£))p3) vazluncd, AY. 1,24.; e^)^3) -uu bard vazluncd, Hn. 2,4. 
c£))p3) ))y^\ biruno vazluned, GF. 4, 15. goes out, departs; ^op£J 
&})y-J) frod vazluned, GF. 3,17,19,20. goes down, sinks, abates; 
t£))p3) Xu^oJ lakhvdr vazliined, GF. 2,41,47. goes back, becomes 
again; CO)y3) fi$ madam vazluned, AY. 18,8. goes into, passes 
over; pres. 2 d pi. ^))y3) vazluncd, GF. 2,15. Fut. 1 st sing. -uu 



31 



242 & - jtDt 

•G)y5) bard — vazlunam, GF.3, 47. Imper. 2 d sing. tfS) vazlun, GF. 
3,67. 4, Sj 2o. ))jj3) vazluno, AV. 101,5,22. Sas. pret. jpjlljl vaz- 
Ifint, Heb. hlX, Chald. i?TK, Syr. ^j; Paz. syn. j)^)^ shMand. 

3p) vazand, AV. 33, g. Dk. 150,5. s. damage, injury, ruin, cala- 
mity, misfortune. Pers. Joyf and joVJ* 

^)55) rcaseftfc, AV. 4, 27. GF. 4, s . duS) nazdik, GF. 3, 6 ?. tf$5) 

nazdikj AY. 17, 19. adj. near, nigh, neighbouring, adjacent, contiguous; 
(used as a s.) j^)53) nazdih-ij GF. 3,47,49,77,81. Hn. 2,4. the neigh- 
bourhood of, the presence of. Pers. LC$Jy>, Z. -w^-wj > Sans, antika, 
sup. nedishtha. 

-j^.io3) nazdiMh, Hn. 3, 3,5. s. nearness, vicinity, neighbourhood, 
proximity. -1^3) nazdik -f abst. suf. ^ -£/&; Pers. jGpyj. 

.£) N. 78, 3. perhaps for -J(^ veil, as it seems to stand for Z. 

piD) a common way of writing £fa^ neshman. 

-JWA3) nasal, AY. 35, 49, 96, 2. 38, 2, 5. 41, 2, 7. 44, 6 . 83, 1. 98,4. 
GF. 1,15,17,18,24. s. a corpse, or any portion of the dead body of a 
human being, or dog; dead matter, dead refuse. Pers. LwJ>, Z. >w\i 
pi. nom. ace. 4 > > JJJ - S2 ■")« 

)flQ» vastar, AV. 2, 27. s. clothing, dress, bedding, covering, 
a carpet. Pers. ^A^^and jc^j, Z. -w/^ji^Z? , Sans, vastra. 

))1tiftD) vast ar dano , or vistardano, v. to spread, to expand, to 
lay (carpets), to make (a bed), to drape, to cover, to clothe; past part. 
see fluftDI &Y° khfip-vastard, and )^flyFQ) stardakd] pret. flyjtl)) 
vastard, AV. 2, 26. Pers. ^dyXjvS , or ^Ju*JUiJ>, Z. ut + star (Sans. 
stri and stri). 



KM - -^001 243 



si, 



i^Q)f vastarg, AV. 2, 26,31, 34. 9, 3. 15, 9. 69, 10. 89,6.101,27. GF. 
1,15,17,21. s. see Jf£$)) vastar, of which it may perhaps be an adj. 
form (ending in j -ak, comp. S)^^ 'rainy', Vend. 21, 5.) used as a s. 

££) visp, )g£) vispo, Dk. 149,2. adj. all, every; see ££.*) msp. 
Z. nom. m. Jgy&^lp , anc. P. vispa, Sans, visva. 

^&) nask, AV. 2,33. s. a writing, a book, scripture; one of the 
21 sections into which the Avesta and Zand, constituting the complete 
Zoroastrian literature, were formerly divided; see Pahl.-Paz. Glos. p. 165; 
sometimes a43)) nosh in modern MSS. Pers. tXw. 3 , Z. -jja^jjj. 

jwi3) (trad.) nasadman, AY. 5,4. 10,8. 17, ie, v&) nasadman, 
AV. 4, 3. s. an obeisance, a bow, reverence, homage, worship, prayer 
))^)p33 k>&) nasadman yedruntano, to offer reverence, homage, or 
worship. The etymology is uncertain, and consequently the reading is 

doubtful, but comp. Ar. lX-c^S raid t>L&j, 'beseeching'; Paz. syn. $$<£) 
namdz. 

j^) veh, AV. 4, 26. 5,3. 17,i7. and substituted for -bgjJQ shapir, 
in GF. 2, 14. by He, K26, and in Hn. 1, 26. by He, adj. good, excellent; 
(used as comp. without suf.) better. Pers. 20 and jfi,.^ Z. >o>£.d/? , 
ved. Sans. vasu. 

-Hj) vish, Hn. 3,38. s. poison, venom. Z. a^j^ and -uwjj/p, 
Sans, visha. 

^t)OC) vthdd, see ^)t)0) J fQ)-" Asti-vihdd. 

))9t)"O0) vashddanO) v. to open, to uncover, to display, to bare, 
to free ; past part, see the following. Pers. ^jL&.S^ or jjt>L&J> ; Huz. 
syn. ))^)jtf)^0 sharltuntano . 

JJ^Wo c^)<X5) vashdd-dubdrishnik , AV. 25, e. adj. used as a 
s. running about uncovered, or without a shirt and sacred thread, which 



244 -HXJt - «>01 



is a sin among Parsis. tf){JO) vashdd (p. p. of ))tf)O0) vashddano) 
-f Dy^)my dubdrishnik. 

YW) nihdn, AY. 83,4. GF. 2,37. JftJO) nihdnd, GF. 2,39. adj. 
hidden, concealed, secret, clandestine; also written y>(y) nihdn. Pers. 

$&{j) vasht, substituted for ^>0^ gosht in AY. 4, 15. by Hi 7, p. p. 
and pret. of f)^£>0) vashtano. 

Z. -jui^dj^) ushtd, AY. 4,u. s. nom. sing. f. health, prosperity, a 
benefit, a blessing, hail ! 

tf**^OOJ Vishtdsp, AY. 101,i8. )^-w^OO) VishtdspdjBkA^i. 

pr. n. the fifth of the Kayanian kings; see gp^COO) 1 ) Kai-Vishtdsp. 

Z. nom. 4£P JJJ ^ J 0^i? > anc - P - Vishtdspa, Pers. L^U&T, 

)ytt£)<£J | ^00) Vishtdspdno, AY. 2, 29. patron, adj. of, or belonging 
to, Yishtasp ; Yishtaspan. ^J-^-MCOO) Vishtdsp + patron, suf. )wo -cmo. 

MWj^VCXM vashtamuntand) AY. 27,38,41,2. 84, e. N. 78, 9. v. to 
devour, to swallow, to consume, to eat, to drink, to feed upon, to taste; 
past part. p)i£Vg)0) vashtamiind, AY. 23,3,6. 35,2. 72, 1. 83,4. GF. 
2, 44. ; ^)|^)0) -uh hard vasMamiind, AY.2, 31. drunk off, swallowed; 
pret. ^)j£c£)0) v ^ s ^t am/ ^ n 4y AY. 2, 28. 3, 20. 22, 3. 31, 7. 39, 59, 76, 81, 2. 
83,91,i.; ^)j£cOO) -*•)! bard vashtamund, AY. 98, 1. ate up. Pres. 
1 st sing. «£)j£te>0) vas htamunam, AY. 2,22. GF. 3,97.; pres. 3 d sing. 
^0)]£VOO) vashtdmuncd , AY. 46,2, 90, 1. GF. 2,64. Hn. 1, 13, is.; 
pres. 2 d pi. ^5)^00) vashtamfinSd, AY. 100, 3.; pres. 3 d pi. 3)£$y{j) 
vashtamund, AY. 48, 3, 4. Fut. 3 d sing. ^J^^OO) -*MJ &ar « vashta- 
muned, Hn. 1, 10. Imper. 2 d sing. )£$yO) vashtamiin, AY. 10, 5. From 
the shaphel form of a Semitic root like Ileb. D^E, Chald. Dyip, Syr. 
xili , Ar. **£>, As. tacma\ Paz. syn. ))jt)^> khurdand. 



fcHM ~ -001 245 

tl^OOl vashtand, v. to turn, to change, to become; see ^)^>0^ 
gashtand] pret. ffc)0) -*Mi bard vasht, AY. 4, 15. in H17, turned away, 
departed. Pers. ^.JC-cio . 

DftD^O) nisha stand , v. to sit, to sit down, to alight, to rest, to 
remain, to stay, to abstain; past part. ftD^O) nishast, AY. 17,24.; 
pret. ftl)^) niskast, AY. 68, 24. ; Jtl)-^) -»H bard nishast, GF. 3, 69. 
sat down. Pers. ^.^^ j , anc. P. impf. 1 st sing, niyashadayam, Z. 
ra'sft -f- had, p.p. -juy.BjJMfrj} , Sans. wi -f- shad ; Huz. syn. ))Jt2)M->tf) 
yetib una stand. 

^-HJ) vchih, AY. 12,i5. s. goodness, good, excellence, -yj) vch 
-f abst. suf. j^ -*&; Pers. g ; t 

))^)^V^) vashammuntano , v. to hear, to hearken, to listen, to 
attend to; past part. ^)j£^(M vashammund, AY. 18,4. 101, 11.; pret. 
^o)j£V(3) vashammund, AY. 101,26. From the pael form of a Semitic 
root like Heb. yotf , Chald. )fti&, Syr. <^L, Ar. i4.IL, As, pael 3 d sing. 
yushamma] Paz. syn. jj^j^ii ashnudano. 

))^£JJ*0) vashuftano , or vishuftano, v. to disperse, to devastate, 
to ravage, to ruin, to destroy; past part. ^£j>*0) vashiift, AY. 1,6.; 
fut. 3 d sing. c£}£))*0) -**!] &«^« vashupcd, or vishopcd, GF. 3, 55. Pers. 

^.aA^.5, or ^jJii^xcJT; comp. ^i^if, or ^jci^f; Z. vi + khshub 
(Sans, kshubh). 

Q^Hj) nihzp, or nihiv, AY. 50, 3. s. fear, dread, terror; ))^U O-U) 
m/wp kardano, to frighten, to alarm. Pers. -_r >.g\ or «.^j . 

KJO) nishim, AY. .19, 2. s. a resting-place, a seat, the fundament. 
Pers. f*jy£J. 

fQ))J j(^) vch-dost, AY. 15,i8. well-befriending, friendly, bene- 
volent, kind, ^j) ^c/i -f- fQ))> dos£. 



246 ?>^- ty 

Y*y})_jvagliddn, Hn. 2, 4 . s. a head (of good beings); also written 
y^^)vaghddn and y^j) vakddn. Z. -uJjj^/^/?. 

^ rat, AY. 60, s. 69,4. s. a frog. Pers. vj. , or db, 

^.u^) m&as, AY 15, 2. Dk. 150,9. s. a look, a glance, observation, 
watch, care, custody; M^JO-^ ~0**9) m ^ s ddsldano, to keep watch, 
to take care of. Pers. slxj, Z. m -|- kas, comp. Sans. ?if fc&sa, 'certainty'. 

)Hy*\ nikirishrij AY. 4,20. s. observation; see y^M)±) nikirishn, 

))V)T05) neksuntano, v. to kill, to slay, to slaughter; past part. 
v*)j03) neksund, AY. 60,8. 74,5.; pret. ^JJO?) -"H bard neksiind, 
AY. 1,9. slew outright. Chald. D3J, Syr. > mm* Paz. syn. ))tf)OH 
kushtano. 

))x) nikun, AY. 69,3. adj. inverted, upside down. Pers. ,j*Jo. 

S»X))}) nikumdr, AY. 37, 2. 70, 74, 80, 93, 1. 88, 2. 99, 4 . adj. head 
downwards, overturned, upside down, inverted, topsy-turvy. Pers. 

^Uyi, ;L-w^, or ; Lw ^£3. 

M^OfHI nikuinidand, v. to disregard, to slight, to neglect, to 
despise, to scorn; past part. c£}V>M) nikuinid, AY. 68, s, 11. Comp. 
Pers. ^JujfcjXj. 

J*0O^) nikczishn, Dk. 151, 2. s. an intention, a purpose, an accep- 
tation, an approval, an interpretation, an opinion, a doctrine. Comp. 
Pers. vjJo! 'purpose, intention'. 

yjj3*) ?iikirdt, AY. 56, 4. adj. embezzling, peculating, defraud- 
ing; (or s.) a defrauder. Perhaps Z. ni + garcw. 

yiSJly nikirishn, Hn. 2, 23. ))H^j) nikirishno, AY. 37, 7. s. ob- 
servation, a look, notice, regard, attention; see y^)j) nikirishn. — 
1^) nikir (crd. of ))tyJ*y nikirtdano) + abst. snf. y^ -ishn; Pers. 



>y - *» 247 

M^O-*^) nikiridano, v. to behold, to look upon, to see, to view; 
past part. ^J^j) nikirid, AY. 72, 6. 91, 5. ; pres. 3 d pi. 5uj3^ niki- 
rcnd, Dk. 145,9. Pers. ^JoJo. 

£) -dm, Hn. 1, 5. verbal suf. of 1 st pers. sing, affixed to a s. am, 
I am. Pers. *!, or *1_; Huz. syn. ££y* homanam. 

£) -dm, suf. of pres. 1 st sing, of most Paz. verbs ; see £ -am. 

£) -um 1 ord. suf. affixed to all numerals above three, to form 
their ordinals; see >$Y J ny& chahdrum, •£)&)£) panchum, etc. Pers. 
*.'_, Z. -ugg , anc. P. Sans. -ma. 

&£) nama%, AY. 2,7. 3,11,7,8. 10,6. 101,4,26. s. an obeisance, 
a bow, reverence, homage, worship, prayer ; ))^)p^ $y£) namdz ye- 
druntand, to offer reverence, homage, or worship. Pers. \l*i, Z. ^yj^G^S 
Sans. 7iamas; Huz. syn. jji3) nasadman. 

jjj^c^ numudar, Dk. 145, 2. s. a shower, an exhibiter, a displayer, 
an indicator. From the following. 

)W£) numudd?id, v. to show, to exhibit, to display; past part. 
y>£) numud, AY. 17,2. 53,3.; pret. y£) numud, AY. 10, 13.; pres. 
1 st sing, &**•$) 0*)£) f r ® % numdyam, AY. 10, 12. I show forth, I ex- 
hibit; pres. 1 st pi. tp**'£) numdycm, AY. 5,7-10,12,13.; imper. 2 d pi. 
^Q)ij^ _uu bard numdyed, AY. 11, 11. show ye forth, exhibit. Pers. 
joO».4J, Z. anu + ma, 'to measure' (p.p. mita; anc. P. Sans. ma). 

*0»)) rands, AY. 6, 7, 9, 10. 13, u. 19, 48, 49, 67, 71, 73, 78, 5. 20, 

21, 25, 27-30, 32-34, 38, 45, 46, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 66, 84, 86, 93-96, 3. 22, 
4 ,7. 23, 24, 31, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 60, 63, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89,4. 
55,2,4. 64, 65, 69, 79,6. 72, 82, 83, 90-92, 97, 98, 2. 99,7. GF. 5,4. Hn. 
1, 35a, 38«. s. a sin, an offence, a fault, a crime; see -O^O* avi-vands. 

Pers. sLtf, or &k? \ 



248 »)) - s) 

j^JiJ^jj)) va?idskdrih, AY. 23,7. 98,4. s. sinfulness, iniquity, 
criminality, wickedness. -Q-U)) vands -f- Jjja kdr + abst. suf. j^ -j/i; 

Pers. ^slxtfLj . 

))^iiij)) vindsidano, v. to hurt, to destroy, to annihilate, to vio- 
late; pret. ^)^^^ vindsid, AY. 86,5. Z. w -f was (Sans, nas), 

5^0(2)) vanjiskk, GF. 2,22. s. a sparrow, or other small bird. 
Pers. jCc^^UJ , iXcLs3j5^ or ^.j^ # # 

^>)*0e))) vurzishnik, AY. 12, 19. 13, 12. in K20, adj. a variant of 
■^W^H bitrzishnik; comp. J^-D^^)) vurzislmiktar, AY. 12, 10. in He. 

Ai3)j ndsZu, Dk. 152, 4. s. a variant of *&) nask, especially in mo- 
dern MSS. 

a)) navak, AY. 2,25,26. GF. 1,21,28,29. adj. new, fresh, novel. 
Pers. sIT, or «i, Z. -u»jj) , Sans. nava. 

$)) -vand, pos. suf. affixed occasionally to substantives to form 
possessive adjectives, see ^)y^ amdvand, 3)jvi baramvand, etc. Pers. 
Jol , Z. -vant, Sans. -*;«£. 

3) *;ad, I.) prep. AY. 1,2,16. 6,6,11. 64, 13. 87,9, till, until; AY. 
2,22. 31,2. 54,5. GF. 3,47. Hn. 2,10,11,15,17. 3, 20. to, unto, as far as; 
AY. 87,8. GF. 4,23. into; AY. 2, is. in the course of, in, after; ))j 3) 
vad kevan, GF. 3,62,63. until now, hitherto; &$) vadich, IS". 78,7. $) 
rfG vad maman, Dk. 150,7. even to, moreover unto; u£ 3j vad ma- 
dam, AY. 34, 5. into and on, over. II.) adv. AY. 1, 39. 4 V J, 4. GF. 3, 53,70. 
till, until; AY. 5,7. 10, 12. 68,21. GF. 1,12. 4,3. so that, that, so; AY. 
4,i4. whilst, while, during. Ileb. Chald. "iy_, Syr. ji, As. adi; Paz. 
syn. -tfcy* andd, or 4^^* anddk. 

5\ -and, or -end, suf. of 3 d pers. pi. pres. and fut. of Paz. verbs, 



©j - *>) 249 

affixed to the crd. verb ; in some cases this suf. is written su -end ; in 
Huz. verbs the suf. is 3 -d. Pers. t\;l_ , anc. P. -antiy, Z. -ehti, Sans. 
-anti. A similar suf. is occasionally used to form a present participle. 

Q) niz, AY. Il,i2. conj. also, likewise, even, too, moreover; see 
the remarks on Q) ^3 zak-niz. Pers. y-o . 

fQ)£5) vechast, "N". 78, 3. s. a verse, a stanza; also written flQ)^C?) 
vachcst. Z. j^dJ^iJ^jjjj^iil? . The meaning of this word is proved by 
a passage in the Pahlavi KAvayat, which states that the five Gathas, 
together with the Yasna Haptanhaiti, contain 278 f&)*G\ vachcst, 

'stanzas', 1016 -(^-iy gas, 'lines', 5567 j^ vdchak, 'words', 9999 *))#£ 
mdrik, and 16,554 )4fly^ khurdako. 

a£}) nizak, AY. 5, 1. s. a short spear, a lance, a javelin, a pike. 
Pers. d j-O , or syxi . 

j3) inr, Hn. 1, 31. s. a man, a hero, a warrior. Z. _m)^/^, Sans. 
viva, Lat. *mV. It also means 'reason, intellect, the mind', Pers. o« . 

^>j3j Viraf, AY. 1,34,36,43. 2,1,2,18,21,25,30,34. 3,1,3,5-8,13,15, 
20, 24. pr. n. the priest who is said to have been sent by the Mazda- 
yasnian community to ascertain the condition of departed souls in the 
spiritual world, and whether the religious ceremonies they performed 
in this world, were of any avail; he appears to have lived after the 
time of Shapur II. (A.D. 309-379); y>Jb) -*>$*> Ardd Vtrdf, AY.4, 4 . 

5,4,5. 10,7. 11,8,11. o*-^) -^fcV* 1 Arddi Vtrdf, AY. 53, 11.101,5,14,22. 
'the righteous Yiraf, the title applied to him everywhere except in the 
introduction to his account of the other world, and applied to the nar- 
rative itself in GF. 6, 1, 4. Pers. oLj* ; in the old Paz.-Sans. MS. His 
(A.D. 1410) the name is always written Virdja, or Virdzh, in Paz., 
and Virdya, Virdja, or Virdjya, in Sans. 

i)fQ)Aik) virdstak, AY. 1, 7. p. p. used as adj. prepared, arranged, 
controlled, orderly; comp. i^Jt2)-uJ£) virdstaktar, AY. 1, 30. Past 



250 *>) - -HPi 

part, of j)y^)i)J3) virdstano (Z. vi -f- ^«^> Sans. rddh)\ comp. Pers. 
*a*wLjo and *CCwfJ. 

jy^^ijj^j virdyishmh, see ^ja^-mAs) $y)£j frdz-virdyishnih. 

Sp3) nirang, AY. 1,26. GF. 5,2. Dk. 145, io. Sjtaj nirang , AY. 
2,32. GF. 4,27. .3)3.3) nirang, Dk. 144,9. 145,5. s. a religious formula, 
a form of prayer used on particular occasions and generally as an 
exorcism, or charm, to keep away evil; a ritual; see AY. p. 147, note. 
Pers. JCjv>o. 

3j^oJ£) Ncryosang, or Nairyosang , GF. 3,72,77. Sj^uJ^ Ncr- 
ydsang, GF. 6, 5. s^uiS) Ncrydsang, GF. 3,78. pr. n. a yazad, or angel, 
who carries messages from -jj^yuyo Auharmazd ; also used as a man's 
name among the Parsis. Z. _ug)>£.u.tt . .^jJjjj}. 

Ayi3) vcryok, or vairyok, see AoiSjAjp^^ yat-ahuk-vcryok. 

Z. V>jW? • 

££3) ?;%?, adj. all, every; see £%) visp and the following. Z. 
_u£).»^Z? , anc. P. vispa, Sans, visva. 

W^r £2>*) visp-rdmishn , AY. 15, 21. adj. all-pleasurable, all- 
delightful. ££^) msp + )*o4^ rdmishn. 

^O^OOO £2^) visp-shddih, AY. 15, 21. adj. all-joyful, all-happy. 
&S) visp + ^0^)00 shddih. 

j*%3) ?;es/i, AY. 6, 9, 10. Hn. 1, 38«. Dk. 149, 152, e. adv. much, many, 
more, most, greater, exceedingly. Pers. ^-o. 

3)^oo5) Nishdpur, GF. 6,2. pr. n. a city in Khurasan; see 
3)^)00^) Nikhshdpur. Pers. *jjU&oj, or ^jL*>J , 

YW*) riUh&n, GF. 2, 5,6. 3, 6,15. )f1J0$) nUhdno, GF. 3,39. s. a 
sign, a mark, an indication, a token. Pers. ^Lxo, or ,jLk-o. 



-V*) - p 251 

%)Q5) niydz, AY. 59, 5. s. want, need, necessity, destitution, priva- 
tion; see my) niydz. Pers. \Lo, 

^5) neshman, AY. 2, 2. 17, 12. 20, 26, 34, 35, 59, 62, 86,1,5. 
24,44,63,81,1,6. 25, 37, 66, 1. 60, 6 . 64, 1, 8 . 68, 1-3, u, 22-24. 71, 8 . 78, 
1,7. 82,83,1,2,4. 84,95,1,3,5. 85,87,1,4,6. 88,7. 97, 98, 1,4. GF. 2,45, 
49,51. 3,36,47. s. a woman , a wife; pi. ^^(5^) neshmandn, AY. 22,2. 
57, 72,1,4. 69,i,8. 70,76,1,6. 71, 9. 73, 1, 7, 94, 3, 5. 99, 1. GF. 2, 45. 
)Y»Jfo*) neshmandno , GF. 3,41,44,45,51,57. Heb. Chald. pi. C v ^3, 

Syr. pi. ^Ij ? Ar. pi. eUIj ; Paz. syn. p zan. 

/\)J#*$) ncshmanih, AY. 2, 10. s. womanhood, womankind, wife- 
hood. ^(**) ncshman -f- abst. suf. -jy -ih. 

D) -andak, pr. p. suf. occasionally affixed to a crude verb to 
form an adjective with the meaning of a present participle, see -*>)w3 
zwandak. This suf. is probably a compound of the pr. p. suf. 3) -and 
(Paz. -ihd) + adj. suf. a -ak] analogous to the suf. a^» -tak, or -dak 
(= p. p. suf. ^d -£, or -d, -f adj. suf. a -afc). 

~HyjJU) vimdrih, AY. 5,8. s. sickness, disease, illness, infirmity. 
Pers. (^U<o . 

Y*G$\ vadrnan, AY. 1,24. adv. with suf. till (or so that) of (to, 
for, by, or through) us; till (or so that) our, or us. 5) vad + pron. 
suf. y>y£ -man of 1 st pers. pi. 

\ 

J)£jj/u) nim-pitr, or nem-pur, GF. 2,32,35. adj. half-full, u) nim 

(Pers. |*jo, or x*>o, Z. -juGJO*)) + \& P? ir ' 

jk>) nemak, AY. 4, 17. 17, u. Hn. 2, 19. 3, is. s. a part, a portion, 
a division, a district, a quarter, a direction; pi. y*W) ncmakdn, Hn. 
2,19. Z. -u^O"")' Sans. /?ema. 

^) AM vimond, AY. 50,6. s. a boundary, a border, a frontier. Z. 



252 y - f ) 

)fk>) vimgun, AV. 55, i. in K 2 e, and 99,2. in K20, a variant of 
)uw« bimgun. 

M^0^ 1 4, ) J ) nyokhshidano. v. to hear, to listen, to attend to; past 
part. ^-Jy^) nyokhshid, AV. 67, 10. Pers. ^Ju^jG, Z. ni -f- gush. 
u O*0) J ) venishnih, see ^jy^jiy)y^ minavad-vcnishnih. 

ff) naduk, AV. 4, 11,18,29. 11, ie. 12, 32, 5. GF. 2, 6 . 3,62,88. Hn. 
2,5,23,25-27,30. ^JJ) naduk, GF. 3,94. Hn. 2, 23,36. adj. good, well, ex- 
cellent, virtuous, happy, handsome, graceful; comp. j^aw) naduktar, 

AY. 4,29. 11,4. GF. 3,35,36,38,86,94. Hn. 1, 21 , 26, 31 , 36. J^4V) nadfik- 

tar, Hd. 2,3o.; sup. £)^jy) naduktum, Hn. l,u. 2,5,24. £)^)>) na- 
duktum, Hn. I,i6. Pers. vilxo, comp. anc. P. naiba. 

-HjyiSW W) naduk-rubisJmih, Hn. 2, 5. s. good proceedings, vir- 
tuous conduct, au) naduk -f- )HMr rubishn, to which compound adjec- 
tive is added the abst. suf. j^j -ih. 

-\}ff) nadukih, AY. 4, 12. 5, 10. 61, 7. 68,92,4. /-yjff) nadukxh, 
AY. 2,i4. 4 5 u. Hn. 2,5. 3,4. -J(J4P) nadukih, AY. 15,6. /yjff) nadu- 
kih, AY. 3,n. 4,u,i3. Hn. 2,5. s. goodness, good, excellence, virtue, 
happiness, benefit, auj naduk -f- abst. suf. jy -ih ; Pers. ^^J. 

a)au) nadukuk, adj. handsome, elegant, beautiful; comp. j^ajau) 
nadukuktar, AY. 4,22. GF. 3,35,36,38. Pers. ^Xo. 

)U) ^a?yo, GF. 2,68. s. air, breath. Z. -ujjjijj/? , or >JJ#, Sans. 

J)y) vinik, AY. 4, i 6 . 18, 8 . 70, 88, 3. 80, 2. GF. 3, 6 4. j)jj) t;foi&, 
AV. 69,4. Hn. 3, 20. s. the nose. Pers. ,-Juu; Huz. syn. f&JJ^o tdlman. 



253 



3, j, y, i, e, d, g, or j, and j J, or i. 

3 , j , i/, i, e, J, </, or J, is the fourteenth , and last, letter of the 
Pahlavi alphabet, and the usual equivalent of Sas. ?, ]? ^ i Pers. 
,5, t> (not being final after a vowel), c^,,,^, Z. ^ , ^^_, jj, 
J '-c?'>0'K5' 3' Q£> ¥> (following ^), and Chald. \ 3 n, j* 
When initial, it is almost always a consonant. In other situations it is 
often a vowel, and is then read i unless the Z., or Chald., equivalent 
indicates some other vowel, in which case it is read c. It always joins 
the succeeding letter, and enlarges before .u , ^, g, or 3, as in 
the compounds u^ (see under sh), tf) , ^ , and *q (see under 5) ; 
before the other letters it is very little altered, as in the compounds 
ij, -b, J00. D ju , u, etc. The diacritical marks which are 
often used with this letter and its compounds, are: a circumflex above 
it, to indicate d, as in 5, j£ , -^O'^^O' ^O0 1 00 » -#$' W' 
-t^ ' -£ ' ^ ' etc ' ' two ^ ots below itj to indicate ?/, 2, e, as in J> , ^ , 
^, J3, m, etc.; two dots above it, to indicate #, as in 3, j£, -i(3, 

£x3i pi etc.; an( i one dot below it, to indicate j 9 as in -J(^ , etc. 
The numeral cipher \ 2, which is represented by the Pers. idhafat 
of unity <^, is classed with this letter; and so is the peculiar com- 
pound ty yin : or yen, 

J i , rel. used conjunctively : a) like )£ mun, for connecting a s„ 
pron., or phrase, with a succeeding phrase, in which the verb is ex- 
pressed, as in AY. 1,1,4,25,26. 4,33. 9,2. 10, 14. etc. who, which, that; 

~Hjty - -> i — azash, AY. 7, 70,2. that from it, from which; or 

the verb may be understood, as in AY. 1, 16,28. 3, 6,13. 4, 7, 19. 5, 10,13. 
12,5. etc. who (which, or that) is (art, or are); see also j^3 zak-i 
and jj£y denman-i. b) for connecting a s. , or pron., with its following 



254 a 

adj., in which case the v. c to be' is always to be understood, forming 
a phrase like 'a man who is good', as in AV. 1,3,7,13,16,21. 2,24-27, 
29,32. etc. who (which, or that) is (or are); when there are several 
consecutive adjectives, j i is either repeated before each, as in AY. 
1,4,8. 3,23. 4,24. 12,9.13,1. 14,8. etc., or the adjectives are connected 
by the conj. ) va, as in AY. 3,19,22. 12,4. 13,2. etc. c) for connect- 
ing a s., or pron., with a following one in the genitive, in which case 
also the v. 'to be' is always to be understood , forming a phrase like 
'a man who is of wealth' (though the rel. and v. are unnecessary in 
English), as in AY. 1,3,14,19,27,28,40. 2, 0,15,34. etc. 4,22,24,25. 5, 0. 
etc. who (which, or that) is (or are) of; sometimes the gen. is com- 
pounded with other words, as in AY. 1, 2, 9, 10, 12. 2, 2 4, 34. 3, 1. etc. d) for 
connecting a s., or pron., with a following s., or phrase, in the same case 
(that is, in apposition), as in 4)^X2 J ^t)0 ) Akht-i ydiuk, j-u£yoyt 
-juu^^aj Auharmazd-i khuddi, JjjflQ)jj.tt S)jj$ j3.£ mar-i darvand sds- 
tdr, etc. where J means 'who is, that is\ e) sometimes for connecting 
a prep, with the s. following it, as in AY. 2, 21. 3, 7. 12, 3, 5. 53, 2, 3. etc. 
The rel. J i is sometimes understood, as in AY. l.is. 3, 21. 4,7. etc. 
and in some phrases of frequent occurrence, as )C£X? M^fcV Ataro ycdato 
and similar appellations of other yazads , -utysyu -»£yoyo Aiiharmazd 
khuddt, Hy-ny i*3 zakar yasharubo, )\y^{y ~HJY& Srosh yasha- 
rubo, etc. ; some of these omissions may be accidental, but they are so 
numerous that it is evidently considered optional to omit the rel. J i 
in such common phrases ; in consequence of this fact it would perhaps 
be advisable to express the idhafat by i whenever the Pahl. J is written, 
and by i whenever it is understood. Regarding the etymology, see 
Haug's Essay on Pahlavi, p. 89-91. In the Sas. ins. it is either under- 
stood, or expressed by OS zi (see ^3 zy-). 

3 -(/, suf. of 3 d pers, pi. pres. and fut. of all Huz. verbs, affixed 
to the crd. verb ; in Paz. verbs the suf. is 3) -and, -end or $y -end, 
but this form is hardly ever used witlj Huz. verbs, except occasionally 



-jj j 255 

by modern writers. This is evidently a mere modification of the Paz 
suf. 5) -and, the ) n being omitted because the Huz. crd. verb ends 
in )) -iin. 

\ I, or /, num. ciph. one, an, a, (nearly always suffixed to a 
s. 5 as in) AY. 2, 11,24. 4, 14. 6,12,20,22-24,26-31,33-35, 38,39,41, 
43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 64, 66, 68, 71, 74, 81-85, 87, 91, 95-98, 1. 
10, e, 13. 16, 53, 2. 17, 9, 10. 19, 36, 40, 50, 63, 86, 88, 1, 2. 21, 1, 5. 32, 1, 2 , 6 . 
44,60,67,1-3. 49,4. 54, 3, 5. 69,3. 78, 79, 1,3. GF. 1,7,9. 2, 8 . 3,6,79,82. 
4,5,6,12. 5,1,2,4. Hn. 1, 11, 23, 28, 33, 35a, 38a. ; ^^O^ 13 khadih-I , AY. 
1,24. some one person, a single individual ; )fflji MOf' khadfik-I, 
AY. 1,32,34. only one, a single one, one only; y$) valman-I, Dk. 
144,8. 150,u. that one; 3)(o v I-chand (suffixed to a s.) AY. 25, 
37,49,i. many a one, some, several, see 3)&u * aechand ; (occasionally 
\ I precedes the s., as in) tfyy \ -u>))^ tord I dvdd (perhaps 
tord-i I dvdd, or tor ah I dvdd) GF. 3,82. a couple of bullocks, (and 
probably in) fQ)3 \ D& zamik I dast, GF. 4,4. a cubit of land. 
The word au ae, or khad, is often substituted for the cipher \ I, 
and the cipher \ I is also occasionally substituted for the similar 
word -m ae, or hi, 'this', see Bund. 3, 19. in K20 ; in modern MSS. 3, 
or J , is often substituted for \ . Pers. idhafat of unity ^ , 

y II, or 2, see the next word to -u -ih. 

•*(yy giydh (trad, gabdh, or gabhd) AY. 15, 3. 32, 6. s. grass, hay. 
It seems to be merely an old way of writing jL {y^^ giydh> Pers. slx5^ 

j£\j AY. 3,3. supposed to be a variant of £yo hhelmu; as it 
stands it may be read y II, ciph. for do, + £ man, or mu, and be 
compared with Heb. \70M 'stillness'. 

-uuj gabrd, AY. 1,29,33. 2,19. 4,14,27,34. 17,69,9. 19, 1,7, 8. 21, 
27-30, 33, 38, 39, 45,46,51, 52, 58, 1,5. 22, 23, 31, 36, 40,43,50,60, 88,1,6. 



256 jy — *^ 

24,95,7. 25,32,41,49,66,91,1. 48,i, 3 ,4. 62, 6 . 64 ;8 . 67, 71, i, 7 . 68,1-3, 

6,14,22,24. 76,7,9. 79,1,6,8. 85,6,7. 96.1,3,5. 97,98,1,4. GF. 1,7,9. 
2, 8, 10. 3, 5, 14, 73, 79, 82. Hll. 1, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33. 2, 18, 21, 24, 32-34. 3, 17, 20,33. 

s. a man, a male human being, a husband (in AY. 24,7. 62,6. 64,8.); 
£j-uuj gabrdich, Hn. 2,29. a man also; see -upQ^ mog-gabrd. PL 
^jjjtj gabrddn, AY. 99, i. Heb. TDiji Chald. frTQJ, Syr. j^aJ, Ar. 

^4 5 P^ z - s yn. $■£" mard. 

^jijuj gabrdum, substituted for ■£)$.£ mardum, in GF. 2,45. by 
K20, s. man, mankind. In this hyb. the Huz. -uu-) gabrd is substi- 
tuted for the Paz. fly-f ward in ■fjfly.^ marclum. 

£)* Hum, see the next word to .^yj from. 

£i*/7?y )J£P dapir, (trad, dapgun) AY. 3,23. )jj£p dapiro, AY. 3,22. s. 
/• ^j*L y SL/^vriter, a secretary, a scribe. Sas. 29j3 dabir 1 Pers. oji), 
/i^7 / ^ -u/, j^ -2c/o, suf. of past part, and pret. of verbs whose inf. 
suf. is ))&} -idano. Pers. p. p. scXx_, pret. Juj 

SO ~&4> )vO -cdo, suf. of pres. and fut. 3 d sing, and 2 d pi., and 
of imper. 2 d pi. , of all verbs, -being suffixed to the crd. verb. Pers. 3 d 
sing. dC, 2 d pi. Juw , Z. opt. -acta. 

Aui3)A)^p^ yat-ahuk-vcryok , or yat-ahuk-vairyok , GF. 5, 1. 

AuA^w^ptf} yat-ahu-vairyok in K20, s. a sacred formula which is often 

recited by the P arsis ; it is so called from its first three words, and is 

as follows : 

Yathd aim vairyo, athd ratush, ashdd chid 1iacJid y 
vanJieush dazdd mananlxo, shiyaothnandm a?theush mazddi, 
khshathremchd ahurdl a, yim drcgubyo dadad vdstdrem. 

This formula may be translated * thus : 



* See Haug's Ahuna-vairya Formel in the Sitzungsberichte der phil. und hist. 
Classe der K. bay. Akad. der Wiss. 1872. 



W - >*i 257 

As a heavenly lord is to be chosen, so is a spiritual guide, for 

the sake of righteousness, 
(to be) the giver of good thoughts, of the actions of life, towards 

Mazda, 
and the dominion is for Ahura (the lord) whom he (Mazda) has 
given as a protector for the poor. 
The 21 words of this formula are applied, respectively, to the 21 nasks, 
or books , into which the whole Zoroastrian literature of importance 
was anciently divided. Z. ^jjAftii? ♦ agyjj . -tjj&u^ . 

*&2 dadak, or )4C^ dadakd , Dk. 151,6. s. a beast of prey, a 
wild beast, an animal. Pers. sj>t>, <£^*>, or OJ>, 

))CO -*4 an °i m ^- su *- °^ a ^ -^ az - verDS whose Pers. equivalent 
ends in ^jtXx^. . 

Ttl))H J CO y^bunast, AY ■« ^? 3 - 1-4,4, p.p. used as s. what is sat 
upon, a seat, a resting-place. Past part, of the following: Paz. syn. 
Jt^^O) nishast. 

MfQ))H J ^0 yetibunastand (trad, jatibunastan) v. to sit, to rest, 
to remain, to stay, to abstain; past part. fQ))) i J CO y^lbunast ^ AT. 
2,34. 4,3i. i4,2o.l5,io. 17,24. Hn. 2, 29,3i.; yt2))H J C£5 mJA )\ bard yeti- 
bunast, AY. 1, 33. sat down ; ft£))H J CO ^^Y^ tokhvar yetibunast, AY. 
4,19. set back, or settled downwards; see also the preceding word: 
P ret - Jt2>m J ^ yetibunast, AY. 3, 23. 4, 9 . GF. L29.; f^))Jj- , ^0 -»H 
bard yetibunast, AY. 2, 27. sat down. Pres. I st sing. ^*))lJc^ yetibu- 
nam, GF. 1,24.; pres. 3 d sing. ^))JJ^£) yetibimcd, GF.2, 17. 3, 4. Hn. 
2,3.; fut. 1 st sing. ^)U-)^ -uu bard yetibunam, GF. 1,26. Imper. 
2 d sing. )H«>^ -wu bard yctibun, GF. 1,23. 3, 50, 67. 4, 8 . sit down; 
imper. 2 d pi. *g^j jjp^ _wji bard yctibuned , AY. l,si. sit ye down. 
Heb. Dlfih, Chald. 2JT, Syr. _=>L X ; Paz. syn. ))fQ)^)) ?iishastano, whose 
term. ))fQ) -stand is usually adopted by its Huz. equivalent. 

33 



258 sy& — o^O 

3^ dadigar, AY. 1,43. GF. 2, 6 . Hn. 2, 33. ***%} dadigar, 
XX. 2,30. 8,1. \i^ dadigar, AY. 4, 7. IT, 27. Hn. 2, 7. 3,e. adj. se- 
cond, another, other ; 3.1^ j^y ^p levatman khaduk dadigar, GF. 
3,34. with one another, both together; (used as adv.) i^p^ dadigar, 
GF. 2,45. 333^0 dadigar, GF. 4, 5, 12. secondly; sometimes expressed 
by the cipher £)y Hum. Comp. Pers. ^ 'two' and Ju<> 'other'. 

£3 -ich, conj. suf. also, likewise, even, too, yet, else ; a variant of 
(o-ich] see &±^y akharich, 0^)v* tanidich, yy lakich, tyS 
zakich, O^6)^-^0 shikfiftich, ^))^ kcvanich, O-fHj^ mandavamich, 
and Oj£V denmanich. 

Q yaz, crd. of ))^>0^ yashtano. Also d#s, 'a fort', see )£} tteso. 

DftDll^jO yezbemunastano (trad, dazbamunastan) v. to wish, to 
desire, to will, to intend; past part. ftDJr^lO yezbemimast , AY. 11,7. 
)F0))i£\O yczbemunasto, AY. 101, 4. ; pres. 3 d pi. 5)&Q3 yezbemund, 
GF. 2,37. Heb. fDSi Chald. fcq2, Syr. ^.; Paz. syn. ))ft2)>"^ &«- 
mistano, or DftD-V^ kdmistano, whose term. ))fiQ) -stand is adopted 
by its Huz. equivalent. 

j?0)0 gajestak, AY. 1,4. HfQ)0 fjcijestakd, AY. 1,3. p.p. used 
as adj. accursed, execrated, detestable ; see AftlPO {J a Jcstak. Z. vi -f 
jasta (p. p. of jad) ; comp. -j^js-d^j) . 

)*0O yazfehn, AY. 1,26. 13,6. 14,3. 17, ie. GF. 2, 12, 46. ))*0O 
yazishno, AY. 101,25. Hn. 2,32. N. 76,3. 77, e. s. consecrating with 
prayers and ceremonies, especially the preparation, offering, and drinking 
of the £yv horn juice; ceremonial prayer, worship; (also) the portion 
of the Avesta and Zand containing such prayers, the Yasna. y yaz 
(crd. of ))^O0-* yashtaw) + abst. suf. ja^ -ishn; Huz. syn. )H$))H{J$ 
yczbckhunishn. 



■ieto ■- '* 259 

WO gazishn, s. cursing, execration, imprecation, malediction. 
& gaz (crd. of ))^)^ gazudmid) + abst. suf. y^ -ishn. 

^OWO yazishiiih, see *J(^J*0O -^ der-yazishnih. 

^OWO gazishnih, see j^j)^^ j3$ dcr-gazishnih. 

)^^ yazishnkar , adj. performing the yazishn ceremony, wor- 
shiping; pi. used as a s. )*>)^0O yazishnkar an, AY. 14, i. those who 
perform yazishn, worshipers. )*(50 yazishn -f- adj. suf. 3a -fear. 

-X^O yazakih, see -^^O^tXjOO shedayyd-yazahik. 

)Q dezo, Dk. 150,3. s. a fort, a fortress, a castle, a citadel. Pers. 
vt>, y>, jp , yjJ>, or sut); comp. anc. P. c/i<i«, 'a fort', Z. -uC^u^> 
'a heap, or stack'. 

))V)0 gazudand, v. to curse, to imprecate, to execrate, to ana- 
thematize, to denounce; pres. 3 d pi. 3))Q gazavand, AY. 17,26. Z. vi 
+ zu (p.p. -^flf i pres. 3 d pi. j^oj^u»jjC ) ; comp. Pers. (jt)oy3 'to 
wound with the tongue'. 

))S"0O gazidano, v. to bite, to sting, to puncture, to wound, to 
cut off; pret. tf^y gazid, AY. 56, i. 71, 2.; pres. 3 d sing. ^^5 gazed, 
AY. 90,i.; pres. 3 d pi. 5)^ gazand, AY. 84, 2. Pers, ^Jov^. 

5F0)^O gajcstak, OF. 4, 11, 14. p.p. used as adj. accursed; see 
5F0)O gajestak. 

a^O gazdum. AY. 37,3. s. a scorpion; see A?33 gazdum. Pers. 



5/, 



.«i 



i^ c/«r, AY. 12,i2. GF. 2, 60. s. a door, a gate, a residence, a 
palace; (sometimes) a chapter, a subject. Pers. vj> , anc. P. duvard. 
Z. -u/.u»a , Sans, dvdr, dvdra ; Huz. syn. -**)i babd. 



260 1> - ^ 



h dar, substituted for uj yin in AY. 36, 2, 7. 37, 2. by H17., 
prep, in, within, into. Pers. vj>; see Sj5^> andarg ; Huz. syn. uj ?/z??. 

M9CV-^ drukhtano, v. to lie; to break, or violate, (a promise); see 
D^tVr^ dr&khtand] pret. fg>iJ$ draklit, AY. 52, 6 . 

MPQ)^-* 3 drdyidand, v. to shout, to vociferate, to clamor, to ex- 
claim; see ))^.u3S drdidand ; past part, ft^^ drdyid, AY. 2, 5. ; 
pret. pQ)i)jS drdyid, GF. 4, u.; pr. p. ^jj)5 drdydn, AY. 23, 6 . Pers. 

^33 girdn, AY. 1, 16, 43, 44, 63, 83, 4. 19, 48, 71, 73, 78, 5. 21, 72, 
90-92, 2 . 23, 9. 27, 39, 64, 65, 69, c. 31, 62, 86, 93, 94, 3. 40, 7. 49, 5, 9. 55, 
2,9. 77,3,7,io. 89, 99,u. yoll girdn, AY. 41, 89,4. 59, 96, 3. 9T, 2 . 99,7. 
juj)3 girdno, AY. 19, 9. 98,2. adj. heavy, burdensome, severe, grievous, 
cruel, oppressive, weighty, important, serious, grave, great, dear, or 
high (in price); comp. 3^o^)i* girdntar, GF. 3,22,29.; sup. ^^o^)3 
girdntum, AY. 2, 4. Pers. ^\S . 

~Hjs£uiji gar-homandih, AY. 64, u. s. powerfulness, vehemence, 
determination, impetuousness. Yi gar (Pers. S 'strength, purpose') -f- 
pos. suf. l£yo homand -f- abst. suf. -jy -ih. 

))&}**)$ drdidand, or drdyidano, v. to shout; see ))jiQ).u.b drd- 
yidand] past part. c£)."3$ drdid, GF. 1,3.; pret. c^^3^ drdid, AY. 
100,5. GF. 4,i4,, c^-uiS — -juu bard — drdid, AY. 91,6, shouted 
out. Pers. ^JuoKo . 

yoQ)S darvdn, s. a doorkeeper, a porter; pi. yA)^>^))^ darvdndn, 
substituted for V*>^£)>00 dahyupatdn in GF. 2, go. by K20. Pers. 
u 1 ;;^ or U^; J ' 

^)^ dard , AY. 5,8. 64, 10. 99, u. GF. 3, 5$. s. a pain, an ache, 
a pang, suffering, anguish; see ^)o ^ja kabed-dard. Pers. ^J. 



& - & 261 

fly 3 gird, AV. 31, e. s. a collection, a gathering, a hoard. Pers. d r t, 

MftD^ftJ^ gar da na stand, v. to turn about, to whirl round, to toss 
over; past part. JtD^vt^* garddnast, AY. 94,2. Pers. ^Jof^S', or 

jVO* dardak, AY. 17, 15. adj. pained, diseased, tormented, afflicted. 
fly 3 dard -f- adj. suf. a -ah. 

))rt)^ gardano, AY. 25,2. ))fly3 gardano, AY. 26,2. GP. 4, 20. 
s. the neck. Pers. ,oJsi> . 

J*0fc)3 garzishn , AY. 42,7. 53,4,5. 67, 10. s. groaning, wailing, 
lamentation, murmuring, complaint, ^i' <7«r^ (crd. of ))C^^i* garzi- 
dano, 'to complain', Z. gerez , Sans. grn[y and </arj[) + abst. suf. ^ 
-ishn; Pers. (j^)j^. 

■^^^^ drafshnik, or drafshoik, AY. 17, 23. adj. trembling, qui- 
vering, shaking, shuddering, tremulous; comp. J^-D^^p drafsluuk- 
tar, AY. 17,23. Comp. C£}^M£p^ drafshed , Bund. 37. 1., and Pers. 

(j<X^ivt> 'to tremble'. If it were not for the circumflex, which occurs 
in both trie oldest MSS., it might be read garzishnik, 'complaining', 
an adj. from the preceding. 

->.b C, or 100, (trad e-raz) Hn. l,io,ie. num. ciph. one hundred; 
see 5) C, * for \ I, or 1, X $J C, or 100. 

))^OfO^* giryinidano , v. to cause to weep; pres. 3 d pi. ^)ji^J^ 

U 
giryinand, AY. 42, 2. Caus. of Jjftl)^ giristano. 

)*{$)$ girydn, pr. p. of ))Jt2)^ giristano. 

QJ5 M, or 1000, (trad, c-ragh) AY. 31,3. Hn. 1,10,21. num. ciph. 
one thousand ; see oi. S for \ I, ov 1, X q) M, or 7000. 

■gte garm, AY. 63, 2. 64, 4, 11. 76, 85, 3. 94, 1. adj. hot, warm, heated; 



262 ^ - ^ 

comp. \-$$ garmtar, GF. 3, 12,14. Pers. pj*', Z. -juG£/.uq£, Sans. 
gharmma, 'heat'; comp. the anc. P. month Garmapada. 

•$5 darim, a variant of k)J5 darim, see the notes to AY. 17, 12. 

50*V^ garmdvak, AY. 41,6. adj. used as s. what has hot water, 
a warm bath. fr3 garm -f- ^> dv + adj. suf. a -afc; Pers. s.LoJ^ or 



xjLos> . 



a-u-^H garmdk , AY. 15,4. and substituted for 4jf3 garmik in 
AY. 55, 1. byK2o 5 A-^v^ garmdk , AY. 89,2,9. and substituted for aa? 
damak in AY. 18,3. by H17, s. heat, warmth, sultriness. Pers. Lo. 

wo-^i darmdn, AY. 77, 9. s. a medicine, a remedy, physic. Pers. 

jyv^ garmih, AY. 6,12. 75,6. 93,2. s. heat, warmth, sultriness. 
■$> garm + abst. suf. uy -2/i ; Pers. ^cJ. 

A^i* garmik, AY. 55, 1. s. see the preceding'. ■$> garm -\- adj. 
suf. JD -xk (used here for the abst. suf. ^ -i//). 

D^C>r^ drukhtandy v. to lie, to speak false; to break, or violate, 
(a promise); see M^y-k drukhtano ; past part. ^yy£ drfikht, AY. 
85,7.; crd £p$ c/n/;, see £p$ ))^ mitro-druj. Anc. P. duraj, p.p. 
durukta ; Z. dn*; (Sans, drw/>), p. p. drukhta. 

^S rfnld, AY. 3,8-n. 10,2. p^d drud, AY. 3, 13. 10J, 2 9. s. 
health, welfare, prosperity, salutation, a blessing. Pers. *>^>> Z. ace. 
G^-ui^im/A ; Huz. syn. {fa shlam. 

y^C^i Garodmdn, AY. 10, 1. j^^cpi* Garddmdno, GF. 2, 5 s. 
3, 6i. pr. n. the highest heaven, and abode of Auharmazd and the amesha- 
spends. Z. -»)*>$,) . P^QJ (Gath. -u)^^ . 4'*^ 1 Pers - J^)/ : 

(00S druj, GF. 4,27. s. a demoness, a she-devil; usually the 






9» 263 

personification of an evil habit, or besetting sin; pi. VA>£y^ drujdn, 
AY. 70,3. GF. 4,i5. 5,6. y*(°ys drujdh, AY. 53,4. Z. gWa . 

(oO$ druj, crd. of jj^yy^ drukhtano. 

^gy$ drujih, see -j^£p.i ))$*•$ mitro-drujih. 

)£p5 drojo, or drozan, ))£y$ drojvo, or drozano, A V. 96, 7. 97,5. 
adj. false, lying, deceitful, fraudulent; ))^u ))(*y5 drozano kardano, 
to deceive, to defraud, to cheat. PI. used as a s. }*>)£p.3 drojodn, or 
drozandn, AY. 5, 9. 90, 4. the false, liars. Comp. Z. sup. -ju^i^jgijj/a, 
anc. P. draujana, ( a liar', Paz. druzliani , 'falsehood', Pers. ^v c.^ 
4 a liar'. 

)£4V$ droghjo, or droghzan, ))£9y^ drdgh-zand, AY. 96,7. in E20, 
a variant of the preceding; pi. used as a s. ^)C5|V«^ droghjodn, or 
drogh-zandn, AY. 79, 8. 

)y^ Jro?i, AY. 1,26. 2,28. 17, ie. ))y* drono, AY. 3, 20. 13,6. Hn. 
1,13. s. a small, flat, round cake of unleavened bread, which is conse- 
crated and eaten, in certain religious ceremonies of the Parsis, see 
AY. p. 147, note; a consecrated wafer; (also) the name of the whole 
ceremony in which the dron cake is used. Z. nom. 4)-W3 , Paz. (j^J> . 

5)Y$ darvand, or drevcmd, AY. 1,3,8. IT, 5, \3. 19,48, 67, 78,7. 
20, 21, 26-28, 30, 33-35, 38, 39, 45, 46, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 84, 86, 95, 96, 5. 
22-24, 31, 36,40,43, 44,50, 60, 63, 81, 85, 87, 88, 6 . 41, 6 , s. 64, 79, 8 . 71, 7. 
82,83,97,98,4. GF. 1,24. 2,3,18,21,24,28,33,36,33,50,53,56,63,66. 3,2, 

5, 6, 13, 18-21, 28, 37, 42, 54, 55, 63, 65, 70, 76, 82, 87, 90, 93, 96. Hn. 3, 17, 20, 33, 34, 39. 

S)ps darvand, AY. 55,4. GF. 3, 53. Hn. 3, 2. ^))3$ darvand, GF. 2,43. 
adj. wicked, impious, irreligious, ungodly, infidel, unbelieving (nowadays 
applied to everyone who is not a Zoroastrian [Dest.]); comp. )c£})^3 
darvandtar, GF. 3, 63. ; pi. used as a s. )*0)p^ darvanddn, AY. 1, 40. 



264 ^ - ji* 

5,25,74,75,5. 11, 12. 17,2/27. 18, 13. 49,73,7. 52, 6 , 7. 53, 56, 4 . 54,76, 
77,80,89,6. 55,61,i. 65,69,8. 99, 1,9. 100, 2, 5. GF. 4, 22. W )^5 dar- 
vanddn, AY. 17, 61,5. )*0)V^ darvanddn, AY. 70,6. ))*0)p$ darvan- 
dd?io, AY. 0,13. Dk. 145,9. the wicked, unbelievers. Z. ace. G^O&jtfW)* 
and G^^»^£ji Pers. Jo^i. 

y^Sy* giravishn, AY. 47, 7. s. belief, a creed, faith, trust, reliance. 
y5 girav (crd. of ))e^y^ giravidano , 'to believe', Pers. ,jJo.l5, Z. 
var) + abst. suf. ja^ -ishn; see )*05r) varoishn. 

))Sfiys daridano , v. to tear, to rend, to lacerate, to gash; pres. 
3 d sing. ^33 dared, AY. 64, 12. Pers. ^ Jox j> , Z. Jar, Sans. c/W, 'to 
hurt' ; Huz. syn. ))^))aj^ sedkuntano. 

a^Jgy.3 ddiryish , see jlq^J3/^ i*^o tag-diliryish. 

DrQ)"^ giristano, AY. 16,7,9,11. v. to weep, to cry, to bewail; 
pret. pQ^ii girist, AY. 59,2.; pr. p. yiy$ girydn, AY. 59,5. 64, 2. 
Pers. wjCw.jw3 , or ^Lwi'. 

^5 daritn, AY. 17, 12. s. (probably) a spot, a speck, a stain, a 
scale ; see J£o ^3jj)a.d akandrak-darim and -^ darim. Z. J0^3 1 

see Yend. 7,4. 8,228. Sp. 

j^uj^ daregush, GF. 2, 35. adj. poor, indigent, destitute ; pi. used 
as a s. ywyJ* darcgushdn, AY. 67, 10. 68,6,10. GF. 3,97. the poor. 
Z. nom. j^>^/jjj, Paz. darcyosh, Pers. jLj^O . 

^j^uj5 daregushih, AY. 49,8. s. poverty, indigence, beggary. 
jmuj5 dargush -f- abst. suf. j^j -*/*; Pers. ^^io^^, 

jjP6)u»i3^ yezbekhuntano , v. to consecrate with ceremonies and 
prayers, to observe rites and ceremonies, to offer up prayers, to worship, 
to solemnize, to repeat, recite, or recapitulate (prayers, or some religious 



J-k - JtlP 265 

ritual); past part. ^)yA>i33 yezbekhund, AY. 2,33,35. 3, 20. 4,26. 14,3. 
Hn. 2, 29.; pret. ^)^ji3^ yezbekhiind, AY. 2, 2s.; pres. 1 st sing. ^uji3^ 
yezbekhunam, AY. 2, 22.; pres. 3 d sing. c£^^am33 yezbekhuncd, GF. 5, 3.; 
pres. 3 d pi. ^j^ji3^ yezbehhiind, AY. 4, 34. Hn. 2,32. Heb. PQJ 'to 
sacrifice', Chald. VOl, Syr. ^*.d>, Ar. XS<3 ; Paz. syn. ))Cg){^ V^htano. 

y^)yoiJ3 yezbekhimishn, AY. 4, 35. j^^i3^ yezbckhunishnd, N. 
76,2. 126,3. s. consecration, offering up, worship, solemnization, recital 
(of prayers, or ritual). )Y*\ yezbekhun (crd. of the preceding) -f- 
abst. siif. y^ -ishn] Paz. syn. )*0£} yazishn. 

))^)y*J5 yezderuntano, v. to lead, to convey, to drive, to drag; 
pres. 3 d pi. 3jy^3^ yezderund, AY. 58, 2. 5)p^3^ yezderwid , AY. 
68,5. Probably corrupted from j)^)pi3^ yezberuntano, (perhaps through 
the intermediate form ))^o)))|& yezverunta?io), Heb. XXI, Chald. ^21, 
Syr. ^ * Paz. syn. ))tf)^4 kashtdano and ))c£j) nidano. 

/j33 gazdum, AY. 60, s. 69,4. A^-?^ gazdum, AY. 81,2. s. a 
scorpion; see jjq gazdum and -£V33 gazdum. Pers. *£>'£* 

£V3S gazdum, AY. 60, 8. in K20, a variant of A?33 gazdum. 

^3 LX, or 60, (trad, cs) GrF. 6,4. num. ciph. sixty; see the re- 
marks on *Q XL. Paz. syn. f£J)^ s/ias£. 

-(5^ das, see *0^)CO^ khvetuk-das. 

y^)^ ctef, GrF. 4,4, 11. s. a hand, including the fore-arm, a cubit; 
(also) power, authority, see jfiQp das^o. Pers. ojui'S, anc. P. dasta, 
Z. -ji>pQ)jjC, Sans, hasta; Huz. syn. /p y adman. 

^RyftD* *istddak. AY. 58.5. p.p. used as adj. established, fixed, 
standing, stationary, stagnant. Pers. sabuwwol, or sjLc^j, anc. P. Z. 

sia, c to stand', Sans, nhthd] Huz. syn. $ffy) »)& yekavimunddak. 

34 



266 FOP - ^OO* 

JFOP dastak, AY. 32,6. adj. used as s. what is fit for the hand, 
a handle, a handful, a bundle, a complete set (of anything), a suit (of 
clothes), a quire (of four, or more, sheets of paper). flQp dast -f- adj. 
suf. a -«/c; Pers. aXu,i> . 

)?0)* dasto, AY. 15,io. s. power, authority; see flQ).i dast. Z. 

nom. 4^^^ • 

^JtD^irCD^ Isadvastar, AY. 11,3. pr. n. the son of Zaratuhasht, 

by his principal wife; being the head of the priestly class, he was 
mobad of the mobads, or chief highpriest, and died in the hundredth 
year of the religion (Bund. 79, 15. — 80,5.). Z. -w/^ojaiu/^ , scujaj . 

Jhft5)$ dastobar, AY. l,is. GF. 5, 4. Hn. 1,7. Dk. 150, 8. 151, 1. 
adj. 'authorized', used as s. one who bears authority, a Pars! highpriest; 
see AY. p. 143, note 1.; pi. ^3i)jiQ).3 dastobardn, AY. 1,9,19,2s. 2, 
23, 29, 32, 36. 3, 5, 7, is. ))*>\)F£2)5 dastobardno, AY. 2, 24. 3, 12. Dk. 144, 5. 
)TQ)* dasto + J( bar (crd. of )){t)H burdano)] Pers. ^j, 

j^j3i)^)5 dastobarih, AY. 2,22. Dk. 150, 12. s. authorization, 
permission, privilege, custom, the office and duties of a highpriest. 
\)5Z3* dastobar + abst. suf. -jq -2/?. 

/-J^ 71, or 2, a rare form of the cipher y in ,-J.i ^JAJj XT, 
Hn. 2,23. It must not be confounded with ^5 60. 

pfji}* gchdn : )y(}0$ gchano, see after the words beginning with u. 

mX^s yesht, or yasht, AY. 7, 7. GF. 2,8,44. 5,3. ^>05 ^^j AY. 
2,3. 8,5. 12,23,7. p.p. used as s. what is offered up, prayer, worship; 
a form of invocation and praise addressed to one of the ameshaspends 
and yazads whose names are applied to the days of the Parsi month ; 
sometimes it means the Yasnn, or general ritual of ceremonial prayers, 
including the Gathas [Dest.] ; ))^)j ^OO^ ycsht kardano, to offer up 



^OO* - -» 267 



the prescribed prayers. Past part, of ))^X5^ yashtano, or Z. ^-^jOWi 
Pers. ^&,s . 

A 



35. 



J^^OO-* dashtdn, AY. 20,5. 22,2. 72, 1,4,7. 76,6. Hn. 2, 
menstruation, the menstrual discharge. Pers. jjUu&tf, and ajLu*ot>, 
'a menstruous woman' ; Z. -u^dJ^^yiJA . 

^^* ^^OO^ dashtdn-marz, AY. 22,6. s. sexual intercourse with 
a menstruous woman. ^^>0^ dashtdn + e)^ wiars (crd. of ))cg)^f 
marzidano). 

))tf50* yashtano, v. to consecrate with ceremonies and prayers, 
to observe rites and ceremonies, to offer up prayers, to worship, to 
honor, to repeat, or recite (prayers, or some religious ritual) ; past part. 
ftyt}* yasht, GIF. 2,46. C005 V as ^ substituted for ^o))ah3.3 yez- 
bekhund in AY. 2,33. 8,20. by K20, and in AY. 2,35. by the other 
MSS. Z. yaz (Sans, yaj), p.p. -w^jQii^; Huz. syn. ))^)^i3^ yez- 
bekhuntano. 

))^00^ gashtand, v. to turn, to change, to become; see ))^gXJ) 
vashtano ; pret. ^X3 3 -"H bard gasht, AY. 4, 15. turned away, de- 
parted. Pers. ^JL&jT . 

y{$5 -ishn, or -yishn, )yi$5 -ishno, abst. suf. a variant of the abst. 
suf. y{$ -ishn, often used when the crude verb ends in jj /?, or ) ?1, 0, 
v, and sometimes in other cases, (see ^3iip khvaMshn. jJQ<dM buyishn, 
)*O^FO)^£) parastishn, y^^-sfj dahishn, \JH5$)&\ vajuishno, yte£y) va- 
roishn, y$3y$ giravishn, etc.). 

y^s dashin, AY. 32, 2, 6. 60,8. )^.i dashino, AY. 60,3. adj. the 
right, the right-hand side. Z. -uJjM^jja, Sans, dakshina. 

D -ik, adj. suf. affixed to substantives and adjectives to form ad- 
jectives (see A>)p$)> afzunik, &y{$&n burzishnik. jAm^o tdrik, .D^jy^o 
tubdriik^ £*^)^> tomik, Dy^gv rdmishnlk, &Y*\y rubdnik, etc.). It 



268 £ - y 

sometimes interchanges with the abst. suf. j/j iti ; and it also forms the 
term, of several substantives. Pers. ^ — , 

j^.a> dakyd, AY. 101,25. ~\}*5 dakyd, AY. 2,26,27. adj. clean, 
clear, pure. Heb. *|Ti "1, Chald. &OD"n, Syr. j«a^ \ ^ • Paz. syn. Ai)£j 

D^tV) JJ)-W yekavimundclano (trad, jaknimunatan) v. to stand, to 
stay, to remain, to stop, to abide, to rest; past part, fty*) j))D yekavi- 
mundd, AY. 89,8. Hn. 2,30. see also c£y) AM-*-^* ham -yekavimundd; 
^y)ij)j> juji 6am yekavimundd , AY. 2,7. stood up; (used as an 
aux. to form a pas. perf.) ^yij^)-^ yekavimundd, AY. 17, 21. 74, 75, 1. 
Pret. y&) u)A) yekavimundd, AY. 1,36. 4, is. 14, 5. 17,6. 60,76,3. Hn. 
2, 4. ; ^y) £)*> -^H bard yekavimundd, AY. 36, 2. GF. 4, 26. stood up, 
rested upon; tfy) u)£> -u3jj) laid yekavimundd, AY. 11, 1. stood up, 
arose; fty) a>).D Jij^uJ lakhvdr yekavimundd, AY. 70, 7. stayed away; 

c£y) u)D yy levin yekavimundd , AY. 14, 15. stood before; (used as 
an aux. to form a pluperfect) ^y) u)& yekavimundd, GF. 2, 8 , 12. 3, 83. 
Hn. 2,25. Dk. 150,9. t^O^M-^ yekavimundd , Dk. 150,5,8. had, (to 
form a pas. pret.) CO 3 ) AM 1 * 3 yekavimundd, AY. 1,7. 2,3,11. 17, 2, 12. 
18, 32, e. 24, 26, 31, 37, 65, 66, 69, 70, 74, 77, 84, 88, 2. 67, 2, 4, 7. 68, 79, 
99,3. 71,4. 80,92,94,96,97,1. 93, 1,2. GF. 2, 12, 46. J^Vm^ yekavi- 
munddd, AY. 70,2. Dk. 144, 11. was, were; pret. 3 d pi. (used as an 
aux. to form a pas. pret.) 3y*) u)D yekavimundnd , AY. 70, 1. were. 
Pres. 3 d sing, c^) aj).d yekavimuned, GF. 2,17.; ^) u)& -jow bard 
yekavimuned, AY. 18,12. stands up; ^ w)4^ -*?*? laid yekavi- 
muned, Hn. 1,28. stands up, arises; ^ k>)*> 03 yin yekavimuned, 
GF. 3,7. stays in, resides; (used as an aux. to form a perf.) ^)w).D 
yekavimuned, AY. 4, 12. GF. 2, 44-ie. 3, 70. has, (to form a pas. pres.) 
p^) mi) yekavimuned, AY. 7,8. 60,2. GF. 2,64. 3, 17,19. Hn. 1,2. 



w 



269 



avi- 



)&$)£)•** yekavimuncdd , Dk. 145,3. is. Pres. 3 d pi. ^)A>)-^ yek 
mCmd, AY. 6, 3, e, 11. 16, 5.; 3) v)*> juy») lakhvdr yekavimund, GF. 1, 
19,26. they stand back, desist ; 3) u)i) up ife?;fr2 yekavimund, AY. 15, 13. 
they stand before; 3) w)JU ty yin yekavimund, AY. 54,6. they stand 
inside; (used as an anx. to form a p erf.) 3) u)D yekavimund, AV. 7,9. 
8,6. have. Put. 1 st sing. £) k))& -uu frara yekavimunam , GF. 3, 48, 
Imper. 2 a pi. ^ >>)■*> yekavimuncd , AY. 10 J, is. Heb. Chald. Dip, 
Syr. ioo.Oj or >qJ, Ar. IIS; Paz. syn. M^y^-M ast&dano, or -ytl)^ 
))*?tV istddano, whose term. ))C£y -ddano is adopted by its Huz. 
equivalent. 

aj -cm, suf. of pres. 1 st pi. of verbs (see wJ.U£)i3$y acaspdrcm, 
HiCy° homancm,' vty^}~i(j ydityunem, fp*£) numdyem^ etc.). It is 
also occasionally used for the suf. £ -am, or jfi -6m, of the pres. 1 st 
sing, in Paz. verbs (see ^"j^))^) pursem). Pers. ^ , Z. opt. -aema. 

^ijj daman, AY. 4, 4. yuu daman, AY. 4,35. and substituted by 
K20 for ))*>]$ lamdnd in Hn. 2,32., and for yv£ zamdn in Hn. 2,36. 
))*iv damdno, Dk. 151,5. and substituted for \ye& zamdno in GtF. 4, 21 , 

by K20, s. time, season, a period, an occasion, duration. Pers. (jLo; 
see wop zamdn. 

D^j^Djj yemaleluntand (trad, jamrunatan) a variant of ))^))) /u 
yemalelimtano , which is very common in K20, see the note to AY. 
17,4.; pres. 3 d sing. c^)*4V y^malelmed, AY. 32,4. 

^JtDP dimastdn, ^*TQ)JJ dimastdno, N. 77, n. 126, 6. s. winter, 
Le cold season; also written wufQu£ zimastdn. Pers. ^Uuawo\, Z. 
»^J^ + -Ju)jw^.tt, Sans. Mw« -f- sthdna. 

A G -- 

^a> damak, AY. 18,3. s. heat. Comp. Pers. +j 'hot', Ar. &**> 
'scorching heat of sands'. So taken in the text ; but it may probably 



270 



mean 'snow and wind, driving sleet', Pers. x*j>, which is adopted in 
Ar. in the form (j^ej. 

-u u gamld (trad, jamnd) GF. 2,49,51. s. a camel. Heb. bt2Z, 

Chald. ftfe], Syr. J.Liu^, Ar. jL*i; Paz. syn. J^OO)^ aushtar. 

))$>)) H yemaleluntand (trad, jamnunatan) v. a variant of the 
following , and is more frequent in modern than in ancient MSS. ; 
pres. 3 d sing. &}))J> yemaleluned , AV. G, 8, 20, 47, 84,4. 9,17,49,6. 
23,24,41,5.; pres. 3 d pi. $))u yemalelund, AV. 1,1,35. 2, s. 14, is. 
3)) a) -u)i frcrra yemcdelund, AV. 2,32. they speak out, recite; fut. 

3 d sing. &})) A> jj)i &ara yemaleluned, GF. 5, 1. 

JfWWJ? yemaleluntand (trad, jamnunatan), or perhaps ))COMF 
yemalelunidanb, v. to say, to speak, to tell, to relate ; past part, (pro- 
bably) c£)))) A* yemalcluntcl , Hn. 2,3,35. Dk. 145,9.; prer. (in most 
places where it has been taken as the pres. 3 d sing., it can perhaps 
be better read yemalelunid as the prer.). Pres. 1 st sing. •£)))£ yema- 
lelunam, GF. 3,54,55.; pres. 3 d sing. ^)))) A> yemaleluned, AV. 10,18, 
u. 16,19,48, 67,71,73,78,6. 17,4, is, 14. 21, 25-30,33-35,38, 39,42,45, 
46, 51, 52, 58, 59, 61, 62, 74, 75, 86, 93-96, 4. 22, 31, 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 50, 
60, 63, 66, 70, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 5. 55-57, 72, 82, 83, 90-92, 97, 98, 3. 
64,65,69,79,7. 99, s. GF. 3, 48. Hn. 1,13,33. 2,5,21,24,25,37. 3, 20., -»u 
p^*))) a) bard yemaleluned, Hn. 1,18,28,33. 2,5. speaks out, utters, re- 
cites, proclaims; pres. 2 d pi. ^0)))_£ yemaleluned, AV. 101, s. GF. l,is. 
3,46,68. 4,9.; pres. 3 d pi. $))) H yemalelund , AV. 10,3. GF. 1,2. Hn. 
2,35. 3,34. Fut. 1 st sing. £))) aj -a>u bard yemalclunam, GF. 4, 15. ; 
fut. 3 d sing. C£)WJJ -"H hard yemaleluned I, Hn. 1, sb«, 88«. Imper. 2 d 
sing. )))£ yemalelun, AV. 3, 14. 101,6. )))» -uw bard yemalelun, AV. 
6,8. 16 9 ii. 101,9,14. speak out, proclaim. Pas. pres. 3 d sing. o*)6) 
vO-^O)))^! frdz ycmalelunt-ait , Hn. 1,7. is spoken forth, (lit.) there i 



is 



2l speaking forth. Heb. piel hhOi Chald. pael W?D , Syr. pael ^Cld* 
Paz. syn. ))^£JW guftano. The inf. of this verb occurs so rarely that 
its form is doubtful, and the p. p. form ^))) Jf yemalelund can hardly 
be found in any authentic Pahl. texts, while the form yfy))) A> yemale- 
lunid is certainly used sometimes for the p. p. and pret. , and probably 
in most cases where it can also be taken as the pres. 3 d sing, yemale- 
luncd; under these circumstances, it is probable that ))c£)))) A> yemale- 
Junidano is the correct inf. form of this verb, as if its Paz. syn. were 
rather the equivalent of Pers. ^ <X^>%^ than of Pers. ^ZJ&. 

5^))^Oi? yemituntak (trad, jamituntah) p. p. used as adj. dead, 
deceased, defunct; pi. used as a s. )^4^))^A> yemituntak dn> GF. 2,3, 

18, 21, 24, 28, 33, 38,43, 50, 53, 56, 63, 66. 3, 2, 13, IS, 28, 37, 4 2, 65, 87, 9 0, 93, 96. 

the dead (specially applied to the wicked). Past part, of ))^))c£}A> 
yemituntano, with adj. suf. a -ok; Paz. syn. Afly^ murdak. 

))^o))p^jj yemituntano (trad, jamituntaii) v. to die, to expire (spe- 
cially applied to the wicked, as contrasted with ))^)yi) vabruntano, 
applied to the righteous); past part. ^))C^AJ ^y& frod yemitund, Hn. 
3,34. died away, expired; pret. ^))c^A> yemitund, AY. 89, 10., ^y& 
t*W?2SC f r ^4 yvnwtund, Hn. 3,34. died away, expired; pres. 3 d sing. 
^))^OJf yemituned, GF. 2, 41,47, 48. 3, 20.; fut. 1 st sing. •£))&}£ -*m 
bard yemitunam , AY. 23,2.; fut. 3 d sing. c£}))tf<j£ -"H bard yemi- 
tunM, GF. 2, 35, se, 42. 3, 17, 19. Hn. 3, 2. Heb. tfflD, DJO, Chald. HID, JTD, 

Syr. Lld, Ar. ^Uc , As. miti\ Paz. syn. ))$£ murdano. 

.daj damik, AY. 13,5. GF. 2, 70. Hn. 1,36. and substituted fo. && 
zamik in AY. 41, 7. 76,9. GF. 4, 4,11. by K20, *)u damik, AY. 14, 12. 
96,7. Hn. 1,6,36. 3,4. and similarly substituted in AY. 72,5. by K20, 
s. the ground, land, the earth; pi. ^Q^jni damikiha, Dk. 151,8. See 
*)S zamik] Pers. dU*J. 



272 



■P 



y -dan, inf. suf. of a few Paz. verbs, see $)(* chind. 

y -fy )y ~i n °i ad J- suf - affixed to substantives to form adjectives, 
implying 'made of 1 , 'relating to', (see yt>*>* asimin, yytox* asinin, 
)yVOr& Fravardind, sy^^yS)^ ptddvclirw^ )ty*5 zahabdm, y)S zarin, 
jn$*> srubin, y^^ ddrin, etc.). Pers. ^ , Z. Sans. -ina. 

y -gun, snf. a variant of )y -gun; see yyo dngun. 
-wjj guh, AY. 41,2. -mjj guh, AY. 49,2. s. human fseces, excre- 
ment, ordure, night-soil; see ^ guh. Pers. 8^5, or aS '. 

y&y dukht, GF. 2,i3. s. a daughter. Pers. o^*<>, or o^t>, Z. 
nom. -m (a <^> a , Sans. nom. duhitd. 

^yy dvdd, GF. 3,73,82. tfyy dvdd, GF. 3,79. s. a pair, a couple, 
a brace (of birds), a yoke (of oxen). 

))?tVP duyidano, or dvdda?io, v. to shout, to vociferate, to ex- 
claim, to speak (as an evil spirit) ; comp. ))fQ)uJ3 drdyidano ; pret. 
Sfiyy dvdd, Hn. 3, 37. Z. du, impf. 3 d sing, davata. 

^Ov^H gudftih, AY. 94,6. s. acquisition, gain, favor, privilege, 
advantage, ^$yu gudft (Z. i?i -|- ap, Sans, vydpta, 'obtained'; comp. 
Z. -u^£)jjjjjjj and Pers. xxiL)) -f- abst. suf. ^ -£/?.. 

•Gy&tyy dvdzdahum, GF. 2, 62. num. twelfth; sometimes expressed 
by the ciphers -flVV Pers. *J*d\\j6, 

jjju gohar, s. I.) GF. 3, ss. Dk. 151,6. s. disposition, nature, 
essence, substance, origin, race, lineage, a pedigree. II.) a gem, a jewel; 
^tW J**y gohar-afzud, AY. 14, 8 . studded with jewels; tf}.*ttgj J**y 

gohar-pcsid, AY. 13,2. set with jewels. Pers. y^ 5, or ^5. 

))yuy gavdruno, Hn. 3,37. ())y**y dvdruno , in K20) some de- 
preciatory adj., but both the reading and meaning are uncertain. 



*>> — e)jp 273 

-(5)^y Davdnos, AY. 32, 1,5. pr. n. a governor of thirty-three 
districts who neglected his religious duties; also written ^uju . The 
reading is uncertain. 

))fQ))iJijJ club lit a stand , v. to run, to flee, to rush, to crowd, to 
wander, (used only in describing the movements of evil beings and the 
wicked); pret. JtlV- ^ dubdrasb , AY. 1,u. 17,5,28. 29,6. 36,7. GF. 
4, 10. f&)J<H{f> m£ madam dubdrast, GF. 4,23. rushed up; pres. 3 d sing. 
p^Jiiiy j* ham Mbdr&d, Hn. 3, 3. runs together, hovers about, wanders. 
Z. dvar ; comp. Sans, dm and dru. 

jj^jjjttj* dubdrishnik , adj. running, fleeing, rushing, wandering 
(wickedly); sec JU^Wp 9f£)0f khadu-muk- dubdrishnik and e^fXM 
-ttj^jjiiy vashad-dubdrishnik. — luijJ dubdr (crd. of JjftD^lV d#- 
bdrastano) -J- abst. suf. ^ -?57m + adj. suf. .i) -fA: (which may, how- 
ever, be merely substituted for the abst. suf. ^ -ih). 

^A-utu gubdhih, or gobdkih, Dk, 151, 7. s. a statement, an asser- 
tion, a narrative, an account, evidence, testimony. iu gicb, or ^ro6, (crd. 
of ))^£JW guftano) + adj. suf. ^jj -afc + abst. suf. jy -*&; Pers. 

^| ; ?and ^l?, 

JH31W gubishn, or gobishn , AY. 1,30. 3, 15. 4, 10, 24. 17,6. j^ijJ 
gubishno, or gobishno, GF. 3,48. Hn. 1,2,7. 3,4. Dk. 152, 1,3. s. speak- 
ing, speech, utterance, a saying, words, talk, discourse; see y^iyyv 
hu-gubishn and JHMKXV dush-gubishn. PL ^>^01V> gubishndn, see 
h^WJH yCD^)^ andst-gubishndn and ^jj*(mu fQ).u3 rdst-gubishndn; 
)^J*(MH gubishndno, Hn. 1,2. — ivj gub, ov gob, (crd. of ))^£JW ##f- 
farco) + abst. suf. ^ -ishn, Paz. gaveshn. 

^OWiH gubishnih, or gobishnih, see -^)j*(M)J ^5^Q> star-gubishnih , 

))S&Q\> guftano, or goftano, v. to say, to speak, to tell, to relate; 

past part. ^^ grw/t, AY. 3, 40, 55, 96, e. 7, 12, 33, 5. 10, 7, s. 11, 78, 8 . 



35 



274 <?y - <w 

13,68,97,4. 101,13. GrF. 1,8,22. 2,9,14,4c 8,48,50,73,78,79. Hn. 1,2,29. 
2,3. 3,3,u. )?&y gtifto, Hn. 1,24. 3,i. Dk. 145,3.; ytyy -uw bard 
guft, GF. 3,56. 4,25. )^£JV> -u)l bard gufto , AY. 2,31. spoken out. 
Pret. ^£)u ##/£, AY. 1,31,37. 2, is, 21. 3, s, 12, 15, 21, 24. 4, 3, 5, 10. 5, 7. 10, 14. 

53,8. 68,6,14. 90,4. 100,2. 101,5,10. GF. 1,24. 2,3,15,18,21,24,28,33,38, 
43, 50, 53, 56, 63, 66. 3, 2, 13, 18, 28, 37, 42, 46. 51, Co, 07, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96. 4, 1, 3, 
4,8,24. 5,4. Hn. 1, 3, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37. )^£JW <7$/Y(5, Dk. 152,5. N. 78, 1 . J 

^u -u)i bard guft, AY. 3, 20. 11, 5. spoke out, ^£ju $y)£j frdz guft, 
Hn. 1,7. spoke forth, recited, proclaimed. Crd. iu gub, see the pre- 
ceding words; the pres. of this verb is rarely used in Pahl., being ex- 
pressed generally by its Huz. equivalent. Pers. ^yXJS, anc. P. gub 
(pres. 3 d sing, gaubataiy, impf. 3 d sing, agaubatd)] Huz.. syn. ))^)))/^ 
or ))^)p3w, yemaleluntano, or ))^>)) A> yemaJeluntano. 

s*>y dud, AY. 93, 2. s. smoke. Pers. j>.j> . 

^00 dod, substituted by H17 in AY. 25,2. for 3)^c fxmid, of which 
it is a Paz. misreading ; written did in Mkh. 

y*£^j> dudak-mdn, AY. 15, 10. s. a large family, a tribe, a clan, 
a race of people. Pers. ^Lc4> 5 t>, 

))^Y jaldano (trad, judan) v. to gnaw, to devour; past part. ^>u 
jald, AY. 23, e. 32, 49, 2. 98,4.; pret. pjj jald, AY. 25, 29, 32-34,45, 
66,71,2. 37,81,3. 56,i. Comp. Pers. ^ J^Jc=> , or ^JuJlsa., 'to gnaw'; 
and Sans, gal, c to eat'. 

^£%Y duzd, AY. 15,2. s. a thief, a robber. Pers. i>y>; Huz. syn. 
-uio ganabd (often corrupted into -*>ip zanabd). 

))^0^°£*y duzdiclano, v. to steal, to pilfer, to rob, to plunder; 
past part. o£)^£)J duzclid, AY. 27,7. 46,5. 63, s. Pers. ^lXjJ^O , 

K2H 9 an J°* Dk. 150,3. 151,io. s. a treasury, a store-house. Pers. 



-A>i){J gurbah, GrF. 2,49. ^i3p gurbak, GF. 2, 51. s. a cat. Pers. 
&Jv5 ; Huz. syn. ffi)£y4$ shumdrman. 

^OY f/urd, s. a valiant man, a hero, a warrior, see 3ju gurd\ pi. 
^fuy gurdan, AY. 14, s. Pers. ^5 . 

Ai)(^)u jurddk, AY. 27,6. s. grain, corn. 

Ai3)y gursak, AY. 75,6. 89, s. a^ju gursak, AY. 95,2,6. adj. 
hungry; pi. used as a s. ^a^)jj giirsakdn, AY. 3, is. the hungry. jo)u 
gurs (Pers. y*J») + adj. suf. a -afc; comp. Pers. xJLwd^ 

j0Ai5Jp gursakih , AY. 59,5. ^^-QJ^ gursakih , AY. 23,2. 
.jyjfl&jy gursakih, AY. 89,2. s. hunger. ^^P gursak + abst. suf. 
-^ -£/& ; comp. Pers. xJLu/3\ 

ays? dulak, AY. 27, 5. a7u dulak, AY. 27, 2. s. a cup, a goblet, 
(or) a pitcher, a bucket ; a measure of capacity whose amount is un- 
certain, perhaps a gallon, a pint, or an Indian sir. Pers. &J.J 'a cup', 
Jjt>, y^a, or a^J^a, 'a bucket'. 

3)u .^wr^r, AY. 15, 2. s. a wolf. Pers. SS \ Z. jay^^ , Sans. 
vnfca ; Huz. syn. -^*>0 debd. 

^j^jiip go-spend, AY. 14, 15. 17, 17. s. a sheep, a goat, (it includes 
all cattle when the larger animals are not mentioned separately, and 
sometimes all beasts); also written 3)&>y gdspend ; pi. )H$)Q& y go- 
spenddn, AY. 30,5. flocks. Pers. Jouw^tJ, or JUU***^ Z. -u^w[£J3aJ*.uQ9,. 

fQ)u c/ds£, AY. 4, 19. adj. beloved, deir, friendly, preferred, charm- 
ing ; (generally used as a s.) a friend; see fQ)^ -J^) veh-dost. Comp. 
)^d^Q)W dosttar, GP.4, ie. Pers. o*»w.t> (comp. Ji^.t)) , anc. P. daushtd, 
Z. p.p. -u^oj^C, Sans, jushta. 



276 *ji - -W 

5)£2>y gospcnd, AY. 13,5. OF. 2,49,51. Tin. 1,6. o)g£)\) gospcnd, 
AY. 72,7. ?. a sheep; see ^j^j^u gdspcnd. 

^^jo ^)^5W gdspend-hdmand, Hn. 2, 3, 35. adj. supplied with 
sheep, having flocks, pastoral. 3)gfiy gdspend + pos. suf. ^^0 homand. 

))^>)u4iu yanseguntano (trad, josyunatan) v. to take, to receive, 
to seize, to extort, to exact, ))^o)u.£%j jdu bard yanseguntano, GF. 3, 9. 
to take away; also written ))^)jtJ)J yansuntano. Past part. ^>)ui3u 
yansegund, AY. 79,9. 96,5.; pret. ^)ui3u yansegund, AY. 93, e. ; pros. 
3 d sing. c£})u.ttu yanseguned, GF. 3,34.; pres. 3 d pi. 3)f(j\i yansund, 
AY. 18,i3. 19,24,3.; fut. 3 d pi. ^)V.^)J -wu bar a yansegund, AY. 2, 12. 
Heb. Chald. hiph. WH (for r&OH) ; Paz. syn. ^^tVTt^ sitddano. The 
variant Dy^j^W yansuntano, may be compared with Heb. K(£0, Chald. 
KftO; and another variant ))^u.tfo yansebtmtano (quoted by Anquetil 
and the Burhan-i-qati ) with Chald. 2p5> Syr. wiaJ. 

jyu //os/?, AY. 54,5. G9, 4. GF. 3,64. j^jj gfosft, AY. 88,3. s. an 
ear. Pers. JUj, anc. P. gausha, Z. -juM£>.b.u(o,; Huz. syn. -1^)^ 
aunayd. It is also the name of the 14 th day of each Pars! month. 

-^jW dusk-, adv. pref. ill, evil, bad, wrong, mis-, opp. of yo hit-] 

see compounds in alphabetical order. Pers. Z$j Z. — 'J/O*? — db>a, 

Sans, dur-, Gr. dvg-. 

~*0*&))£)ifo{}f> dush-ham-pursakih, AY. 17,26. s. evil conversa- 
tion, evil communion, -j^ dusli — f- -J£$-*2&))£)J*' hdm-pursakdi. 

^4rt)OK dush-humat, AY. 17,25. (and Hn. 1,20, in K20) adj. 
used as s. a variant of ^■^ftXV dush-humat; in AY. 17, 27. it is used 
as the name of the first place, or higlfest grade in hell. ^JJ dusli- 
H" ^Jf hwniat ; comp. Z. -u^jj^j^yj , 

9O J ,^0O) J dush-dmukht, Hn. 3, 39. adj. ill-taught, ill-informed, 



*W 277 

ill-instructed. -i^jJ (lush- + ^tVj*' dmiikht (p. p. of JJ^tVj*' dmukh- 
tano). 

p£)OM dushahu , AY. l,n. 5, 7, s, 10, 13. 6, io. 16, 24, 37, 58, 67,2. 
17,28. 18,29,6. 36,2,7. 46,61,7. 53, 3,11. 54, 4,9-11. 68,2,5,22. 79, 3. 89, 

93,1. 99,2,4. GF. 2, 3, 18, 21, 24, 28, 33, 3S, 43, 50, 53, 56. 3,2,13,18,28,37,42, 
65,87,90,96.4,10,22,23. ft}0)) dllsflClhU, AY. 54,80,1. 68,23. 100,2. 

GF. 2,63,66. 3,93. s. the evil existence, hell; the abode of Akharman 
and the demons, where the souls of the wicked are punished until the 
final resurrection. Sas. OZ^^l) dushahui, or Ol^^l) dusahui; 
*yjJ dush- -f- y* -ahu (= fQi ahu). 

^yfiJOy dush-hukht, AY. 17, 25. 68,12. Hn. 1,15,20,38. adj. used 
as s. what is ill-said, evil speech, evil discourse, evil words; in AY. 
17,27. it is also used as the name of the second place, or grade, in 
hell; see ^tV^OOKJ & frd-dush-hukht. — -yjfi dush- + VtV^ 
hukht ; lit. 'of evil good speech, or whose good discourse even is evil'; 
comp. Z. -y^d^afcb)* , 

jupQgu dush-khvar, Hn. 2, 3, 37. adj. uneasy, uncomfortable, dis- 
quieted, troubled ; (perhaps sometimes) inglorious, gloomy. ~J^y diish- 
+ Juya khvdr ; Pers. vLi^u^.. 

-^O^WOH d ush-khv drih , s. I.) GF. 3,58. uneasiness, discomfort, 
disquietude. II.) ^{y^y^oy dush-khvdrih , AY. 5, s. ingloriousness, 
obscurity, jq^ dush — f- -iqjUi^ khvdrih ; Pers. ^J^uiO . 

^•GyOQfS dush-humat, AY. 68,12. adj. used as s. what is ill- 
thought, an evil thought, wrong thinking; see ^HjO^ dush-humat 
and ^£¥3^ dushmat. — -j^u dush — |- ^£)*i hum at ; lit. 'of evil good 
thoughts, or whose good thoughts even are evil'; comp. Z. ~u^o.u6^>a. 

S&O^KtOJ* dush-hiivarsht, AY. 17,25. 68, 12. Hn. 1 ,20. )^HV)WO)^ 



278 W 

dusJi-huvarshtOi Hti. 1, is, 3*. adj. used as s. what is ill-done, an evil 
deed, a wrong action; in AV. 17,27. ^OO^IWOH dusli -huvarsht is 
also used as the name of the third place, or grade, in hell; see 
^XV)WO)Cr£) frd-dush-huvarsht. — -i^fi dush- -f ^OO^ h ^" 
varsht] lit. 'of evil good deeds, or whose good deeds even are evil'; 
comp. Z. -u^oi^/jj»d5>ft . This word and the preceding one might also 
be read dushahu-varsht , 'hellish deeds', and dusJiahu-mat , 'hellish 
thoughts', respectively; but this mode of reading cannot be extended to 
9t>TCWi an d i' s therefore improbable. 

^WOH dushahfiik, Hn. 1,38a. adj. belonging to hell, hell-destined, 
hellish. Jtfjijft dushahu + adj. suf. JD -ik. 

HJOOf* dush-khim, AY. 85,7. adj. evil-natured, ill-disposed, bad- 
tempered, .j^jj dash- + KJ khim. 

- J O a OOO JI ?0 , d J 0) , dush-padakhshdhih, AY. 28,5. s. evil sover- 
eignty, misgovernment, maladministration, oy^ dush- + -^-MXX^yO^ 
pddakhshdhih. 

C£>Op gushtj AY. 51, 2. s. flesh, meat. Pers, ^^J* ; Huz. syn. 
j^)^t blsrayd. 

))W& J yOO)* G6sht-i Frydno, or Ydsht-i Fry a no , GF. 1,29. 

2, 3, 9, 21, 28, 33, 4 3, 53, 56, 63. 3, 2, 1 1 , 1 3, 37, 4 2, 49, 74, 80, 84, 8 5, 87, 96. 4, 1,4, 8, 

23-25,27. 0,4. ))H$jQ J ^OOp Gosht-i Frydno, GF. 1,1,9,11,14,22,24. 

2, 1, 18, 24, 38, 50, 66. 3, 18, 28, 49, 51, 65, 69, 72, 77, 90, 93, 95. 6, 1. pi\ n. a pidlS 

Mazdayasnian who solved the thirty-three enigmas propounded by Akht 
the sorcerer, and afterwards propose! three enigmas which the sor- 
cerer was unable to solve, whereupon G6sht-i Fry an 6 destroyed him. 
In the Avesta (Yt. 5, si, 82.) he is called Yoishta of the Fryanas, and 
ninety-nine enigmas are menfioned (see GF. p. 249, note 1). Z. noni. 



-*tf 279 

H^O0) J 9&*ktin, GrP. 2, 23. adj. fleshy. ^XJ? gusht + adj. suf. 
y -in. 

-£t3fc)0y dush-chashm, adj. evil-eyed, unfriendly, malicious; pi. 
used as a s. VW^^OP dush-chashman, AY. 92, 4. the malicious, j^u 
ctoft- -f- £(35 chashm. 

~Hy$^y dush-ramih, GF. 3,58. s. unpleasantness, uneasiness, 
discomfort, unhappiness. jqjf) dush- + -^ ram (for -^ r«m, Pers. 
*K, Z. Sans, ram) + absr. suf. ^ -t/&. 

J^^OH dush-dind, or dush-deno, AY. 17, 14. 100, 1. Hn. 3,38. adj. 
of evil religion, misbelieving, irreligious, ungodly. *«*u dush- -f jj^ 
ctoo; Z. _u}^.Hadb>A . 

jidj^u^u ydshddsar, AY. 101,25. s. purification, the Bareshnom 
ceremony of purification which lasts for nine nights. Z. -jJ^AUAdbi-u w^ ♦ 

^3i3^yj0jj ydshddsarih, AY. 1,26. s. the ceremonial of purifi- 
cation. Ji^jy^u yoshddsar -\- abst. suf. *jf* -«/?. 

5^0)^ doshak, adj. pleasing, agreeable, pleasant ; see a -*0V>)*> M- 
doshak ; comp. J^ajq^ doshaktar, Hn. 2, 23. ~jq& ddsh (Z. -Am^iij^ 
Sans, josh a) -f~ ac U- su ^ 5 " a ^« 

yi$))j~i(jy dush-kunislm , AY. 17, 14. Hn. 3,38. adj. of evil deeds, 
evil-doing, ^y dush- + )*0))4 kunishn. 

^£0^ dushmat, Hn. 1,15,20,3s. (and AY. 17,27. in H17, K20) 
adj. used as s. what is ill-thought, an evil thought, wrong thinking, 
sinful ideas; see *&ffi)ij)& fra-dushmat, ^^O^ dush-humat and 
^YiiOy dush-humat. Z. _u^jj£i^>& . 

Mf^ft dushman, AY. 99, 10. adj. used as s. who is evil-thinking, 
an enemy, an adversary, a foe; pi. f^y^d? dushmandn, AY. 46,6. 
Pers. ( j*««iU>, Z. >jj),>u£j^>a . 






280 ^ - ' w 

yoyjfo)* dfish-minishn, or dush-mainishn, AY. 17, i*. )>*OR£(3^ 
ditsh-minishno , Hn. 3,38. adj. of evil thoughts, evil-thinking, wrong- 
minded, -j^j? dws&- + y^y^ minis] m '^ Z. gen. 4o , 3 JJ ) JJ G' l O>^ • 

)*0)j yuddn (trad, juddn) Hn. 2,23. adj. young, youthful; (used 
as a s.) AY. 4, 24. 17, 14. Hn. 2, 25, 27, 38. 3, 38. a young person, a youth. 
Probably corrupted (through the intermediate form wo)u y&vdri) from 
jjoiu yuban, Z. ace. G^)^))-")^ j Sans, yuvan, Pers. rjta^« 

jj^ danddn, AY. 76, 1. 81, 3. s. a tooth, the teeth. Pers. ^fjo^, 
Z. nom. pi. ^Jjuj^j^*, , Sans, danta ; Huz. syn. -"44 feaA:^, 

^u gushan, AY. 15,5. adj. and s. male (applied to animals), a 
male animal, a he-animal ; ^p jgj.£.u asp-i gushan, GF. 3, ss. a male 

horse, a stallion. Pers. ^v^'; 5 , Z. ^(Hyug and gen. 4)£0/-° J Sans. 
vrishan, or vrisha, 'a bull', vrishni, 'a ram'. 

PWV diishnam, AY. 26, 5. adj. used as s. evil-naming, abuse, a 
taunt, an invective, a reproach; ))COO JfW^ dushndm dddano, to 
abuse, to vilify. Pers. *Lui,J> . 

WJ>00^ dush-gubishn , AY. 17, 14. ))KM>00^ d&sh-gtibishno, 

Hn. 3,38. adj. of evil words, evil-speaking, -jqjj dws/fc- -f y\$\\) gubishn. 

^)X)OV dush-gond, AY. 17, 15. adj. foul-smelling; a variant of 
3 J00H dush-gand. — -JQ|> d#sft- -f- ^)p <7owd 

^O^jJOOH dush-gdndakih, AY. 55, 1. s. foul stench, an offensive 
smel!. j^j? c/<is/i- + -i>)jj gbndak -f- abst. suf. uy -2/i. 

SKXdY dush-gand, Hn. 3, 19. adj. ill-smelling, foul-smelling, stink- 
ing; comp. )&}KXjy dush-gandtar, Hn. 3, 20. ; sup. £)^}>$tij> dush- 
gandtum,, Hn. 3, 19. — ^j) ddsh- + $f gaud] Z. ^^jii^fcW . 

jy-^iJAU, or oQ^iJAi), gukdsihj or gokdsih, s. testimony, evidence; 



W - 4f 281 

see j^^jjAojp zur-gukdsih. — -O-^V gukds , or ydkds, 'a witness' 

(Pers. L5, or sL>) + abst. suf. ~*(j -ih. 

-jluau gukdi , or gokdt , Dk. 144,2. s. testimony, evidence. Pers. 

^jL5 ; but the reading is uncertain. 

^u ?/om, (trad, jom, or javam) AY. 2, is. 54, io. GF. 2, 51. 6,1,4. 
.N. 77, 3. s. a day; the names of the thirty days in each Parsi month are 
as follows : 1 . ~u£yoyo Auharmazd, 2. £yt) Vohicman, 3. ^XJ-^y^ 
Ardavahisht, 4. }^)^>0 Shatvairo, 5. ^^j^jii Spendarmad, 6. &})y* 
Horvadad, 7. &}) p Amerodad, 8. ))^>> ))Q Jf«Q -Diw-z pavan Atard, 

9. ))^£y Jiard,, 10. jaj^)» Avdn, 11. tf$-*(^^ Khiirshcd, 12. j^y^ Ma/*, 
13. i3^o 77r, 14. j0U 6rds7& 5 15. ))^.£ ))£) ->;$ Dm-i pavan Mitro, 

10. ))^ i)/#rd, 17. ~^p^ S^dsft, 18. )y^) Rashnu, 19. )J^)p£J Fra- 
vardw, 20. ^j^) Fa/iram, 21. ^ Earn, 22. ^yj Fad, 23. jj^ 
lit) ))£) Di?i-i pavan Dlno, 24. jj$ Dmd, 25, ^)ii Ara\ or ij^iu^y 
Yasharishang (Ashi vanuhi), 26. ^t^^OO-" AsMdd) 27. ^b£tt.u Asmdn ) 
28. #}{}£ Zamydd, 29. ^gpa^f Mdrspend, 30. ^i^ Anirdn. ) £y 
^^^0 2/^ m va skap'dn, AY. 18, u. ))*>gjj^ ) -£V z/dm £>a shapdno, 
GF. 3, 83. days and nights. Heb. Chald. Di Y , Syr. }.ioa., Ar. -»J> 
As. yummu] Paz. syn. £p rdj?. 

^J d#m, GF. 3,64. in K20, s. a tail; a variant of )\fy dumbo. 
Pers. pi, Z. -ajQj. 

y±£)i gumdn, AY. 1, 14. 61, 7. GF. 3,74. y*$V gumdn , AY. 1, is. 
)Y*£y gumdno, AY. 1, 3. adj. and s. doubtful, dubious, uncertain ; doubt, 
hesitation, suspicion ; see y^Tti^ civi-gumdn. Pers. jjU>, Z. -jdJjj£^~?. 

jyij^u gumdnih, AY. 1, 15. s. doubtfulness, uncertainty. )A^u 
gumdn -\- abst. suf. jy -i/i. 



36 



282 fy - )f 

e)ijQjb dumbak, GF. 3,25,32. u£f> dumbo, GF. 3.64. s. a tail. 

Pers. *u>JO, s»*Jt>, or ^aO, Z. -uG>3 • 

yA)£j~V) £y yom-shapdn, or yom-shavdn, AV. 2, 35. )^£J^ -A* 
yom-shapdno, AV. 2,32. GF. 3, si. s. pi. days and nights, natural days 
of twenty-four hours; in AV. 3,2. )}*>£)«^ -£V yom-shapdno, is used for 
the sing. 'day'. Sec £y yarn and £j^ s/ia/j. 

)lSOO"£r Qunvtlxhtano, v. to mix, to mingle, to blend ; past part. 
yOO-GY gumtkht, AY. 27, 6 .; pres. 3 d sin[. ^O-0> gunwjcd, AV. 101, 21. 
Comp. Pers. sr^Jfand ^"^Juyof . 



Z*y denman (trad, gomari) pron. (used absolutely) sing. AV. 



3,i5. 9,5,7. 10,i4. 11,22-24,6. 16, 20, 21, 2G-30,. 5 . 17, 3. 19,7. etc. this, 
this one; &fif denmanich, Dk. 145,8. 152,4. this also, this too; j^ji 
denman-i, AV. 10.4. Hn. 1-3,36. this which is; see ^yS Ic-dcnman; 
pi. AV. 8, 13, 25, 5. 10,3. 37,6. 42,47,3,5. 49,7. 55-57, 4 . etc. these; 
(used adjectively) sing. AV. 1, 3, 7, is, 25, 32, 41. 2,8,13,15,19. 3,6. 6,5. 
7,4,6. 8,3,5. etc. this; &£\* denmanich, Dk. 151, 1. also this; pi. AV. 
1,26. 4,33. 6,6,11. 7,37,4. 16,49,5. 25,3. 55,2. etc. these; (used ad- 
verbially) $y* ]vV denman and, AV. 16, 12. thus much, so much. Sas. 
rtU zenman, Heb. Hm Chald. J", pi, n:i, nil, Ar. 13, Paz. syn. 
(rare in Pahl.) u in. 

Oi£V denmanich, AV. 101, 20. pron. with conj. this also, this too, 
these even; se * £j£j> denmanich. £y denman -f ^ ' lcn - 

C^O-0* gumcjed, pres. 3 d sing, of ))COO^K gumikhtano. 

)u -gfiJra, s. used as suf. affixed to pronouns; a kind, a sort, a mode, 
a manner, (see )yyo dngun and )}&(* chigun); sometimes written u 
-gun, or u -fcim. Sas. 52.> -#im (in {2>9£* clugun), Pers. ^.5 , or 



V 283 

&i»5 3 Z. _u}-b.u^, Sans. guria. It ought to be read -7072, if it be 
traceable to Z. -Aiji^Q^. 

)\) -gun, adj. suf. a variant of jja -fcwra, see )tJ£< bimgun, )ft>0« 
rcshgiln, )y^^y^ sdhmgun. WJ*f& sahmgun, and )j$3.£ sazdguri). 
This must not be confounded with the preceding, as it seems traceable 
to ))j kun (crd. of ))$*)* kardano). 

)i) -Ino, adj. suf. see u -2h. 

^)u^ ajjju Ganrdk-minavad , AY. 1,3. 17,26. 100,i. Hn. 3,37. 
pr. n. the evil spirit, the devil, a name of $-yy Akharman, the oppo- 
nent of 3)y£ Ai))£22 Spcndk-minavad (the good spirit whom the later 
books identify with _u.£U}uj Auharmazd, though both the good and 
evil spirits seem originalJy to have been considered merely as his crea- 
tures). Probably a corruption of Z. >j,)jj.u£ . 4'W** ! P^ z - Odnd-i 



■main ro. 



)jj^o)u gu-vajttr, or go-vijdr, AY. 3, 24. adj. and adv. speech- 
explaining, verbatim, explicit, p gu (Pers. «./ 'a word') -f- )■**£) va- 
jdr (crd. of jjfly-ug) v ajar eland). 

fQ))^ drfat, AY. 3,i3. 10,7. 101,8. ftD 1 ^ drust, AY. 3,24. 101, 
5,22. adj. and adv. perfect, whole, sound, well; proper, fit, right, cor- 
rect; ^})C£X2 TtfiW drust ydtund, AY. 3,6. 4,4. 11,8. welcome; see 
?&))£ ))V tanu-dri(st. Pers. o^*i> ; comp. anc. P. durusa, Z. -u»/j . 

■^Obid))^ drustyish, AY. 1, 41. adv. perfectly, properly, rightly, 
correctly. $t2)))^ t/^sf + adv. suf. ±fyy -yish. 

A)p gunak, or gonak, s. I.) AY. 47, 2. color, hue, tint, complexion. 
II.) a species, a sort, a kind, a mode, a manner; j(y yy gunak gu- 
ttafc, AY. 5, 8 , 13. 54, 9. 55, 1. 99, 2. GrP. 3, 44, si, 57. sorts and sorts, various 
kinds; see jjup ham-gunak. Sas. ?^2> gunaki (in 9^2>©S J 
ham-gunakl), Pers. ^^, Z. -ujii)^, Sans, gftma. It ought to be 



284 ))» - >y 

read gondii, but the Sans, being better known than the Z., has pro- 
bably led the Paz. writers to adopt gdna. 

3)ji gurd, AY. 99, 10. s. a valiant man, a champion, a hero, a 

warrior, troops ; see fly w gurd. Pers. j>»j . 

3)3 ,7^?^Z, GF. 3,64. s. a testicle. Pers. lU5. The traditional 
meaning is 'mouth'. 

3)u gond, s. stench, a variant of s* gand ; see ^JOO^ dush-gond. 

^Q)3jo druist, Dk. 151, io. adj. a variant of ftl))^ drwsi. 

■D)jj gondak, AY. 17, io. ^)p gondak , AY. 54, i. adj. stinking, 
fetid, foul-smelling; a variant of .Dp gandak\ comp. )^oa3)u gondaktar, 
AY. 17,i3.; sup. ^^D)p gondaktum 3 AY. 17, 11,12. .fj^^jp gondak- 
tum, AY. 54,4. — 3)u <70?zcZ -|- adj. suf. ^ -ofc; Pers. 8lU5. 

j^DjjJ gondaMh, AY. 18,3,8. 38,2. 68,23. 70,3. -»(^)p gdnda- 
kih, AY. 5,8. 54,9. 65,2. s. stench, fetidness; a variant of -^Djj gan- 
dakih; see -y^JOOJ* dush-gondakih. — Dju gondak -f- abst. suf. 
^ -i/i ; Pers. 5joo . 

3Jj gand, Hn. 3, 17. s. stench, a stink, a foul smell; often written 
H)Y gond\ see ^XX))* dush-gand. Pers. ja5, Z. J^Jf'0^^,7 Sans. 
gandha, 'a smell'. 

•3W -£/z<i, suf. of 3 d pers. pi. pres. and fut. of a few Paz. verbs, 
affixed to the crd. verb (see Sw)j(3y4j angdrcnd , 5u^3 rcjend, and 

A A .A 

3y)*}(0) vajdrend)', the usual suf. is 5) -and, or -end, in Paz., and 



3 -d in Huz. vcr 



Sfaf javid, I.) AY. 1, 17. )^)J javidv, Dk. 152, 3. N. 78,8. adj. 
different, distinct, separate; comp. ic^jP javitar, N. 78, 7. II.)Hn.l,3i. 
adv. apart, distinct, exempt, except, free. Z. ^-u^mj . 



>? - & 285 

^C^P javiddk, AY. 1, 29. 57, 1. 71, 9. adj. separate, apart, distinct, 
divided, parted. Pers. ltX^ + 

-J 055tl)^ &3Y javid-rastahih, AY. 1,15. s. diversification, varia- 
tion, different fashions, p^u javid + 4FQV rastdk (Pers. ja^), to 
which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. ^ -ih. 

^O^^tD^OO ^H javid-dddistdnih, AY. 1, 15. s. disagreement, 
dissension, non-conformity. c£jw ./avzd + }^fQ)^00 dddistdn, to 
which compound adj. is added the abst. suf. jy -ih. 

4Ttl)^ 1^0) J javid o-ristak, or javido-rajistak; see AftD^ ristak. 

Dy gandak, Hn. 3, 20. adj. stinking, fetid, foul-smelling; often 
written -i>)u gondak; comp. J^^u gandaktdr, Hn. 3,38. — 3w f garae£ 
+ adj. suf. 4 -«& ; Pers. s<Xo . 

jyi3u gandaMh, AY. 38,2. in He, H17, K26, s. stench, fetid- 
ness ; often written -j^-Dju gondakih. — J)v gandak -f- abst. suf. 
-j^ -ih : Pers. Si\XS. 

ftjV* gehdn, AY. 1, 1. 47, 7. 54, 4. 101, is. GF. 2, 67 . Hn. 2, 1. p^S 
gehdn, AY. 1, 15. 5,3. Hn. 1, 1. 2, 35. )^)0^ gehdno, GF. 3, 21,64. 1)^00^ 
gehdn , Dk. 145,7. s. the world, the earth. Pers. ^L^.^5, ,jLg. 5, 

uk^ or u L -£f- 

^■"^0^(2 r-£ WO^ gchdn-marenchiniddr, AY. 100, 1. adj. world- 
destroying. fOQS gehdn -f- ^-"C^M^p-^* marenchiniddr. 

$£}$ cZed, AY. 4,2o. p.p. used as s. what is seen, a sight, an 
appearance. Past part, of ))c<£^ didano ; Pers. Jo J* 

))^0^ didano, substituted for ))v*))FQ)«a khadituntano'mANA,i%. 
by K20, K26, v. to see, to behold, to perceive, to observe, to look; 
past part. ^3 did, AY, 5,5, 11, 16. 57, 60,93, 1. 101,6, 11. Hn. 2,u. 



286 b 

)<^3 dida, substituted for ^))Jt5)i* JehadUund in Hn. 2, 6 . by H 6 . Pers. 
^Joc>, anc. P. Z. di] Huz. syn. ))^))Jt£.u khadfytintano. 

J^i ctf/, AY. 4,i9. 3^3 <:/?/, AY. 74,2. s. a heart, the heart, the 
mind; often written )& which may be mistaken for sar. Pers. JljO, 
or Jo, Z. -mj jii(a ^7iiC, Sans, hridaija] Huz. syn. / ^\ .3 Ubbcmman. 

1>$ c/er, AY. 4, 35. 17,26. Hn. 2, 30. J3$ c/er, Hn. 2, 32, ae. 3,86. 
adj. long -continued, long (as regards time), lasting, tedious; often 
written Jjd , like the preceding. Pers. soO ; comp. anc. P. daraga, Z. 
-Aigj/jjA , Sans, dirghct] Huz. syn. a^)jj arlib, or (trad.) 4-()>3 rakhik. 

jfyQ^jSks der-zamdnyish, AY. 10,5. adv. for a long time, last- 
ingly, durably, eternally. J$5 der + yoS zamdn + adv. suf. a^ 
-yish'. 

))^o)^35 yedruntano (trad, dadrunatari) AY. 39,6. 55, 9. 64, 13. 

77, 10. 99, 11. v. to bear, to suffer, to carry, to bring, to provide, to assume, 
to convey, to lead, to take; (contracted into) ^)p-^ ycdrund, AY. 23, 9. 
68,21.: ))^o)p$.3 jta) nasadman yedruntano (see v£>) nasadman^ 
))^c)p$3 %y£) namdz yedruntano, AY. 11,7. 101,4. to offer reverence, 
homage, or worship, to make obeisance, to bow. Past part. v$)y^ 
ycdrund, AY. 2, 41, 76, 7. 5, 1. 10, 8. 38, 5. 7/, s, 9. ?>)p^ yedrund, AY. 
4,3. 89,9. ^))i^^ yedrunto, AY. 37, 7.; ^>)p-^ -*»H bard yedrund, Hn. 
1,15. taken awiy, forsaken, renounced; ^>}y^ Sf>Y& frod ycdrund, 
AY. 18,6. carried down, sunk; ^>)^^ OM£J f rclz yedru?id, AY. LI, u. 
carried forwards, led on; y^)^^ U} yin ycdrund, AY. 70, 2. conveyed 
inside, introduced. Pret. ^)p>^ ycdrund, AY. 3,7,8. 10,6. 11,53,2. 
101,3,26.; ?>)y$3 $y)£) frdz yedrund, AY. 17, 27. Iln. 2,33,34. 3,33. 
<?)Y*> OM£J fr&* ycdrund, AY. 10, 13. carried forwards, conveyed on- 
wards, advanced, led on. Pros. 1 st sing. <$)$** ycdrunam, AY. l,4i.; 



i» - (O 287 

pres. 3 d sinf. ^)p^ yedruncd, AV. 19,5,9. 20, 21, 25,27-29,51,59, 
62, 86, 93, 94, 96, 8 . 22, 23, 41, 43, 44, 63, 88, 4. 40, 99, 7 . 48, 49, 71, 73, 
78,5. 55, 72, 97, 98,2. 64, 65, 69,6. 89, 4 ,n. ^)p.a yedruncd, AV.24,.i. 
90-92,2.- cg))^^ -mu ?)flra yedruncd, Hn. 1,15,20. )tf})y^ -"H &ara 
ycdrCincdo, N. 78, 1. takes away, forsakes, renounces; )Ct3)r^ OM6J 
fm.s yedrdnedo , N. 76,7. brings forward; pres. 3 d pi. ^))i^^ yedrund, 
AY. 70, 4. 99, 2. ^)^ ycdrund, AY. 55, 1. Imper. 2 d p\ cg))y5^ ?/c- 
druncd, AY. ,11, 11. 53, 7.. Opt. 3 d pi. U))y$3 yedrunyen, Hn. 2,3,38. 
Chald. ICF\'i Paz. syn. )jfl£)}l burdano. This verb is generally written 
)^)p^3 , in accordance with the traditional pronunciation. 

-XJJH^ "^ dcr-yazishnih, AY. 4, a 5. /x>)*0O ■**■* dcr-razishnih, 
Hn. 2, 32. s. long-continued ceremonial prayers, long worship, or ritual- 
istic observances. J3^ dcr -f- )*b£5 y^zislm -f- abst. su r . >jy» -j/j. 

JQ^OO J?$ dcr-gazishnih, AV. 17, 26. s. long-continued cursing, 
lasting execration. J3^ tZcr -f ^O gazishn + abst. suf. -iy -?/?. 

jiQ^J^y^ diUryish, see Ji^-b)^ i*^d tag-diliryish. 

wj ?/fra (trad, dayen, or dm) prep, (before s. and pron. not signify- 
ing persons) AV. 1,1,2,7,15,18,25. 2,6,24. 3,2. 4,9,12,15. 12, 11, ie, is. 
14,1,9,12. 15,7,16,20. etc. in, within, inside, into; (before s. and pron. 
signifying persons) AV. 63,6. 70,6. 99, 9,10. unto, towards; AY. 43,2. 
at; AV, 65,3. among; (used as as.) uj ))g) pavan yin, AV. 5,12,13. 
in the inside of, in the midst of; (used adverbially) AV. 2, u. 18, 14. 19, 
80,2. 3*4,7. 41,8. 43,3. 54,6. 67, 69,4. 70, 2, 3. GF. 1, 15, is. 3,7. Hn. 
2,35. see Jj^Eyjj^O^ hankhetund eland, ))^Q zadano, ))y*))^>0 2/^" 
iuntano, )WffJ) vaduntano, ))Jt2))r£J) neflunastano, ))tfj**^ vaddr- 
dandj ))yo**£) vajdr eland, j)^)p3) vazlimtano, ))^y) AJ)-*> yekavt- 
munddandj and ))^o)p3.> yedruntano. As. ina; Paz. syn. tajfj andar. 



288 ;« - *> 

This word is often written uj in accordance with the traditional pro-* 
nunciation, and the Pahl.-Paz. Glos. preserves another form of this 
lluz. prep, in wyi I yoi in some copies); it is obvious that wyi b&en 
(trad, bakhiri) may be compared with Heb. Chald. J^3 'between, among', 
Syr. uJ^c , Ar. ,Tv>o ; it is also evident that the Huz. writers found 
no difficulty in changing i b into 3 d (see the remarks on i b) 1 so 
that it is quite possible that uj is merely a corruption of wjfi or 01 , 
and may be read den, if the meaning 'between, among' be considered 
sufficiently near to that of the Paz. andar. 

uj -ySn, suf. of opt. 3 d pers. pi. affixed to the crude verb, (see 
U2)yH yedrunyen). Z. opt. 3 d pi. act. -aye?i, or -yen. 

*ib$ dig, AV. 60,2,3. s. a pot, a kettle, a caldron. Pers. JoO . 



Alphabetical Index 

to the transliterations adopted in this glossary. 

N. B. All suffixes, numeral ciphers and Zand words are arranged 
separately at the end of this index. 



a- (priv.) 1. 


afd, 16. 


afzar-homand, 12, 


abidar, 6. 


afclih, 18. 


afzayad, 13. 


abii, 6. 


afdiha, 18. 


afzud, 13. 


aburd-farman, 6. 


afdum, 18. 


afzMano, 13. 


aburd-farmanih, 6. 


affuntano, 10. 


afzunik, 13. 


adadyish, 28. 


afman, 15. 


agazand, 67. 


adin, adino, 26, 27. 


afra, 11. 


agdfnoih, 27, 68. 


adinam, 26. 


afrank, 12. 


ahanko, 5. 


adinash, 26. 


afravaft, 12. 


ahu, 5. 


a din at, 26. 


afravaftik, 12. 


ahuk, 5. 


adinshan, 26. 


afraya, 11. 


ahu-ver, 5. 


adrogih, 68. 


afrin, 16. 


ahvan, 5. 


ae, 63, 64. 


afrinagan, 16. 


ahvo, 5. 


aechand, 67. 


afsar, 13. 


ai, 64. 


aerpat, 67. 


afshan, 15. 


aigh, 68. 


aerpat-zad, 67. 


afshandano, 15. 


aigham, 70. 


aetiin, 66. 


afsos, 14. 


aighash, 70. 


af-, 8. 


afsoskaryish, 14. 


aighat, 69. 


afam, 15. 


afsurdano, 13. 


aighman, 70. 


afash, 14. 


afzar, 12. 


aighshan, 70. 


afat, 10. 


afzar-barehinid, 12. 


aimanden, 70. 



37 



290 



Index. 



ainraan, 72. 
Atran, 67. 
airih, 68. 
airishto, 68. 
ait, aito, 65, 66. 
aitih, 66. 
aityuntano, 66. 
aiyivisrem, 27. 
aiyy-, 22. 
aiyyadinidano, 23. 
aiyyad-kar, 23. 
aiyyar, 23. 
aiyyarih, 23. 
akamak-homand, 31 
akanarak, 31. 
akankhtano, 31. 
akar, 30. 
akaraz, 31. 
akas, 30. 
akasih, 30. 
akasyish, 31. 
akdinoih, 31. 
akh, 2. 
akhar, 2. 
akharich, 4. 
Akharman, 3. 
akhezidano, 6. 
Akht-i-yatuk, 2. 
akhtman, 2. 
akhveshkaryish, 5. 
akuraz, 31. 
akustano, 31. 
akvin, 31. 



al, 18. 

Alaksandar, 21. 
am, 32. 

amahraspend, 32. 
amat, 34. 
amatam, 35. 
amatash, 34. 
amatat, 34. 
amatich, 34. 
amatman, 35. 
amatshan, 34. 
amavand, 32, 33. 
amavandih, 33. 
amavandyish, 33. 
Amerodad, 37. 
ameshospend, 35, 36. 
amidar, 37. 
amukhtano, 36. 
amurzidar, 36. 
amurzishn, 36. 
amuzaniclano, 36. 
an- (priv.) 38. 
an, 38. 
ana, 39. 
anak, 42. 
anakih, 42. 
anak-kardar, 42. 
anamurz, 42. 
anamiirz, 42. 
anasanih, 41. 
anashtih, 41. 
anast, 41. 
anastareto, 41. 



anast-giibishn, 41 
anaiimed, 43. 
anbam, 43. 
anbar, 43. 
and, 60. 
andak, 62. 
andakhtano, 52. 
andakhtano, 51. 
andam, 53. 
andarg, 61. 
andarun, 61. 
andarvai, 61. 
andarz, 61. 
andazak, 52. 
andazidano, 52. 
andazishno, 52. 
andeshidano, 63. 
andokht, 62. 
andokktano, 62. 
angardano, 52. 
angezidano, 63. 
angikhtano, 61. 
angumino, 63. 
angun, 62. 
angim, 63. 
angnpino, 60. 
angiist, 62. 
anicho, 48. 
ano, 58. 

anoastaretu, 58. 
anosh, 59. 
anoshak, 59. 
anshuta, 53. 



Index. 



291 



ansipas, 50. 
aosh, 51. 

apadakhshabih, 8. 
apakhtar, 8. 
apatiyarak, li. 
apatiyarak-homand, 11. 
aperenayik, 12. 
apirirzkar, 17. 
apiyun, 14. 
apiistano, 16. 
arad-khudai, 19. 
arashkoih, 20. 
arastano, 18. 
arateshtar, 11). 
Arda, 1ST. 
Ardai, 19. 
Arda-Yiraf, 19. 
argond, 22. 
arik, 22. 
aristak, 22. 
arj, 19. 
arjan, 20. 
arjanik, 20. 
Arj as p. 19. 
arjidano, 20. 
Arotakhsbatarano, 59. 
ars, 20. 
arsMkht, 20. 
Artakhshatar, 46, 
Artakkshataran, 47. 
Artokhshatar; 47. 
Arum, 21. 
Arumak, 21. 



Ariimayak, 2J. 
Arumayik, 21. 

arris, 21. 
as, 22. 

asan, 22. 
asanlk, 22. 
asar, 25. 

asazak, 25. 
asej, 27. 

asej-honiand, 27. 
ash, 27. 
ashart, 28. 
ashem-vokuk, 29. 
ashgahan, 29. 
Askkanan, 29. 
askkarak, 29. 
askkombo, 29. 
ashniidano, 30. 
askniivand, 30. 
asknuved, 30. 
Asktad, 28. 
asktik, 28. 
asktik-bayihim, 28. 
asbuftkarib, 30. 
asbiip, 30. 
asim, 27. 
asimin, 27. 
asinin, 27. 
asinin, 27. 



asinin, 27. 
asman, 26. 



asp, 23, 25. 
aspanj, 23. 



asmntano, 25. 
asrya, 25. 

astadano, 23. 
ast-bomand, 24. 
astinidano, 25. 
Asti-vihad, 25. 
astoban, 24. 
astukbvan, 24. 
asyav, 26. 
at, 6. 
Ataro, 7. 

Ataro-frobag, 7, 8. 
Ataro-pad, 7. 
atasb, 6. 
aubasb, 44. 
aiiftinidano, 45. 
Aiibarmazd, 42. 
Aiibarmazdakano, 43. 
Aiibarmazdan, 43. 
Aiibarmazd-dad, 43. 
Aiibarrnazd-6m ? 43. 
aiimed, 58. 
aiipardano, 44. 
aiipastano, 45. 
aiiryar, 49. 
aiishbam, 52. 
Aiisbtiiyat, 52. 
aiisofrid, 51. 
austad, 50. 
aiisturdak, 50. 
aiistiirdak, 50. 
aiizayerino, 50. 
auzdistar, 48. 



292 



Index. 



auzpatak, 47. 


avi-gumanih, 14. 


bad, 75. 


av, 8. 


avi-jamak, 18. 


bahar, 75. 


avadan, 8. 


avikhtano, 15. 


baharvar, 75. 


avadanih, 8. 


avir, 17. 


Bahrain, 75. 


avadih, 9. 


aviran, 17. 


bakht ; 75. 


avakih, 9. 


avistak, 13. 


bakht, 75. 


avao, 9, 10. 


avi-sud, 18. 


balai, 75. 


avanas, 58. 


avitaklit, 11. 


balino, 76. 


avapatadano, 45. 


avitakht, 17. 


balishn, 76. 


avarik, 10. 


avi-vanas, 18. 


balist, 76. 


avarun, 9. 


avla, 48. 


bamik, 76. 


avarun-marzishnik, 9. 


avo, 58. 


band, 86. 


avaruno-marzishnih, 9. 


avordano, 15. 


bandak, 86. 


avarunyish, 9. 


av-zohar, 13. 


banukih, 76. 


avaspardano, 13. 


ayaftano, 28. 


bar, 77. 


avasparishnik, 13. 


ayazishnih, 67. 


bar, 75. 


avasrudano, 14. 


ayin, ayino, 26, 27. 


bara, 80. 


avayast, 10. 


ayintum, 26. 


bara-klielinimishnih, 82 


avayastano, 10. 


ayipirusrem, 23. 


baramano, 79. 


avayishnik, 10. 


ayuf, 71. 


baramvand, 79. 


avaz, 9. 


az, 8. 


bara-uzdaliishnib, 82. 


avaz-kim, 9. 


az, 8. 


bara-vadirishmh, 82. 


avejak, 17. 


azad, 8. 


bara-vardishnib, 82. 


avejakih, 17. 


azardano, 11. 


barazishak, 78. 


avejakyish, 17. 


azarm, 11. 


barazisbakih, 78. 


avi- (priv.) 16. 


azash, 14. 


barehmidano, 79. 


avi-bar, 16. 


azat, 11. 


baresom, 78. 


avi-besh, 17. 


azir, 17. 


baresom-chino, 78. 


avi-bim, 17. 


azsban, 15. 


bar-hamak, 78. 


avi-bimyisb, 17. 


azurih, 16. 


barijan, 79. 


avi-bun, 16. 


azvar, 10. 


bash, 76. 


avi-chim, 17. 


baba, 76. 


basim, 80. 


avi-guman, 14. 


babaihich, 76. 


basimih, 80. 



Index. 



293 



bastano, 79. 
bavihunast, 84. 
bavihiinastano, 84. 
bavrak, 77. 
bavvihimastano, 85. 
bazai, 75. 
bazak, 77. 
bazakar, 77. 
bazak-ayin, 77. 
bazak-kar, 77. 
bazako, 77. 
. bazankarih, 79. 
b6d, 86. 

bekhimastano, 76. 
benafshman, 82. 
besli, 86. 
beshidano, 86. 
beshinidano, 86. 
b^yar, 87. 
bezashkih, 77. 
bidana, 87. 
biganak, 86. 
bim, 86. 
bimgun, 87. 
bimgun, 87. 
bimgunih, 87. 
binik, 87. 
birim, 86. 
bisraya, 80. 
bisraya-khurislmih, 80. 
bo, 80. 
bod, 85. 
boi, 85. 



boiih, 86. 
bot-vajarak, 86. 
bondak, 85. 
boyinidano, 84. 
brad, 78. 
bradar, 78. 
Brohach, 79. 
budano, 83. 
bukhtano, 82. 
buland, 79. 
buland, 84. 
btilandih, 84. 
bun, 84. 
bundak, 85. 
bundakih, 85. 
blip, 82. 
burdano, 83. 
burdar, 83. 
burdarih, 83. 
buridano, 79. 
biiridano, 84. 
burishno, 79. 
burzak, 83. 
burzidano, 78. 
biirzidano, 84. 
burzishnih, 83. 
biifzishnik, 83. 
bush, 84. 
biiyishnih, 86. 
cbabun, 125. 
chadur, 124. 
chah, 124. 
chahar, 124. 



chahar-pai, 124. 
chahamm, 124. 
Chakat-i-Daitih, 126. 
cliand, 127. 
charaitik, 125. 
charak, 124. 
char an am, 125. 
charb, 125. 
charp, 125. 
charp-zuvanih, 125. 
chashidar, 124. 
chashm, 126. 
chashmak, 126. 
chashmakish, 126. 
chashtano, 124. 
chiba, 127. 
chidano, 128. 
chigim, 125. 
chigimash, 126. 
chigimat, 126. 
chigimshan, 126. 
chihar, 126. 
chim, 128. 
chind, 127. 
chino, 128. 
Chiniivat, 128. 
chir, 128. 
dad, 176. 
dadak, 257. 
dadak, 177. 
dadano, 178. 
dadar, 176. 
dadtgar, 258. 



294 



Index. 



dadistan, 177. 
dadistanih, 177. 
dad-parish, 176, 
dad-pasukhoih, 176. 
dadyish, 177. 
dahik, 191. 
dahislm, 183. 
dahislm, 191. 
Dahishn-aiyyar, 183. 
dahishnih, 183. 
dahtshnlh, 191. 
clahum, 189. 
dahyupat, 192. 
dahyupatih, 192. 
Daitih, 190. 
Daitik, 190. 

dakhshak, 183. 

dakya, 268. 

dam, 185. 

damak, 269. 

daman, 269, 

damik, 271. 

danak, 186. 

danakih, 187. 

danar, 188. 

clandan, 280. 

danishno, 188. 

danistano, 188. 

dapir, 256. 

dar, 259, 260. 

dar, 180. 

Darai, 180. 

Darayan, 180. 



dard, 260. 
dardak, 261. 
dared, 181. 
daregush, 264. 
daregushih, 264. 
daridano, 264. 
darim, 262. 
darim, 264. 
dar in, 181. 
darishn, 180. 
darman, 262. 
darvan, 260. 
darvand, 263. 
das, 265. 
das, 181. 
clashin, 267. 
dashtan, 267. 

dashtan-marz, 267. 

dashtano, 182. 

dast, 265. 

dastak, 266. 

dasto, 266. 

dastobar, 266. 

dastobaiih, 266. 

dato, 177. 

datobar, 177. 

datobarih, 178. ' 

datogiib, 180. 

datokar, 178. 

Davanus, 273. 

dekhluntano, 180. 

denman, 282. 

denmanich, 282. 



der, 161, 286. 
der-gazisbnih, 287. 
der-yazislmih, 287. 
der-zamanyish, 286. 
dezo, 259. 
did, 157, 285. 
didano, 159, 285. 
dig, 288. 
dil, 161, 286. 
diliryisb, 264. 
diliryish, 287. 
dimastan, 269. 
dina, 165. 
dino, 167. 
Dino, 167. 
dino-akas, 167. 
dinoik, 169. 
Dino-karto, 168. 
dino-pursishnih, 167, 
dkeshih, 118. 
dod, 274. 
doshak, 279. 
dost, 275. 
drafshnik, 261. 
draidano, 260. 
drayidano, 260. 
droghjo, 263. 
drojo, 263. 
dron, 263. 
drud, 262. 
druist, 284. 
driij, 262, 263. 
drujih, 263. 



Index. 



295 



drukhtano, 260. 
drukhtano, 262. 
dmst, 283. 
dmstyish, 283. 
dtibarastano, 273. 
dubarishnik, 273. 
dud, 274. 
dudak-man, 274. 
diikht, 272. 
diilak, 275. 
dum, 281. 
dAmbak, 282. 
dusk-, 276. 
dushahii, 277. 
dushahuik, 278. 
dush-amukht, 276. 
dush-chashm, 279. 
dush-dino, 279. 
dush-gand, 280. 
dush-gond, 280. 
diish-gondakih, 280. 
dush-gubishn, 280. 
diish-ham-pursakih, 276. 
dush-hukht, 277. 
dush-humat, 276. 
dush-liiimat, 277. 
diisb-huvarsht, 277. 
diisli-khim, 278. 
dush-khvar, 277. 
dush-khvarih, 277. 
dusli-kunislii], 279. 
dushman, 279. 
diishmat, 279. 



dush-minishn, 280. 
diishnam, 280. 
dush-padakhshahih, 278. 
diisli-ramih, 2T9. 
duyidano, 272. 
duzd, 274. 
diizdidano, 274. 
dvad, 272. 
dvazdahum, 272. 
fakhiz, 92. 
farakhtak, 95. 
farakkuik, 95. 
farakhiiyish, 95. 
fardand, ill. 
farhakhtano, 95. 
far hang, 96. 
far jam, 97. 
farjaminidano, 97. 
farman, 100. 
farman-burdarih, 100. 
farmanih, 100. 
farmudano, 100. 
farpih, 97. 
farukhu, 96. 
farukMih, 96. 
farzanak, 97. 
farzand, 108. 
firikhtano, 99. 
fra-dush-hukht, 96. 
fra-dush-huvarsht, 97. 
fra-dusbmat, 97. 
fra-bukht, 95. 
fra-hiimat, 96. 



fra-huvarsht, 96. 
frajaftano, 97. 
franamishn, 101. 
franamishnih, 101. 
frarun, 96. 
framnih, 96. 
frasakhtano, 98. 
frashakard, 99. 
frashn, 99. 
frashno, 99. 
frashno-vajar, 100. 
Frashoshtar, 99. 
frasipo, 98. 
frasp, 98. 
fratum, 97. 
fravad, 101. 
fravaftano, 100. 
fravard, 102. 
Fravardino, 102. 
fravyashar, 100. 
frayar, 96. 
frayishmo-dato, 96. 
fraz, 105. 

fraz-biiyishnih, 106. 
fraz-janiik, 107. 
fraz-kliadituni-hasta- 

no, 106. 
fraz-khurishnib, 106. 
fraz-pestan, 106. 
fraztar, 106. 
fraztum, 106. 
fraz-yirayisbnih, 107. 
freh-dadar, 99. 



296 



Index. 



fiiftano, 102. 
friftar, 102. 
friftarylsh, 102. 
Froba, 101. 
frod, 101. 

irod-mirishnih, 101. 
fropatidano, 101. 
fryad, 08. 
Fryan, 99. 
Fryano, 99. 
gabra, 255. 
gabrairm, 256. 
gadman, 165. 
gadman-homand, 165. 
gadman-karih, 165. 
gab, 171. . 
gajestak, 258. 
gajestak, 259, 
gam, 185. 
gamla, 270. 
gand, 284. 
gandak, 285. 
gandakih, 285. 
ganjo, 274. 
Ganrak-minavad, 283. 
gardanastano, 26 J. 
gardano, 261. 
gar-komandih, 260. 
garm, 261. 
garmak, 262. 
garmavak, 262. 
garmih, 262. 
garmik, 262. 



Grarodman, 262. 
garzishn, 261. 
gas, 181. 
gasanbar, 182. 
gasanik, 182. 
gashtano, 267. 
gavariino, 2^2. 
Gayehe-mard, 172. 
Gayomard, 192. 
gazdum, 259, 265. 
gazdum, 265. 
gazidano, 259. 
gazisbn, 259. 
gazishnih, 259. 
gazudano, 259. 
gehan, 266, 285. 
geban - marencbinidar, 

285. 
ges, 190. 
getik, 160. 
ghal, 193. 
giran, 260. 
giravishn, 264. 
gird, 261. 
giristano, 264. 
giryan, 261. 
giryinidano, 26 J. 
giyab, 255. 
gobar, 272. 
gond, 284. 
gondak, 284. 
gondakih, 284. 
gosh, 276. 



G6sht-i Fryano, 278. 
gospend, 275, 276. 
gospend-hornand, 276. 
giiaftib, 272. 
gubakih, 273. 
gubisbn, 273. 
giibisbnib, 273. 
guftano, 273. 
gub, 171. 
gub, 272. 
gukai, 281. 
gukasfh, 280. 
guman, 281. 
gum an ih, 281. 
gumejed, 282. 
gumikbtano, 282. 
giinak, 283. 
gund, 284. 
giirbah. 275. 
giird, 275. 
gurd, 284. 
giirg, 275. 
gursak, 275. 
giirsakih, 275. 
giishan, 280. 
giisbt, 278. 
giishtin, 279, 
gii-vajar, 283. 
haft, 11. 
baftnm, U. 
bam, 32. 
ham, 4. 
ham-aetun, 33. 



Index. 



297 



hamai, 33. 
hamak, 36. 
hamak, 32. 
hamak-khvarih, 32. 
ham-baba, 33. 
ham-budik, 33. 
ham-dadistan, 35. 
ham-dadistanih, 35. 
ham-daman, 38. 
ham-dina, 35. 
ham-dino, 35. 
ham-gunak, 38. 
hamich, 35. 
hamino, 38. 
hamishak, 37. 
hamfsbak-soj, 37. 
hamistakano, 37. 
hamkhak, 32. 
bamo-kun, 37. 
hain-ptirsakik, 34. 
ham-piirsishn, 33. 
hamvar, 36. 
bam-yaitytintano, 35. 
bam-yekaYimunad, 37. 
hani-zaman, 35. 
ban, 39. 
ban, 5. 
hangam, 52. 
banjaman, 48. 
hankhetimadano, 40. 
harvisp, 21. 
baryisp, 22. 
barvist, 21. 



hashkekbunadano, 29. 
hasht, 28. 
basbtib, 28. 
bashtum. 28. 
bast, 23. 
bastisbn, 24. 
hat, 6. ■ 
bat at, 7. 
battan, 7. 
havandicb, 5. 
havisht, 5. 
hazar, 9. 

hemnunastano, 71. 
bich, 66. 
bicbih, 66. 
hikhar, 28. 
Hindtik, 62. 
hisbtano, 2. 
horn, 53. 
boman, 55. 
homancl, 57. 
bomandan, 57. 
homandih, 58. 
homandyish, 58. 
homanoam, 57. 
bomanoib, 57. 
bomasto, 54. 
Hormazd-yar, 49. 
Horvadad, 59. 
boshmurdano, 53. 
bii-, 38. 
hu-afrank, 40. 
hu-bo, 44. 



hii-boilh, 44. 

hu-chasbmyish, 48. 

hu-chihar, 47. 

hu-dino, 51. 

hu-doshak, 62. 

hii-farvard, 45. 

hii-fraishmo-dato, 45. 

hu-fravad, 45. 

hu-gtibishn, 62. 

hii-gusbidako, 62. 

hii-khim, 43. 

hiikht, 40. 

hii-kimisbn, 53. 

humanak, 32. 

bumanak, 55. 

bumat, 34. 

bumat, 55. 

hu-minishn, 57. 

hti-minishn, 58. 

bunidano, 60. 

bu-padakbsbabih, 44. 

Hii-parsh, 45. 

M-pokht, 46. 

hu-ravakh-minishnih, 49. 

hu-rodishno, 22. 

hu-rost, 21. 

hii-rost, 50. 

Msh, 51. 

hushyaryish, 52. 

hu-sikal, 51. 

hu-srob, 50. 

hiistobar, 50, 

bustoyar, 50. 
38 



298 



Index. 



M-tak, 47. 
M-tukhshak, 47. 
Ki-vakbsh, 58. 
huvarsht, 59. 
buzvan, 50. 
i, 253. 

Isadvastar, 266. 
istadak, 205. 
isvar, 71. 
jaldano, 274. 
jam, 185. 
jamak, 185. 
Jamasp, 185. 
jan, 186. 
januk, 189. 
javid, 284. 
javidak, 285. 
javid-dadistanib, 285. 
javido-ristak, 285. 
javid-rastakih, 285. 
jeh, 174. 

jih, 171. 

jinak, 166. 

jundinidano, 127. 

jurdak, 275. 

kabed, 196. 

kabed-anakih, 196. 

kabed-dard, 196. 

kabed-pahnak, 196. 

kadak, 197. 

kadak-banukib, 198. 

kadak-khuda, 197. 

kadam, 197. 



kadar, 197. 
kadarcbai, 197. 
kadba, 204. 
kafiz, 197. 
Kai, 204. 

Kai-Khusrobo, 199. 
Kai-Vishtasp, 205. 
kaka, 200. 
kala, 195. 
kalba, 198. 

kalba-zuban, 19S. 

kamak, 195. 
kamak-homand, 195. 

kamak-homandyish, 196. 

kamakih, 196. 

kamar, 200. 

Kam-dino, 195. 

kand, 204. 

kandan, 204. 

kanik, 204. 

kapud, 196. 

kar, 194. 

kard, 195. 

kardak, 201. 

kardam, 201. 

kardano, 201. 

kardar, 201. 

karib, 195. 

karita, 198. 

karituntano, 199, 204. 

karizar, 195. 

karuvanik, 195. 

karvanik, 195. 



kas, 199. 
kasb, 199. 
kasbidano, 200. 
kasbiuidano, 200. 
kasp, 199. 
kastak, 195. 
katas, 197. 
kayed, 204. 
kef, 204. 
kem, 200. 
kem, 205. 
kerp, 198. 
kerpih, 198. 
kesb, 204. 
kesbvar, 205. 
kesbvarik, 205. 
ketruntano, 197, 198. 
kevan, 203. 
kevanich, 203. 
kevanich, 204. 
khadih, 68. 
kbadituni-bastano, 24. 
khadituntano, 24. 
khadu, 71. 
kbadu-bar, 71. 
kbadiiinak, 73. 
khaduino, 73. 
kbaduk, 71. 
kbadukanakih, 72. 
kbaduk-bar, 72. 
kbaduko, 72. 
kbadukum, 72. 
khadu-muk, 73. 



Index. 



299 



khadu-tak, 71. 
khak, 4. 
khakistar, 4. 
khaleluntano, 20. 
khamra, 36. 
khan, 5. 
khanak, 5. 
khanik, 6. 
khar, 2. 
kharaj, 18. 
kharish, 20. 
khastano, 4. 
khavid, 60. 
khavitiinastano, 60. 
khaya, 27. 
khefruntano, 12. 
khelmu, 57, 255. 
khelmunishib, 21. 
khelmtintano, 21. 
kheshm, 29. 
kheshm, 68. 
khim, 70. 
khirad, 19. 
khrafstar, 18. 
khrafstor, 18. 
khrus, 21. 
khub-dan, 44. 
khubih, 44. 
khM, 46. 
khMa, 46. 
•khuda-liomand, 46. 
khMai, 47. 
khMaih, 46. 



khiidayan, 47. 
khudayib, 47. 
khud-pedak, 47. 
khuk, 53. 
khim, 58. 
khunid, 60. 
khimo, 59. 
khup, 44. 
khup-amukht, 45. 
khtip-kard, 46. 
khup-yaroishn, 46. 
khup-vastard, 46. 
khuram, 49. 
khuramih, 49. 
khardak, 48. 
kMrdano, 48. 
khurdik, 49. 
khurishn, 49. 
khurishnih, 49. 
khursandih, 59. 
khiirshed, 49. 
khursvand, 59. 
khush, 51. 
khiishk, 52. 
khushkih, 52. 
khushimd, 53. 
khiishnudth, 53. 
khust, 50. 
khvahar, 39. 
khvahend, 39. 
khvahishn, 43. 
khvahishn-homand, 43. 
khvahishnmand, 43. 



Khvaniras, 60. 
khvap, 39. 
khvar, 40. 
khvarih, 40. 
khvaryish, 40. 
khvast, 41. 
khvastak, 41. 
khvastako-kamakih, 41 
khvastano, 4J. 
khvastar, 41. 
khvesh, 61. 
khv^shkar, 62. 
khvesh tanu, 61. 
khveshyish, 62. 
khvetuk-das, 60. 
kin, 205. 
kira, 205. 
kirdak, 201. 
kirfak, 201. 
kirm, 198. 
kirukth, 204. 
kof, 201. 
kofiz, 201. 
kola, 200. 
kMak, 201. 
kuftano, 201. 
kiin, 203. 
kiinishn, 203. 
Mn-marz, 203. 
kushishn, 203. 
Mshtano, 203. 
kust, 202.' 



kiistik, 20?. 



300 



Index. 



kulak, 201. 
la, 129. 
lajan, 134. 
lak, 136. 
lakhma, 131. 
lakhvar, 132. 
lakich, 137. 
lala, 130. 
lala-astadak, 130. 
lala-nipimishnih, 130. 
lanman, 141. 
larzidano, 135. 
latamman, 134. 
le-denman, 144. 
lekiim, 137. 
lfclya, 143. 
levatman, 139. 
levin, 142. 
li, 129. 

libbemman, 133. 
lipammaD, 133. 
lishtano, 143. 
listano, 135. 
loit, 141. 
loitih, 142. 
liitak, 139. 
madam, 222. 
madano, 210. 
madikan, 207. 
magli, 215. 
magoi-gabra, 223. 
magoi-mard, 224. 
magopat, 223. 



mah, 206, 207. 
mahmanih, 208. 
mahmanih, 207. 
makas, 215. 
makhituntano, 209. 
malka, 212. 
malman, 207. 
maman, .215. 
mam an am, 216. 
mamanash, 216. 
mamanat, 216. 
man, 208. 
mandavam, 221. 
mang, 220, 
manishn, 209. 
manishn-homand, 209. 
manpan, 208. 
mansrabar, 209. 
mar, 211. 
mar, 207. 
marak, 212. 
mard, 211. 
mardum, 212. 
marenchinidano, 213. 
marenchinidar, 213. 
marg, 213. 
marg-arjan, 212. 
margih, 213. 
mar-kerpib, 207. 
Marospendano, 209. 
Miirspend, 209. 
Marspendan, 209. 
marvarid, 213. 



marzidano, 212. 
marzislin, 212. 
marzishnih, 212. v 
marzisbnik, 212. 
Marzpan, 212. 
mas, 213. 
masih, 214. 
masrabar, 208. 
mastorg, 214. 
mata, 210. 
may a, 214. 
maya,. 207. 
mayaih, 214. 
may ud, 210. 
mayuvad-homasd, 210. 
Mazdayasn, 208. 
Mazdayast, 209. 
mazduntano, 213. 
mazg, 213. 

medammunastano, 222. 
mekadluntano, 215. 
mesh, 222. 
mezidano, 222. 
mezishnik, 221. 
mikh, 214. 
milaya, 218. 
min, 216. 
minash, 218. 
minavad, 224. 
minavad-venishnib, 224. 
minidano, 224. 
minishn, 218. 
minishn, 223. 



Index. 



301 



minisbnih, 223. 
minishnik, 223. 
minisbnyisb, 223. 
mirishnih, 222. 
misbga, 214. 
misbgaib, 215. 
Mitro, 210. 
mitrd, 211. 
Mitro-apan, 211. 
mitro-dmj, 211. 
mitro-drujib, 211. 
Mitro-panabk, 211. 
miviik, 221. 
miyan, 215. 
miyan, 207. 
miyanjikih, 207. 
mizak, 221. 
mog-gabra, 218. 
mor, 217, 
mozd, 213. 
mozd, 217. 
mozdobar, 217. 
mu, 217. 
mud, 221. 
mm, 221. 

Mujrayik-manisbno, 217. 
muk, 218. 
ffiun, 218. 
munam, 220. 
mimash, 219. 
munat, 219. 
munich, 219. 
munman, 220. 



munsban, 219. 
murdak, 217. 
murdano, 212. 
murdano, 217. 
muruk, 217. 
must, 218. 
mustih, 218. 
miiyak, 221. 
myazd, 222. 
myazd, 214. 
nadiik, 252. 
nadukih, 252. 
naduk-rubisbnib, 252. 
nadiikuk, 252. 
nafrin, 233. 
nafsbman, 233. 
nabicbak, 231. 
nairik, 231. 
nakhtin, 227. 
naklmst, 230. 
Dalan, 228. 
namaz, 247. 
namih, 230. 
naparto, 233. 
narm, 240. 
nasadman, 243. 
nasai, 242. 
nask, 243. 
navak, 248. 
nazdik, 242. 
nazdikih, 242. 
neflimastano, 233. 
neksimtano, 246. 






nomak, 251. 
Ncryosang, 250. 
nesbman, 242, 251 
neshmanlb, 251. 
nihadano, 226. 
riihan, 227. 
nihan, 244. 
nihanyisb, 227. 
nthip, 245. 
nihuftano, 230. 
nikas, 246. 
nikezisbn, 246. 
Nikbshapur, 229. 
nikirai, 246. 
nikirtdano, 247. 
nikirisbn, 246. 
nikirisbn, 246. 
nikuinidano, 246. 
nikim, 246. 
nikimsar, 246. 
nim-pur, 251. 
nipik, 234. 
nipimisbnih, 234. 
nipisbtano, 233. 
nipist, 233. 
nirang, 250. 
nishan, 250. 
Mshapur, 250. 
nishastano, 245.^ . 
nisbim, 245. 
nishiv, 227. 
ntyayishno, 227. 
niyaz, 226, 251. 



302 



Index. 



Diyazan, 226. 

liiyazaninidano, 226. 
niz, 240. 
nizak, 249. 
nizar, 235. 
nizarih, 241. 
nosk, 248. 
nullum, 230. 
numudano, 247. 
numiidar, 247. 
nyokhshidano, 252. 
pa, 88. • 
pachino, 95. 
pad, 89/ 
padadahishn, 90. 
padadahishn, 90. 

padafras, 90. 

padakhshah, 89. 

padakhshahih, 89. 

padakhshahih, 89. 

padakhshai, 89. 

padano, 90. 

pa dash, 92. 

padashn, 89. 

padiraftano, 9 ';. 

padiraftaiih, 94. 

padirak, 95. 

padiyavih, 90. 

padmanak, 93. 

padmayinidano, 93. 

padmudano, 94. 

padmujan, 94. 

padmiijishno, 94. 



padmiikhtano, 93. 
padvandidano, 94, 
padvastano, 94. 
padyavih, 90. 
pae, 92. 
pahlum, 88. 
pahnai, 92. 
pahnai, 89. 
pahnak, 91. 
pahrej, 88. 
pahrejed, 89. 
pahrikhtano, 88. 

pahrikhtar, 88. 
pat, 92. 

pak, 91. 

pakih, 91. 

palldih, 103. 

panah, 105. 

panahih, 105. 

panahk, 105. 

panak, 91. 

panakih, 91. 

panch, 107. 

panchum, 107. 

panjah, 107. 

Papakano, 90. 

parahom, 95. 

parak, 91. 

parastidano, 98. 

parastislin, 98. 

parastislm, 98. 

pardakhtano, ^ ] S. 

pargandak, 103. 



Paiik, 103. 
parish, 98. 
parsh, 98. 
Parsik, 91. 
parvardano, 102. 
Parviz, 102. 
pas, 91. 

pasakhtak, 103. 
pasakhtano, 103. 
pasakhtano, 103. 
pashimanih, 105. 
pasijak, 104. ■, 
pasimar, 104. 
pasin, 104. 
pasukho, 103. 
pasukhoih, 104. 
patiyarak, 92. 
patiyarak-homand, 92. 
patkaftano, 93. 
patkar, 93. 
patkarak, 93. 
patkardar, 93. 
patkuftano, 93. 
pavan, 109. 
payak, 92. 
pay a n, 91. 
payinak, 91. 
payiish. 1 14. 
pazd, 103. 
pedak, ill. 
pMakih, 111. 
pedak i-hastano, 111. 
pedak-rayinishnih, 1 1 1 



Index. 



303 



pelag, 110. 
pesh, 113. 
peshih, 113. 
peshimar, 114. 
peskkar, 114. 
peshiipak, 114. 
Peshyotanu, 114. 
pesidano, 113. 
peskuntano, 104. 
pestan, 104. 
pestan, 113. 
petitikih, 11 J. 
petkham, 111. 
petkhambar, 11 J. 
pezktmtano, 103. 
pil, 112. 
pirn, 114. 
piramun, 112. 
pirayishn, 112. 
piriiz, 113. 
piruzkar, 113. 
piruzkarih, 113. 
piruzkaryish, 113. 
pishak, 114. 
pokhtano, 105. 
porgandakyish, 108. 
poryo-dkeshih, 108. 
posht, 108. 
post, 108. 
pudak, 107. 
puhal, 107. 
pulavdino, 107. 
pumman, 109. 



pur, 107. 
pur-anakih, 108. 
pur-gadman, 108. 
pur-marg, 108. 



pur-pim. 



108, 



purs, 110. 
pursakih, 110. 
pursldano, 110. 
piirsisbn, 110. 
piirsisknih, 110. 
raba, 133. 
rad, 134. 
rad, 130. 
radih, 130. 
rad-kMda, 134. 
raftano, 133. 
ragelman, 143. 
rai, 133. 
rajistak, 143. 
rakbik, 133. 
Ram, 131. 
ramak, 137. 
ramih, 137. 
ramishn, 132. 
ramishn-homandyish. 

132. 
ramishnik, 132. 
ramituntano, 137. 
Ram-yar, 131. 
ran, 132. 
randidano, 140. 
ranj, 139. 
ranjak, 139. 



rano-vardin, 132. 

rapitvin, 134. 

rapitvinotarik, 134. 

ras, 135. 

ras, 130. 

rasat, 135. 

Raslin, 136. 

rasidano, 135. 

rasishno, 135. 

rast, 131. 

rastakih, 135. 

rast-gubishn, 131. 

ras (ah, 131. 

rastylsh, 131. 

ratu, 134. 

ratu-franamishnih, 134. 

ravakb, 137. 

raye - homand - tokhmak, 

130. 
rayinidano, 13 J. 
rayinishnih, 131. 
rehatimastano, 130. 
rejend, 143. 
resh, 143. 
reshgunih, 144. 
resh-kharisb, 136. 
reshkun, 144. 
ridano, 142. 
rikhtano, 136. 
rim, 144. 
rim an, 144. 
rimanib, 144. 
rishak, 144, 



304 



Index. 



ristak, 143. 
rist-akhez, 135. 
rist-akhez, 143. 
rochanak, 140. 
rod, 141. 
rodidano, 140. 
rodishno, 142. 
roeshman, 142. 
roj, 139. 
rojoih, 140. 
roshan, 140. 
roshani, 141. 
roshanih, 141. 
roshanik, 141. 
rostano, 135. 
rostano, 140. 
rvi, 137. 
riibak, 137. 
riibak-dahishnih, 137, 
riiban, 138. 
rubanik, 138. 
riibishn, 138. 
riibishnih, 138. 
rud, 139. 
riidik, 139. 
rut, 141. 
rukho, 132. 
run, 141. 
riipo, 138. 
riispik, 140. 
riispikih, 140. 
Rustam, 140. 
ruyin, 140. 



sadigar, 160. 
sag, 169. 
sag' An, 164. 
sahmgiin, 154. 
sahmgiinih, 155. 
sahmkiin, 155. 
sakht, 154. 
sakht, 154. 
sakhtano, 154. 
sakhtih, 154. 
sakhun, 155. 
salak; 155. 
saman, 155. 
sang, 169. 
sangih, 165, 169. 
sar, 161. 
sard, 161. 
sardar, 167. 
sardarih, 167. 
sardih, 161. 
sareclak, 164. 
saritar, 163. 
saritarih, 163. 
sarituntano, 164. 
sarmak, 162. 
sarya, 161. 
sarya-bakht, 162. 
saryaih, 162. 
sastar, 155. 
siitiinAn, 154. 
satiintnno, 154. 
Savak, 166. 
sazak, 160. 



sazakvar, 160. 
sazakyish, 160. 
sazd, 164. 
sazdgun, 164. 
sazdun, 164. 
sazidano, 161. 
sedktintano, 169. 
sej, 169. 

sej-homand, 169. 
sejidano, 169. 
shad, 173. 
shadih, 173. 
shafik, 176. 
shahih, 173. 
Shahptihar, 173. 
Shahpuhar, 172. 
shanak, 174. 
shanat, 187. 
shanatak, 188. 
shanaya, 187. 
shap, 175. 
skapak, 175. 
shapan, 175. 
Shapikan, 176. 
shapir, 175. 
shapirih, 176. 
sharm, 181. 
shashum, 183. 
Shaspigano, 182. 
sbatman, 177. 
Bhatro 178. 
Shatro-aiyyar, 178. 
Shatro-iyarano, 178, 



index. 



305 



shatrostan, 179. 
Shatro-yar, 179. 
Shatvfcro, 180. 
shayastano, 174. 
sheda, 172. 
sheda-yazakih, 172. 
shedayya, 172. 
shedayya-yazakih, 172. 
shedkuntano, 192. 
sheduntano, 179. 
shekona, 184. 
shem, 184. 
shiba, 174. 
skikastano, 183. 
shikenjak, 184. 
shikuft, 184. 
shikliftak, 184. 
shikuftich, 184. 
shir, 191. 
shirin, 191. 
shita, 176. 
shivan, 192. 
shivonidano, 193. 
shlam, 188. : 
slmayadarih, 187. 
shnayidano, 186. 
shnayinidano, 186. 
shnayinishn, 186. 
shnumano, 189* 
shochruntano, 188. 
shuftano, 187. 
shut, 190. 
shM-mond, 190. 



shukuh, 183. 

shusar, 188. 

sikal, 164. 

sipah, 156, 160. 

siparam, 160. 

sipas, 156, 160. 

sirih, 169. 

sizdahum, 169. 

sneshar, 165. 

soj, 166. 

sojak, 166. 

sojed, 166. 

song, 168. 

Soshans, 166. 

spazgih, 160. 

spazgik, 156. 

Spedomad, 157. 

Spen-dad, 156. 

Spendarmad, 157, 161. 
Spitaman, 157, 161. 
spokhtano, 156. 
spor, 161. 
spurdidano, 156. 
spush, 156. 
srayad, 161. 
srob, 162. 
Srosh, 162. 
srosho-charanam, 163. 
Srosh-yar, 163. 
Srosh-yasharibo, 163. 
Srosh-yashambo, 163. 
srub, 162. 
sriibin, 162. 



srudano, 162. 

stahambak, 158. 

Stakhar, 158. 

star, 159. 

starak, 158. 

stardako, 159. 

stared, 159. 

star-gubishnih, 159. 

stavar, 159. 

stayidano, 158. 

stayinidano, 158. 

stayishn, 158. 

stayishnih, 158. 

sti, 159. 

stih, 157. 

stik, 160. 

stish, 158. 

stor, 159. 

stored, 159. 

stun, 159. 

sud, 166. 

sudih, 166. 

sui, 169. 

suk, 167. 

sukhtano, 165. 

siilak, 166. 

taftano, 115. 

tag, 122. 

tag-diliryish, 123. 

tajidano, 117. 

tak, 116. 

takarg, 118. 

takht-g&h, 115. 
39 



306 



Index. 



tamman, 118. 
tanapubar, 118. 
tang, 121. 
tangih, 122, 
tanid, 121. 
tanidich, 122, 
tanidich, 122. 
tanu, 120. 
tanu-dmst, 121. 
tanuiha, 121. 
tanu-i pasin, 121. 
tanu-pasmo, 121. 
tanur, 121. 
tapab, 116. 
tar, 117.' 
tar, 116. 

tarazinidano, 117. 
tarazuk, 117. 
tarba, 117. 
tarih, 118. 
tarik, 116. 
tankih, 116. 
tars-akasih, 117. 
tasht, 118. 
tasum, 118. 
tavak, 116. 
tobrunastano, 116, 
telatak, 117. 
tir, 122. 
tishga, 122. 
tishn, 122. 
tishnak, 123. 
tiahnakih, 123. 



Tishtar, 122. 
tiz, 122. 
tiz-sopik, 122. 
tohik, 119. 
tokhm, 119. 
tokhmak, 119. 
tomik, 120. 
tora, 121. 
Tosar, 120. 
tubau, Hi). 
tubanastano, 119. 
tubanik, 120. 
tiikhshak, 119. 
tiikhshakih, 119. 
tukhshidano, 116. 
tukhshldano, 119. 
uzdahishnih, 236. 
va, 225. 
vachak, 228. 
vad, 248. 
vdd, 227. 
vadak, 235. 
vadakhtano, 234. 
vadardak, 234. 
vadarclano, 235. 
vadardano, 234. 
vadardik, 235. 
vadirdano, 235. 
vadirishnih, 235. 
vadman, 251. 
vadimtano, 231. 
vafar, 233. 
vaghdAn, 246. 



vahak, 227. 
vahisbt, 229. 
vahisbtik, 229. 
vahishiim, 91. 
Vabram, 227. 
Yabramaii, 227. 
Vat,. 231. 
vaj, 228. 
vajar, 235. 
vajarak, 236. 
vajardano, 235. 
vajidano, 237. 
vajir, 237. 
vajirkar, 237. 
vajir-khvastar, 237. 
vajuishno, 237. 
vajiistano, 236. 
vajustar, 236. 
vak, 246. 
vakhduntano, 232. 
vakbshak, 229. 
vakhshidano, 229. 
vaklisishno, 229. 
vakhtano, 226. 
val, 238. 
valino, 228. 
Valkhasb, 238. 
valman, 240. 
vamik, 230. 
vanas, 247. 
vanaskAub, 248. 
vang, 231. 
vanjisbk, 248. 





Index. 


m 


var, 237, 


vayo, 252. 


visp-ramishn, 250. 


varan, 228. 


Vayo, 231. 


visp-shadih, 250. 


varazishak, 238. 


vaz, 228. 


viyavan, 226. 


varcjanidano, 238. 


vazak-kar, 23(3. 


vohuk, 230. 


vardidano 239. 


vazand, 242. 


Yohuman, 230. 


var din, 239. 


vazluntano, 241. 


Yohuman-minishn, 230. 


vardinidano, 239. 


vazurg, 236. 


vurzishnik, 248. 


vardishn, 239. 


vazurg, 236. 


yadadan, 173. 


vardishnih, 239. 


vechast, 249. 


yadadan - minishnyish, 


varen, 240. 


veh, 242, 243. 


174. 


varenoih, 240. 


veh-dost, 245. 


yadman, 164. 


vareno-kamakih, 241. 


vehih, 245. 


yaitunishn, 190. 


vandano, 228. 


venishnih, 252. 


yaityunishn, 191. 


varijan, 241. 


ver, 238. 


yaityuntano, 190. 


varoishn, 241. 


Verehram, 238. 


yakhsenunishD, 182. 


varz, 239. 


veryok, 250. 


yakhsenuntano, 182. 


varzak, 239. 


vesh, 250. 


yamtuntano, 185. 


varzidano, 240. 


vihad, 243. 


yanseguntano, 276. 


varz-kardih, 239. 


vijarish, 236. 


yar, 180. 


vashadak, 104. 


vimarih, 251. 


yashar, 2. 


vashadano, 243. 


vimgun, 252. 


yaslmraish, 3. 


vashad - dubarishnik, 


vimond, 251. 


yasharaish-stayishnib, 3. 


243. 


vinasidano, 248. 


yasharmok, 3. 


vashammuntano, 245. 


vinik, 252. 


yasharmokib, 3. 


vasht, 244. 


vir, 249. 


yasharub, 4. 


vashtamuntano, 244. 


Yiraf, 249. 


yashambo, 4. 


vashtano, 245. 


virastak, 249. 


yasharub o-dad, 4. 


vashuftano, 245. 


virayishnih, 250. 


yashamvo, 4. 


vastar, 242. 


vish, 243. 


yashtano, 267. 


vastardano, 242. 


Yishtasp, 244. 


yat-aMk-veryok, 256. 


vastarg, 243. 


Yishtaspano, 244. 


yatuk, 178. 


vastryosh, 228, 


visp, 243. 


yatukib, 178. 


vayidano, 229. 


visp, 250. 


yatuntano, 178. 



308 



Index. 



yaz, 258. 


yoshdasarih, 279. 


zaremayo, 147. 


yazakih, 259. 


yudan, 280. 


zarin, 148. 


yazdahum, 180. 


zadak, 146. 


zekteliintano, 149. 


Yazdakard, 184. 


zadano, 146. 


zen-afzar, 152. i 


Yazdakardik, 184. 


zadano, 146. 


zerkhimtano, 146. 


yazisbn, 258. 


zadar, 146. 


zinhar, 152. 


yazisbnih, 259. 


zafar, 146. 


zisht, 152. 


yazishnkar, 259. 


zababa, 145. 


zivandak, 152. 


yedato, 177. 


zahabaan-kard, 145. 


zivandakih, 153. 


yedruntano, 163, 286. 


zahabain, 146. 


zivastano, 152. 


yehabunadano, 174. 


zababin, 146. 


zivisbn, 152, 


yehevunishno, 190. 


zabak, 145. 


ziyan, 145. 


yebevuntano, 189. 


zahar, 145. 


zofar, 150. 


yekavimunadano, 268. 


zak, 148. 


zohar, 150. 


yemaleluntano, 270. 


zakai, 148. 


zor, 151. 


yemalelimtano , 269, 


zakar, 149. 


zmvan, 148, 


270. 


zakham, 146. 


zuban, 150. 


yemituntak, 271. 


zakham, 145. 


ziid, 150. 


yemituntano, 271. 


zakich, 149. 


ziir, 151. 


yesbt, 2, 266. 


zakich, 149. 


ziir-gukasih, 151. 


yetibunast, 257. 


zak-niz, 149. 


zuvanih, 150. 


yetibunastano, 257. 


zaman, 149. 


ziizak, 151. 


yezbekhunishn, 265. 


zamanyish, 150. 


zy-, 151. 


yezbekbiintano, 264. 


zamik, 150. 


zyam, 152. 


yezbemunastano, 258. 


zan, 127, 150. 


zyamano, 152. 


yezderiintano, 265. 


Zand, 151. 


zyash, 145, 151. 


yin, 287. 


Zaratuhasht, 147. 


zyashan, 145, 152 


yom, 281. 


Zaratuhashtan, 147. 


zyat, 151. 


yom-shapan, 282. 


Zaratiisht, 147. 




yosbdasar, 279. 


zard, 147. 





Index. 



309 



Suffixes. 



-ad, -ado, 6. 
-adano, 7. 
-ak, -ako, 194. 
-ak, 30. 
-am, 206. 
-an, -ano, 38. 
-and, '248. 
-andak, 251. 
-ask, 170. 
•ast, -asto, 157. 
-astano, 150. 
■at, 115. 
-ato, 6. 
-d, 254. 
-d, 115. 

■dak, -dako, 118. 
-dan, 272. 
-dano, 120. 
■ed, -edo, 256. 
-em, 269. 



-end, 248. 
-end, 248. 
-gan, -gano, 186. 
-gun, 272. 
-gun, 282, 283. 
-liomand, 57. 
-ich, 123. 
-ick, 258. 
-ich-i, 127. 
-icho, 126. 
-id, -ido, 256. 
-idano, 257. 
-ill, 1. 

-ih, 64, 171. 
-iha, 171. 
-ik, 267. 
-in, -ino, 272. 



4skn, -ishno, 186. 
■ishn, -ishno, 267. 



-kun, 200. 
-kun, 203. 
-man, -mano, 208. 
-mand, 221. 

-mond, 220. 

-6m, 247. 

-skan, -shano, 173, 174, 

-t, 115. 

-tak, -tako, 118. 

-tan, -tano, 116. 

-tano, 120. 

-tar, 117. 

-turn, 120. 

-iim, 247. 

-vand, 248. 

-yen, 288. 

-yih, 2. 

-yisk, 171. 

-yishn, 267. 



■kar, J 98. 



I. 74, 255. 
II. 1, 2, 255, 266. 



III. 


6, 64, 


164. 


IT. 


^o^ 73, 




Y. 


64. 




YI. 


64. 




YII 


. 73. 





Numeral ciphers. 



VIII. 74. 

IX. 65. 

X. 194. 

XII. 156, 171, 194. 
XTTT. 174. 
XY. 196, 199. 
XVIII. 196. 



XX. 142. 
XXX. 136. 

XL. 153. 
LX. 265. 
XC. 164. 

C. 135, 261. 
300; 67. 



310 Index. 

600; Go. 10,000; L98, Vlum, 65. 

700 ; 73. Hum, 54, 256. Vllum, 73. 

900; 65. Ilium, 65. VI Hum, 74. 

1000; 136, 261. lVum, 74. IXiim, 65. 

0000 ; 65. Vum, 64. XXXum, 137. 

Z a n cl wor d 8. 

ahmai, 4. kahmaichid, 195. vohu, 230. 

nshem, 29. ushta, 244. yahmai, 185, 



Appendix. 

A o t e s on P a h 1 a v i grammar. 

I. Examples- of the various phonetic powers of the Pahlavi 
letters and their compounds. 

jj, or j», 1) a (initial) in q£>* asp, ytlSu Airdn, ))&}** aetun. 
2) d (initial) in "J0^OO' u ^shtth, £))H$*> dshup; (medial) in )u£ mar, 
3»pQ)iiid sdsidr. 3) h, ha, he, hi, hu, in Qu Inch, ^*X> sahcd, 
tfy{}** hasht, -juuj3 zahabd, feu Jiesam, ^XJ^I vahisht, yo*yu hu- 
rodishn. 4) kh, kha, khe, khi, in ^yu khrus, -j^jj^ kakhsh, -j^jj 
khayd, «J()-uJ) Valkhash, ^)[$** kheJmiind, ffju khirad. 5) zda in 
JtD^-f Mazdayait. 6) 2 in SSu 200, ^ 2000 > 

•_u 1) d (final) in -jui) rabd, -»£)&} kaspd. 2) h (final) in -wfQ) 
stih, -u)ajq shukidi. 3) kh (final) ii -m3j£ duzakh. 4) 6/c for au ac 
(final) in -*>£y* homande. 5) st? (final) in -u£yoy* Aaharmazd. 

y 1) h (final) in y\> zareh, Vj£}*> homanih. 2) /v7? (final) 
in V^^ duzakh. 3) a<? fos-^i* ae (final) in yj£}** homande. 4) 
« &, or «p, (for ijj , oi Q)») in yu> khvdb, or khvdp. 5) the cipher 
2. 6) see all compounds of 3 + ». 

<*iy 1) AM, «M«, in o^y afc//, ioQ> akhar. 2) «/>, a/m, in o(y£ 
c/?a// r )j^i hdhar. 3) <:7/,7?, aMa, in O^O^O* ^^rs&/, ^*(yv rar dkh, 



312 Phonetic powers of letters. 

Ju^ypQ) Stdkhar. 4) hd in 3.ttJL£y hdsar, j-^iy) vahdk, *\yt)Y-$ mi- 
vakjid. o) khd in aoq» klidk. 6) flj-tj «//£, in -t-^ygj paw, Ajuyp^y 
aperendyik. 7) ish, csha. yash % yasha, in Z2-*iy) nishiv, -*(^fQ) s££s/?, 
^ JL C)0 snesliar, «A(y3 zyash, ny^(y yasharubo. 8) fyd in ajo^^^j 
patiydrak. 9) j/fo in -*^y^Aj homanyth. 10) gr^/a in «*(y^ sangih. 
And other compounds of 3 -|- ^ . 

/^y a final form of j^, as in /^y^^j homanyth, 
/ ^y may be a variant of the last in some cases, but is more 
probably a final form of -(y . 

^XJO* 1) hdkht in ^JOO^£) farhdkht. 2) hisht in ^OO* ¥^« 
POiy 1) dhdn in J^OO*^ sipdhdn. 2) ftis/??i in yitfj>)*> khva- 
hishn. 3) ishdn, yashdn, in )*0^) nishdn, )*0£)>3 zyashdn. 4) ryc- 
/wm in )}*Ot)> gchdno. And other compounds of ^ -f- ^0 • 

C£)0* ^) a ^> akhta, in j£c£)£)> akhtman, Je{X>) akhtar. 2) c7A7/f, 
dkhta, in ogX)^) vaddkht, Jcgxyo* a pdkhtar. 3) 7m£a, ft ad, /laV/er, 
in jc^O 4 h®t ar i tfy)&)iy hdddkht, )}tfX)M nihddano. 4) Wt7>£ in 
C£)<)) hakht. 5) yasht, yashta, in c£)£)> ?y«s/^, ))C£)0* yctshtand.*An& 
other compounds of 3 -f ^^j . 

£X)» 1) fyas in c£})J^£)OM niydzdniriid. 2) ?«y«v in j-o£)0»| t^- 
ydvdn. And other compounds of j> -f £x}. 

fJO* *) *^ m * ri Wtj>iy** sdhmgun. 2)dkhm, dkham,\n -JOWMiyY)** 
Itu-ravdkJi-minishnlh, J^O^ zdkham. 3) /^/m in jy^JO* hdmfnd. 7 i) 
khdma in 4£{)J khdmak. 5) any compound of ^ -f .v/* . 

jj^i 1J dklnno in ^AJO*^ Tdkhmorap. 2) for w^*^ cshman 
in fJOM nSskmon, 



Phonetic powers of letters. 313 

y^y 1) aim, aim, alw, in y^y ahu, ^yo* ahdsh, y*)*{y ahvan. 
2) akhu, akhv, in £;0)W akliursand, Jjja ^j^y^y akhveshkd?\ 3) ddn 
in ^>>^^0)^ ansliutddn. 4) «/&#, a/id, in jy^y dhuk, yjfy^yjQ frd- 
humat, •£)*{?)& pardhom. 5) dim, dhan, in -±up(j>£) pdhndi, J)y(y 
dhank, W^Q pirdfian. 6) aM# in )y(y) ndkhun. 7) /*«?;, /iaua, 
hdvi, in ^>^y> hdvdn, )y^y hdvan, ^OOW"* hdviskt. 8 J hdn, hdna, 
in py>) nihdn; jfi)> \ barhdnak. 9) /c/i<m, khdna, in -i>)»(^ klidnik, 
*yiy khdnak. 10) sd<m in y^^yujA> Aulmrmazddn. 11) cs/wa in 
^W3 keshvar. 12) £s/m in )A^yj vardislm. 13) dashin in )^(jj 
dashino. 14) ^ay in ^jy^^tV^J p&diydvand. 15) %<m in )*(^^ m2- 
2/a/i. 16) £fcara, or 2a<m, in ^jj^y^ mddikdn. And other compounds 
of 3 + W» 17 ) 5< ^ in PO*-f masdn. 18) ?/c/io in £|£)"(}" m?ye- 
homarid. And other compounds of ^ -f- ^. 

~Oiy din in ^-t)0»^ mdhik. 

jpo* '^ m i n MJ{yY* khvdhem. 

fO'Qi alien in jOO*)*' klwdhcnd. 

ijj, or y», 1) «&, aba in )tf$^ abidar, iy» abar. 2) a& 
in jm a&. 3) hab in _mw3 zaliahd. 4) see all compounds of u -j- 

^y 1) «i, ato, in ^CSI^tV atojislm, ^OW&tfy a t a ft-ddd. 

2) at, dta, in -jy^^ afas/i, )^y& paid, ))^y dtaro, ^?tVJ b&tar. 

3) ad, ada, in tfy) vdd, j$y-£ mddak. 4) hat, hata, hati, in J^^y 
hattdn, ^>^y hatat, g&y haiich. 5) klit, khta, khet, in ^)*j ?>afr/?i, 
1)^OM£) pokhtano, -ty^y* khctyd. 6) any compound of 3 -j- ^j. 



40 



314 Phonetic powers of letters. 

& 1) az, aza, in l*o* a ^r, -\)W azash. 2) ap, ap«, ape, in 
^^OO*^* a pdkhtar 9 ^i-t^y^^y apatiydrak, jj^yw aperendyik. 3) af, 
afa, in -u)^>» afrd y -j^q>» a/tos/i. 4) ay, ava^ avi, in JtD^o* a?; «- 
yast, pyji^j^o* avaspdrd, 4-wftDO* avistdk. 5) tfefta in ^d») vdchak. 
6) a; in ^Vu khardj. 7) as, asa, <foi, in 3)o> dzvar, $y-f) immh^Sj 
fc)$)» dzard, <)^ty\ bardzishak. 8) ap, apa, in J)ft2))$y dpustano, 
<))ty(° chdpuk, yt^tyQ Pdpakdn. 9) af in jjjj^y dfrtno, tyj Kdf. 
10) aV, az;«, in ja>$)> dvdn, tfjo*^ tdved, flyo* dvard, A$yv^ <7«r- 
mdvak. 11) ftacft in o»i\ Brohach. 12) ftas in 3jj$)> tear, 13) />a/ 
in ^$y fta/^. 14) A:/tef in ^)yo* khefrimd. 15) any compound of 

^> + ej. 

j(jjU* 1) arsfr, arash, in ,j^.jqjU> arshyd, ^ jqjUj arashk. 2) or*/* 
in <J(JjUj)u khvdrih. 3) oYda in JjqjUia^>£) paikdrddr. And other 
compounds of jj -f ) -f- jq . 

My* 1) #%?/ in )jj)Qa> aiyydr. 2) /c/ia?/c in C^vmjj khayebct. 

j* 1) am, ama, ame, in ^)^p amdvand, Qw amarg, 3)&£>)H$>» 
ameshospend. 2) «m, «ma, amw, in tfy*5 kdmccl, y») nam, JjftDi^ 
hdmastand, upy* andmurz. 3) frra, km, hama, hami, hu?n, in J^p-^ 
sahmgiin, Aim* hamdk, 4lpfQ) stahambak, (©p hamich, *)**yiju 
humdndk. 4) /cftm, kham, in p)^ tokhm, PC£)£) pctkham. 

^p 1) amat, amata, amati, in ^>O^Jf amatshdn, ^^p 
amatatj (2^P amatich. 2) hamta, humat, in -X5)*0^£J^p ham-tap- 
tishmh, ^p humat, 

@p hamch in ij(&p ham-chim. 



Phonetic powers of letters. 315 

^ 1) dmak in ^a kdmak. 2) hmk, hmak, hamak ) in ))^^> 
sahmkwi. j£k grehmak, ^Oj bar-hamak. 3) khmak in ^)^> tokhmak. 

p 1) amw in ^y^ dmukht, di*?* andmurz. 2) amcr in 
c£)) p Amerodad. 3) hamo, hamv, in ja j*> hamo-kun, jm >« hamvdr. 
4) khamu in jq^oj* khamutyd. 5) khamr in -a jj> khamrd. 

yo 1) ail, ad, at;, am, in ey£yv> aumcd, -Jf^y* aosh, -w3^ «y7«. 
»q.m))aj avands. 2) aw, cma, in )^5)A> andarun : Jbys Anair. 3) ar 

in J^OO*"^^ Artakhshatar. 4) a-y, am, in )^») wavo, -J^))*^ 
amdvandih. 5) <m, arca, amy 'in )yy* dngun, 3y*) vdng r y*))$> tanu- 
dn, 4^£j pdnak, (oy* dnich. 6) a> in a)^^» avdrik. 7) /m, /id, in 
^■£)*> humat, £y*) nullum, £y* horn. 8) 7iw, han, hin, in 4*»^g) 
pahndk, j££)*> hanjaman, y*ffly* Hindukdn. 9) 7im, /jar, /ior, in 
^j^i3jA»a/ amahraspend, j)^ja) Auharmazd, ^$)y* Horvadad. 10) 
ft/w, ftfto, fc/w, /toa, ft/iazj, in ^ fcMra, fQ)^>) nakhiist, y*&& pa- 
sukho, ^(j^yo khvcsh, juyt) lakhvdr, y$5uy* khvahishn, f&)))tf}y* 
khavitilnast. 11) khan, khun, in ojaj khandak, &$y* khunid^ ys& 
sakhun. 12) fcM in £yo khelmu. 

J-£, or ^m, ad (= ^^> a?2d) in ±£))4-£)0 shedkundnd. 

jw 1) ai (initial) in ojw a%/i. 2) dy (medial) in -j^jw^s^j fc/m- 
ddyih. And other compounds (initial, or medial) of ai + 3 and 3 + .u ♦ 
3) 5 in 5jju» 500, ^\tw 5000. 

-q> 1) o% ay a, in -q>£J po% ^-O 4 -^ sdyak. 2) M in ^-()>)^ tohik, 
3) M2 in a-qj khik, $-(}*} rakhik. 4) &/ida in )-q>i bakhdar. And 
other compounds of .a + ^ and ^ + *0* 5) used for the numeral 
cipher *q$ in -qj ^^JO 1 ^- 



316 Phonetic powers of letters. 

-w (final form of jui) 1) ax, ac, in -u* a£, a£. 2) d£, de, in uu) 
rtu, -JW.J3) nasal, -***£y* homandc. 3) afe, or ay, in -Jwiyg) Frobdk. 

4) /ii in aw fet. 5) khad in -jw /cAaJ. 0) ih in -^^yA) homanih, 
-jwgjjgj farpih. 

^ )>* 1) at, ac, in t» a?:, ae. 2) a/, de, (final) in y*ty) 

nikirdi, y>£p» homandc. 3) 7u in y> fcf. 4) fc/iacZ in y> /i/^ac/. 

5) Hi, in V^j^ homanih. 6) the cipher 5. 7) see all compounds of 

rf a final form of -(y in ^gj pd*, /y$£)*i homandc. 

^ut aigh, aigha, in y*$tL& aighmdn, -^^" aighash. 

uy 1) adm in ^^Hy Admitdn. 2) %m (for «/cm) in 4)Ui/y}>e£ 
spendk-minavad. 3) fe/iwi in tfy)A> hu-khim. 

~*uy acmat in ^^y acmat. 

uy I) aiman in ft} ^y almandcn. 2) hemnu in flQ)) Ky hemnnnast. 

My »2/Wj ^?yo, in £j}(y «?y^A ^^O-XJjOf ayoshddsar. 2) a£w 
in j£wy cunman. 3) a</w in Jjj^o^j^y aguftdr. 4) df#, a^i/, d?/d, d?t>, 
dyava, in -00) ^«- £&? ^OKJ) n dyudd, )(J-^3 zaremdyo, JujtfVY* 
khuddivdr.j ^fty-£ mdyavad. 5) dm, ama, d£ra, d?yc^, ds/m, in M-u-^ 
zahabdin, jftf dinak, yqfi &a£ra, ^f^y-^Vd padmdyend, ^})tf)H$ shin- 
dyinul. 6) Ac?? in ))yf /icrad. ?) 25?; (for ^ju asv) in 3^)(J totfr. 
8) ?/as?i in )A))(yfO devayasndn. 9) edm« (for j(j.o adma) in -J^)(y 
ed£was/>. 

K^' or K?> ^) " rf ^ in ^-£0)0^ frd-dushmat. 11) fefcdtfj 
khadti, in ^))^f) vakhdund, Vui^^jf kJiaduk-bdr. 



Phonetic powers of letters. 317 

JtV' ytf' or fi^L* ddfi in ^MJ^yj vddtmed. 
mi* 4 in 5)jni 400, cgjui 4000. 
^jh* the cipher 4. 
. j>jw the cipher 5, usually written y jn. 

j 6, &a, &e, fo', ?m, in ogpi brat/, -*h3a kalbd, iiJ aft, \ 6ar, 
^WffQ) stahambak, M$Q)\ benafshma?i, jia kabcd, <J(y£>i bisrayd, 
frH^p rubishn, ^yi buland, )i& chabun. 

^u bbe, bab, in ^f.A libbemmwi, -ajj) 6a6a. 

fij 1) fro; in jugi bajinak. 2) &a^a, &esa, in ^gi bazak, 
"W^Oft?! bezashkih. 

jQOj barehin (for XX) ^j bar Shin) in ^})OyJ barchinid. 

(oy 1) 6»y, 6fy«, in ^(©)j bujcd, J*fc(©n bujishn. 2) bite, 602a, 
in ij)(©n buzurg, A^gu bozashk. 

<©m bunich, in ^uw/ ham-bunich. 

Q 1) Pi P a i P e i Vh in 5^6 P«fc 5 -^d) w*P^> d^ fc ^P? ■*"£) 
parl^, yt!)dr^ a W ast i WrJ^d pesktind, $)&*>)* gospend, ^>Od1 m " 
pi's/tf. 2) f, fa, /&, in )pi>3^ frarun, ^yMy frift, ^ kof, S^3^j 

farhdng, JQ) vafar, ftyijJQ fi r *kht. 3) t>, i;a, in ^W bctvrak, Qy£ 

\ 

garov, ^e£)O0£J vashadak, J£)ty azvar. 

^ 1) t, fa, £e, fa', £w, £0, in ■^)(t)Aj^> tdrtum, ?>£))5^£} patkuft, 
<*(y&y> tapdh, ^^0 shanatak, fQ))pt^ tebrilnast, ^)p^3 zektelund, 
j^jq^o tishgd, yO~\}**V tukhsMd , ^y^o torunak. 2) d, c/a, in. 
^O^O^S dkcshih, fty^d padmukht, yy$ drud, -Jy?>gj padash. 



318 Phonetic powers of letters. 

(o , or Q-, 1) c/?, chctj chi, in -ugp£ chipd, -"£-£4 kamclid, 
(3)£) panch, i)(o chandj 4^)£y rochandk, ■£> rJmre. 2) J, J«, J/, ju, 
in ^OS?* &#*$ tfldJ^ aspanj, )(*£<?& padmujan, )^£)) vanjishk, 
*)fO)& jundinand. 3) s, sa, sw, in s*gs) duzd, £y.*£) partis, )(29r^ 
droghzan, i3£) vazurg. 

e) an occasional form of g , as in ei^^tO^ utdshich. JjOeJ 
chigiw, &y*&) vajdrdd. 

3 1) r, ra, re, n, rw, ro, in fQ).u3 ras£, 3^y)j brddar, ?>y) 
raft, y£ marak, tfjjj^tyj rcliatuncd, jfi)u arczdr, yiyy* khurishn, 
yoJ rukho, fty)$ drukht, f^)3 rost. 2) a numeral cipher in jj 20, 
_j) 50, S\ 100, ^ 7000. 

), or 7, 3) /, /<:/, /e, fe*, in -Jyi33 /<%a, -w]3^ kedbd, 3jj^ M'fcaV, 
aj fak, ^)jj^ s«7a/v, ^)a) lekum, ^Q)3 /^f, ^'.ul bdlishn. 

i (occasional Huz. final) 1) r in ^J^y akhar, L^3 zakar, ^*{y£ 
mckhdr. 2) / in*ijj al, i) t?a/. 

-u3 1) rd (final) in -a»3q)» #/Va. 2) Id (final) in -u).u) laid. 

>**3 1) ram, ram2, in 3j^ >w3 Rdm-ydr, ^ J iy) Vdhrdm, )*&£& 
rdmishn. 2) rhama in ^i**3i bar-hamak. 3) lakhm in -"i*3 lakhma. 

^) 1) r£, ra£, in -uflyiJ ar^a, ■^flyg) fratum, tfju drat. 2) n/, 
rt?a, raV, r«</, rcc/, in -ufly-u -4rdttj fly-> sa/v/, ^fly^ murdak. y^^j) 
vardishn, -ju^aj^ rad-khfidd, (t)jt2) stared. 3) /a£, ?a£a, in ^(t)^ 
telatdk, rffiyo latamman. 

y I) ?'c// in a«e)jj^^ kaddrchai. 2) rj, r^'a, raja, in p^£J far- 
Jam, e)-* 1 fli^j ^O^Se)-^ safarjetiyd, ?&V& f raja ft. 3) rz, rza, rzi, 



Phonetic powers of letters. 319 

raz, in juyn burzdk^ &) varz, )&** arzan, y^y* garzishn, £y razm, 
^^jj akaraz. 4) raf in &)q$b* drafshnik. 5) laja in )£ lajan. 

yJ 1) rru in jjDjj arrun. 2) Mil in ft^Jr^ khalelunast, 
&})yJjH ye?naleluned. 3) ftj (for ft) in j^-^ dekhlun. 

*$ !) rwi, ma, r«m, rama, rem 9 rim, in ^^^j farmdn, -$) 
narm, S)^)£j pur-marg, ^))tfjv ramttund, °$y* khuram, a-^ ramak, 
WV-J zaremdyo, •$$ darim. 2) Zm in ^.tt £a?m. 

f€? 1) rmu, rmo, rarnu , ramva, in ^ojv£j farmud, $w*(y 
yasharmok, )$3y piramim. 3)&\ baramvand. 2) rmaw in fv-*(y 
Akharman. 3) kw in 5)^ii khelmund. 4) Zman in f£r) valman. 

y 1) rw, ro, n;, rva , ra, raw, rat'a, rcva, in ^ip rubdn, 
)yuy> avdrun, yi^y roshan, yi$*y) varoishn, tfy*>y£ marvdrid, 
(t)r£J V arvarL l-> QX>r* harvisp, yi$$y* giravislm, tfjy£) fravard, 
^uy^y dtarevakhsh. 2) raw, ren, runa, in gy ran^*, 4yo* afrank, 
)y) vareno. *yy torunak. 3) lu, /o, fey, tei-a, in j^y liitak, ^)y-J) 
vazlund, ^y Wit, yy levin, j£Vr levatman. 4) Jan in j£y lanman, 
iyu buland. 

$ 1) rim, rem, in J^ s^m, J£ji burcm. 2) r#m in jA^^ngh 
bitziirg-minishn. 

$ riman in *J($|^p rimanih. 

3 s, sa, se, in ^3 sat/, 53^ mozd, 3 J raz, -*H3i3 zab- 
zabd, ^))*3 zednuncL 

^O sad, zada, znd, in )jj^o zaddr, ))^S zadano, y$ty afzud. 
)s zar, zare, zer, in ui^ zarhi, yJ^ zareh, ^)yiJ^ zerkhimd. 



320 Phonetic powers of letters. 

jp zm, zam, zcm, zima, in y^mfiu azmdyishn, y*S zam&n, $ 
zcm, ^Jt2)j£ zima start. 

& zmu in ^ jSy* auzmud. 

p 1) zu % zd, zv, in yoifi zubdn, *>)£& afzinuk, \o|S zohar, 
-u)f£u khazdrd, yofiyo huzvdn. 2) zan, zani, zin, in 5|S sand, J*|£i 
bazankar, y^fi zanishn, y£fi zinddn. 

i3 1) s, sa, S£, si, ^, (initial and medial) in ^y^ srud, W-^£) 
pasi?i , tfj£> sard, )i5u asar, ^))4^ scdkund, ^jw-^w yansegflnd, 
jmjM sikdl, J*0^))£) ptirsisJm, fly^^y afsurd. 2) any compound of 
3 + 3 and 3 -J- a. 3) a numeral cipher in Aii 50 (usually ^«0), 
,033 3 (usually y»). 

_y 1) s (final) in -^)iJ)) vands, ~(y** ars. 2) any compound of 
3 -f- 3 arid 3 -f a, 3) the cipher ~y 40 and in ^-(5 50. 

-Ahtf, o^33, ^>0>i5, )«0*i3, 9tV-^' *>>*>i ^1 J**i >*33, 
jyfi3, etc. are often written like o(^3, -*0^ SOOO^ WO- 5 ' ^OO^* 
00*' 4rb 3 ' iW*' W j ' WO 3 * etc - respectively. 

wj i) s«& (= 1^ , or iA5 ) in ^>K5)0 sabsabd (?). 2) ?/#> 
in yp)Q-M khaycbet. 3) c/efr in ^-a>)0 d£6a. 4) fojafc in ^jj O^-f »*«- 
goi-gabrd. 5) gN/afc in -u)^^ mog-gabrd. 6) d$ (= j^ ) in JQ 

d#i. 7) jc/i in >^ jeft. 8) ?A-^ in )Q£ mikh. 9) i#t/ in gp^A) 

aiyydd. 10) for 03 in^(^ 72. 

yQ) 1) sf, sta, sfa", s£m, 6to, 6'«f, in ^JjjjiQ) stdrak, InpQ)- 5 dasto- 
bar, fQ)ii />as£, ijtl) stor j ^FQ)) vastarg, -uftl) s *^j J^OFQ)^ ^ s_ 
ft'*7m, i'3^)) .<?fwy/, AOyTtD^ austurdak, i^jfCD^ hvstovur, )fiQ) .<w//3, 



Phonetic powers of letters. 321 

pQ)3 rasat. 2) sad in 3.i)flQ) sadigar, fQ)i basad. 3) yld, yed, in 
fQ)uj w%fd, fO)u£) numdyccl. 4) dft, tM, du/a, in ^»))fd)^ fc/ia- 
ditund, fQ)p randid, ))fQ) dulano. 5) <?& in -^fQ) #etffc. And 
other compounds of ^ -f- &}. 

£2 1) sy« in ^^d) pasijak. 2) sas in ^££ 5«.^6?, ^££.u 
asazdk. 3) sp, spa, spe, s/p, s^pa, in 3)££ spo? 1 , )^)^^0* «^«- 
spdrislm, &)** asp, 33^5 spa^a, -(ji>3e£jj aspards, y$y)££ Spen- 
darmad, *)££)*&£ ameshospend, <*(y&) sipdh, ~4j&&&yo ansipds, 
vfc£ siparam. 4) swf in ^o^ suft. 

Hj 1) 5m, sam, som, (usually ,£tf) in yotO** dsmdn, H}*** hcsam, 
K)3i baresom. 2) i/cm in ' tQuf) numdyem. 

K3 1) smaw, smin, in /p3^ hresman, tp^ ydsmin. 2) ^m^ 
in ftyjO-u ayc-mukht. 3) yadman in *p yadman. 4) gadman in 
Ap gadman. 

jO 1) sw, so, «y«, saw, in ^^j swd, ^)0^ tasum, j**(*jO sojdk, 
*OjOO* cifsos, 3)f0)y* khursvand, ^-ujO Savdk. 2) sw, srca, saw, sw, 
sin, in 3^y|0 ^csha?\ ^^3^3 ii^* Mdzdayasndn, Xu^jtyu dsnatdr, 
SjQ sang, kftjju Alaksandar, ^jjO^O yakhseniincd, yflju asinm. 
3) sar in Jj$jO sarddr. 4) i/m, ?/ma, in y^=u <%m, c£)j0-u3 ra- 
2/mfd, ^jj^ji giryinand. 5) £<jtl in ^^fjO*)* avi-gumdn, )f(}(* chigun. 
6) Jm in ^JJfO jindk. 

TOi ov JVi 7 ) ^ y ) det;a, in jjj^q de<ya7, ytjfjft} devayasndn. 
8) rfm, d£m, den, in -uj$ dwa, j£jjj adin, GfO** adinich, *fOr 
rodcnd. 9) dgu, or dfc#, in )ft$3*3 sazdgitn. 

TO' or 10' 10 ) .9* w in ^OTC^-f rndrginid. 11) #do in ^^j 
pctgddn. 



322 Phonetic powers of letters. 

■*tt 1) si in -jyiitt sirth, j*X>j rasik. 2) sada, scd , in Jjoxu 

asadar, ^))j*x> scdkdnd. 3) $#// in Jtt sa#. 4) is, &, in y&>) visp, 
^jj^^j pesid. 5) d/<7 in Jto rf*</. And other compounds of J3 + 3 , 
3 -f ja, or 3 -f- ^ + 3. G) a numeral cipher in JOS 3 (usually jm), 
Att 60 (usually -y3j , ^^5 70; also 430 s2, 'thirty'. 

jjjs is often written jy.*. 

«^y 1) sh, sha, she, shi, shu, in id^y sMr, C^-Jy^ khurshed, 
-jy)*> fe/wta&, -^jy sharm, j-Hj^g hami-shak, -u))4-*y shekond, fQ)^^y 
shikast, J^O^O) 1 zes hishn, jjujq shukuh. 2) ?y« in ^H>tf)-Jy y^!)^ m 4i 
^3^y^ mydzdj *Jy.£ may a. 3) ?/?, ifta, c/?, in O^O) nihiv, -jyfQ)- 1 ^ 
rdstth, i-Jyfi chihar, -»y-iy) vchih. 4) ifc/ia, ?ya/i/i, in i-iyiJ lukhar, 
*)TO~*0 yukhsenund. 5) yazda in ^)4-iy Yazdakard. 

*jy, or *jy, 6) Ja in ^>y j$ d<Mi, 3 JyjO sar dar, «^yjg f«rd& 
7) c/a/i, c/a/i^, in j^jy dahishn, )*0^6 datiishn. 8) </#/>;/<, (/e&/>, in 
^^0^0 dakhshakj ^)y^^(j dekhlund. 

jy, or jy, 9) #d in ^j(5 gfas, it)-^^ angdrd, ^^^ 
tishgd. 10) <jw7i in «jy #Wi. 

«jy » or -jy , 11) Ja in 3-jy ^a*. 12) je/i in -jy ^ft. 
jy a final form of -jy, see -y s + i b. 

^ a final form of jy , as in /\;)jy£ chigitnash, ^j^y^^ 

,0 an occasional form of \ 1 in compounds. 

ayy 1) shd in FQP-HX) shdyast, j J iy}^)^ tftkhshdk. 2) shah, 
shaha, in -^)«*Oy shahth, -^oy^fltVd) pddakhshah, J-*00 s ' U(Jiar - 3 ) 
shkha in -jyJ^yyi resh-kharish. 4) #«/? in -^yycOO 4 ^ tdkht-gdh* 



Phonetic powers of letters. 323 

5) ihd in -^OOrQ))^ postihd, 6) dahd in jj^^ Dahdk. ?) gihd, or 
fc&tf, in ±qqy ft khadinnakihd, 8) ? /M in ^00^X3 dddyish. ( J) 5*/? 
(for HCVO) in ^00^^ okdsih. 

*H)00 1) «&«& in -40^000^^^ pddakhshdhih. 2) shyasha 
in JJr^OOOr-^ Srosh-yasharubo. 3) sft&Ja in a(X)0 ^&fc*. 4 ) 2/«- 
^« in -AOOO-f mydhd, 

«*0000 shcdayyd, or shdcdd, in -J0«*0000 shcdayydih. 

^0000 sheddydza in -^fcMJOOO shedd-ydzaMh. 

^0000 shedddn in ^OOWOOO shedddn-ddd. 

£XJOO S ^P in ^)^>000 Shdhpuhar. 

KHX)0 gdychcma in $K)000 Gdychc-mard (?). 

^)00 1) sM ^j *&&?«, in Jy^)O0 shddih, 5^)001 vashddak. 
2) tfrf&Af, ddkhta, ia c£)O0*£J parddkht, J^)O0>^ anddkhtak, 3) ihdd 
in ^)0C) "TCi)"" Asti-vihdd. 4) ?/Mta in J^OO)*- 4 ^ dsdnyishtar. 

£X)<} 1) sM3, s/ife", in ^0)J£>OO^J bcshdzinid, )*0£)00£l beshdz- 
ishn. 2) sftap in ij^OO^) Nikhshdpur. 3) s/iai?a in ^£)0(jpi3 
sroshdvarz. 4) ^at; in -J(^£)009Cy£) pddiydviK 

JfoO 1) sM?n in ^V-^OO^J bishdmruto. 2) shham in -g^u 
«jyjtt))£j dicsh-ham-pursakih. 3) cZaftm in )*J^0 ddhmdri. 

^-£00 shhumat in ^^()0j^ dush-humai. 

1-^0^ shdmu ia ,.£Q0^ dush-dmukht. 

yyij 1) s/*a^# in ^J^OO^^ khvcshdvand. 2) s/ia/2, shdna, in 
^yOl^* munshdn, jYW shdnak. 3) s/Jiw, s/J?d, shahu, in fltVWO^ 
dush-hukht, s£ytyj)*t h6sh-hdma?id, yQO)> dushahu. 4) shkhv, shkhva. 



324 Phonetic powers of letters. 

in Juyiyoy dushkhvdr, VoOt°£) patash-khvar. 5) yddn in yfJO-£ 
my dan. 6) ihdn, chdn, in )»W) nihdn, YVQ$ gchdn. 7) dahdn in 
YOQ dahdn. 8) gahdn in pOO^O"" ^shgahdn. 9) yadaddn, or T/as- 
c/aw, in >«00* 

K)O0 shkhim in tOOOJ* dush-khim. 

JOOO shahin in JOOO}* aushahin. 

j>\3 1) s/ic6, 5/^6, in ^))3j>^ shebkund, -a»)>0 s/«ba. 2) ?/e/mfr in 
^jjj>Q ychabund. 3) yekhab in )jW^ yekhabkhun, i) JSh in J*$ jeh. 
y»Q, or 3>Q, 5) daftafc in -^S dahabd. 6) for^y*^ in 
_)>£ i5. 

^^ J) s/tf, s/*a£, sftata, sfatfj in ^^H)^ hashtum, tfyw tasht, 
l£?00 Whatman, -^J^OO shatakih, -"^X5 s ^#d 2) sM in ^))^>0 
shedund. 3) ?ya£ in ^)^>0 yatuk, ^))^>C y&tund. 4) ?/«<:/ in ^£)0^j 
frydd. 5) ?/ita in J^t>0£r£) farpihtar. 6) 2&M, Wifa, in ^XJO* 
dvikht, ))^>0* rikhtano. 7) f/ette in )^£>o yedato. 8) #ad, </ac/a, in 
ft>0 ^' M^OO gddano. 

^OO' or ^OO' 9 ) ^ * n \)^€>0 ddtobar. 10) d£d, dada, darfi, 
in i-M^>C ddddr, 4^x3 dddak, )*>JtD^OO dddistdn. 11) c/a&M in 
tfXJ^ andakht. 

yy 1) sftc/?, sftcfta, in J-^OO))^ Mdnoshchiha, Ifo&O)* dush- 
chashm, 2) sftai> in J3^£)0 shavshir. 3) ?/a3 in ^)*($£)0 ydzdahum, 
OOd piyd z ' 4) 2/^f i n ^00^ oy^fk 5) ?/ai> in £X3A3jj dsydv. 

&0 » or £>0 ? ty ^ 2 5 ^**j ^ n ^OfcX^ anddzcd, >*0OO>^ an ~ 
ddzishn. 

&Qi or £)0, ryafa in «<yfc)0 f/dvars. 
^X^ (/ctetfA- in ^)0^ anddzak. 



Phonetic powers of letters. 325 

jfo i) shm, shma, sham, shcm, shcma, in jHSftfj}* ddsh-nunlshn? 
>^,*,u kheshm, j±fo£ chashmak, J5^**u shamshir, -V±fo shemik, 
3^ shemag. 2) yam in v^.u apw. 3) gam in fV£(j gamdn, JfoY* 
hangdm. 4) jam, jTSma, in c^w^ Jdmdsp, j^fo jamah 

-£0' or -£$' 5 ) c ^ m in ?*■&& ddmdn, Jfyy* anddm. 6) da/*/?? 
in )*>£(j dahman. 7) dakhma in a Wi dakhmak. 

^-£0 1 ) s ^???a£ in ^^t5^ dushmat 2) ?/a???J in ^5)^^ z/«m- 
tun£d. 

r ^j 1) sJww$ 3 s/??tto 5 shemvo, in (t),-^)** hoshmurd, %lfo*> «*&- 
7?i6/>:. ^ w»iJ ashem-vohuk. 2) shman in vy*£J) nafshman. 

yi$ 1) s/Y#, s/io, s/iwa, shava , in 3^ sfaK, ^0-^ shashu 
^°)V(2)H5 shochrund, ^)£p3j*0P ameshospend, Vo-^ kcshvar, aj 
shavak, ^OO^W-** Ashavahisht. 2) s/m, s/ma, shana, in j£))*0 s ^m 
/??an, ^j)^)A) khushniid, yi$))j kunishn, 4J*0^ tishnak, ^j*o shanat. 
3) s/iZ in ^)*(5 shlam. 4) ?/a?2 in j^u^s^ khuclaijdn. 5) 2/iw, <?fto, ?/e- 
to, in fQ))^H5H bavihiinast, S^y^J rac-homand, ^)))*0 ychevund. 
6) *&/&# in up-ttj^ Kai-Khiisrobo. 7) ^an, or fcan, jrydfta, in ^0^)0* 
dfrlnagdn, ^jj^y^j Arumdkdn, j)H5*{ bigdnak. 8) Jaw in ^C£)J*0 
jdviddn. 9) ;a?z in a))*^ jdnuk. 

)H$i or ynj , 10) daw, rfdraa , Jem?', in 4<u)*(3 ddndk, ^)J danddn, 
jy^ ddnar, ^hS ddnishn. 11) da/m in ^y^O- 15 sezdahum. 

-00 1) s/?ed in ^JH-OO shedkund. 2) c/%a in ^)*>4-00 da«/a- 
/cam/?. 3) dahi.'m A.-Q0 da/«fc, 4) #e$ in -£)() aes. 

K)() s/ " m in . ^O^KJOd pashimdmh, hjq) nishim. 



um, 
shnu- 



326 Phonetic powers of letters. 

JOO J ) s ^ u j shiva, shyd, in ^t))00 shfvonid, )>00 s hivan : 
)WK>0 5 & Peshyutanfi. 2) shin, sluna, slim, in ^C£}JOOl vashiniddr, 
^JOO) kashinand, $KX3*) kashhid. 3) s7i<7#, shgo, in )JOO^ r ^ i_ 
arm, ^)HX^y dush-gdnd. 4) sftgraw in ^JOO^ dush-gand. 5) g4fyd in 
fu-£X>0 Gdjjomard. 6) da/??/w in ^£)>00 dahyitpat. 7) cMra in 
^00 \ barchinid. 

1_gh, gha, in )£)9#//osa/, )»jy «j v aghddn, 4j3$ drogh, )^jjlial, 
j|w rdghan. 

a fc, fca, fo, fei, few, fco, in -ma)) fewfca, a^ja kudak, j^iy rubdk, 
A)(yu drzukj -a>aa fcafea, ^^(3 shakar, £)3^ Aerp, 9gy))*>A«^)<u ^« s ^- 
kekhundd. f?A feaWi, ^JtD^^O 1 khdkistar. uuy^J rcshkun, -uja. /vo/a. 
It is often altered into ^, or 3, when it precedes yo, 3, jy, or j, 
as in )*0W)0* dfrinakdn, jSgySQ piruzkar, u^ja&iu gursakih, juj^3 
rcshkun; also when it follows 3 , or 3, see .1) and 3 (= k). 



a, or a, the cipher 10 (usually circumfloxed). 
>, Z, sec 3. 

.£ m, m«, mc, mi, mw, mo, in 53^^ mydzd, J*>fy kamdr, 
£y$ dahum, •£)$■£ marddm, ^ namak, ^o)y$A.£ mckadlund, jqj^j^ 
m/ishgd, flQ)-^ kemist, fl°).£ mzmi, 53 •£ wost/. 

-*(y£ J) ma//, m&ha , in a(y£ ma//, yo^j^y^ mdhakdn. 2) mekhd 
n i^fy^ mekhdr. 3) magsh in ^q^* (for -J^-u^ makhsh). 4) mSi/ah, 
or mdyalc, in «aq^ (= Z. md/ja). 

ui^ 1) mam in j^£V tamdm. 2) ?^«A??i in J^^^f mahm- 

dnih. And other compounds of £+***• 

■v 

^f 1) ?/?aa, mam, in y*Qy*£mfinpan : i)uy*£yo hfimdndk, y*£ty 



Phonetic powers of letters. 327 

afmdn, ytoy*G mdnishn. 2) mar in 3)g)&yo£ Mdrspcnd. And other 
compounds of £ -f- u* . 

Q£ mc/i in ^Q^jij harcsom-chind. 

^ 1) mwiw in j)^)^^ lipammuntano. 2) mman, maman, 
mamana, in ^V tamman, y^^^ mamanshdn, -^^ mamanash. 

f 1) ,* m6, in rf mlta, ^ uurutul, IfiJr. 2) m « W , ™, 
ruin, mina, mini, in S^ many, $£y* hdmand, £y lanman, )£&)iy 
akldmanar, )ftJo£ minshdn, *Jfj£ mindsh, y^£ minishn. 3) mar, 
mar a, in )^JOi£* Tnarshtd, -^)^ maraud. 4) m-/7a in J^j^ milatjd. 

jLi^, or /££, madam in ^j^f madamdn. 

) 1) u, 6, o, v, va, ve, vi, vo, in )^«J(j(*} uzdahishn, flQ))^ 
fci/s^, )>u afcti, 3)f^) sior, )j$ A'wo, )^)3j5 girdno, ))H^Y i khurishno, 
)W&y guftano, ^A)3u) varan, 3jj)^^> aumcdvdr, )w ^o?;, )) ?;«r, 
FQ))^£J P a 4vast } i**^)) Verehrdm, -j^) yisfa, ^w) Vohuman. 2) w, 
wa, wc, m, WW, in J(^p) ndmih, tfy)j** ahankht, )y* dron, u)y) na- 
frin, 3)Y&) neflund, fCD^O) nishast, J**^£) numuddr, -^JO-^O yakh- 
scnund. 3) r in <*o)j fcard, -juu fr«ra, $y)£j fms, ))^.£ Miird. 4) ?, 
/a, in -m)^ fco/a, jofl/ia?, 3)gj peZa</. 

3, or £ 7 l>t,.£, #, 2/tf, i/e, 2/«\ in ^fcVfiQP istddah, h>£j p*/, 
3u bo2, *i(^i &cs/&, fl^-u^ numdycd, y&iSZ yasht, JtD-^O* avdyast, 
^o)wi34 yezbehhund, jA^^iS^) pirdyishn. 

A, or S, 2) d, da, efo", in (©p3 dr<y, -mlSa hadhd ) *)))*& jM^- 
wfmrf, ftl)^ das£, ^^^ andarz, f§$y rodishn. 

3, or 3, 3) #, (/a, #e, ,9?', </w, in i33 ryi/, ^5^^ anqczcd, $)$> 



328 Phonetic powers of letters. 

tang, •$$ garni, j£u agar, tf?s) ragclman, fl£)S lTi J^ )¥&Y* an ~ 
gapxno. 

5 4) ja, ji, in fQ)3 jast, J$3 jigar, jW)*J rajistak. 5) k, kcv 
hi, (for a) in ^3 saft, 5)p^3 zcktelwid, 5)p3^j pezkund, L^3 scr- 
fcar, (»^3 zakich. 6) a numeral cipher (= \ 2) in 3 ta 200, 4J£ 
7000; (= J 2) in ^3 2; (= J 20) in ^ 60, ^^ 70. 

j a form of 5 used for the idhafat i and in the compounds y, 
^i .£> >>• 

\ the cipher 1 ; it also forms part of the compound ciphers 
y 2, y> 5, p» 4, jju 5. 

rJ a variant of \ in ,03 2, ^ii 3. 

ij, or y, 1) ib in -uy£ chibd. 2) J6 in -**y4 kadbd. 3) 
</a& in -ujy gabrd. And other compounds of 3 -f- i. 4) 9??/ in -*^yy 
giydh. 5) see j> ft (= -w). 

CO? or ^O 1 1) ^? ^ a ? ^5 2/ a *> 2/ c *> m CO 1 " a ^> ■£\0 JJ a ^ am i 
-utfM 6e£a, 4y-^H>'0 J CO yat-ahuk-vairijok, p^j3 st/a£, ))y^ yctibun. 
2) ?<:/, 2<2a, c<2, ?yad, in c£}-tt))£} pursid, Mtf^fi chidano, a,.u^£J peddk, 
$&)))*& yehevuned) CO^OO s ^U a 4- 

*fy 3) S£, (to, in ^tf})])" hu-bodtum, J^&yH bakindtar. 4) derj, 
dada, in i-Utfj dadigar, yfy)y* Horvadad, jyfy dadak. 5) #£, #ta, in 
■O^O^ 6 tagtum, )&})y tangtar. 6) A;fc in ^y^j3 zcktclunam. 

no* an occasional form of ^ £<2, &/, ?/«</, as in f^3 did, *«**€?%£) 
pcddk, rty^yy* khurshcd, ^)fW vdduncd, tfy^QO shay ad. 

y, or O, 1) soft, ec/>tf, in ^)0 ,u hichih, PO*>> avi-chlm, £Ja3 



Phonetic powers of letters. 329 

lakich, 3)03* acchand. 2) ija, cj, in )o\ barijan, O'^iydj pahrej. 
3) ftg, fjsft, <fe, cza, czi, yaz, yaza, yazi, yez, in Ju^juj hdrizdr, QM 
kaflz, ^O)^ kanizak, tf}&£yo angezed, ^o* avezak, )H$0>G mezishn, 
^^ yazed, -^O-KyOGO s hedayyd-yazakih, pQQ yazishn, $)j£\0 
yezbemund. 4) cf in ^a kef. 5) fo; in 4jO-£ mivuk, q& «&;. 

^ 6) d2c/i in OJJ'O* hdvandich. 7) ctes in ^ <teo. 8) gach in 
j*0 gachin. 9) grcy, gfoye, in jfQpO gajestak, $St3& gajestak. 10) 
jyas;, gwsa, ^a^', in ^£3 gazid, 3)%$** agazand, }*&& gazishn. 

i3, or J3, 1) tr, 2W, er, ?yar, «yer, in J3) t^r, ^.b^ nikirishn, 
^£).bjj aerpat, Jbiiigj frdyar, )%*J5^yo auzayerino. 2) 22, cZ, in i3gj 

i3, or i£, 3) dr, dra, dar, dare, diva, in ?Q).a.b drdyid, ^Q^ 
drafsh, ^-iyi^ dargds, J^W-^ daregush, ygyis dirakht. 

J3 , or )S 4) #re, #ar, #er6, gir, in ^i3 grehmak, yok gardn, 
^gidjj dgereft, jn$k girydn. 5) grc7 in jjj3 #*?m. 

i3 6) a numeral cipher in 5i3 iOO, ^ 1000. 

J03 = a-|-J0,or3+A + 3 ; see 43 s -f- 3 , 

K^ -^ -*00^ SOOO^ WO*' fcK^> e>0*i &3*i ,4^*1 
J*0 3 ? JOO^ etc - are sometimes used for jjii, UA5, o^yi3, ^gX)>.*> , 

^ii, fty-^ o*^? Jf^ 1 4f i^, )****•-' Ky^ ? etc * res P ec ti ve iy- 

JJ 1) ik, yak, yeka, in ^JL>)£j parikdn, jdjm^o tdrik, *)£ mu~ 
yak, y&)V)-V yekavimundd. 2) %g, iga, in ^*\ higdnak, i-i>pQ) 
sadigar. 3) cZa/c in «J0.i) dakyd , &y* andak. 4) Jiga in i-i) jigar. 

j) 1) ?m, cm, «-, yam, yem, yema, yim, in jj^ii asim, ju^ /ccm, 



42 



330 Phonetic powers of letters. 

^ am nemak, A>3 zyam, ^))c^>J ycmitund, *Q)yVjk> yemahluned, a> 
Yim. 2) (jam in ^oiaj gambad, yjpy* angumin. 

aj , or jj , 3) t/am, dama, dem, dima, dum, in ^a>a> daman, ^ a> 
damak, u dem, }A>JtDjJ dimastdn, uQ gazdum. 

«pA> ?ra£a ? cmfa, in )^A)iii basimtar, )ce£4 kemtar. 

J* dammu in ?Q)) •£.£ medammunast. 

aj 1) Zrail in 5) am.u yekavimimd. 2) kaw in jy ajj rimamh. 
3) yemale in ^))j f> yemalelunecl. 4) oamZ in -u f* gamld. 

aj, or aj, 5) rfma^ in ajjS) nasadman. 

y •> or |J, 1) 2/#, 2/0, w, fo;a, -«;£, eva, in ja^jj yuddn, J^£J pa- 
2/ws/i, ^^j ?/dm, -^jjiftl)-") vdstryosh, #})>-} zived, *Q**)yty avi-vands, 
ja($p3 zivishn, )ui bevar. 2) in, ina, ini, en, cni, yan, in uuiiJJ 
asinin, $)y£ minavad, y^y£ minishn, $yOJ rejend, y^y) venishn, 
$)y&y yanscgund. 3) ir in -"W4 &£m, u£p dapir. 

u, or jj, 4) d#, do, dv, dav, dava, in ^(5^ dushman, A>0* 
afdum, ffl)y dost, ftyyy* andokht, £y£%yjj dvdzdahum, yoylu Ar- 
davdn, j$y£ mindavam. 5) dan, den, in y£y danddn, ujyi bidand, 
y)^ kandan, £y denman. 6) dr , dar, in flQ)))J c/rus£, ^yjgj-tt 
Spendarmad. 

|), or j), 7) ail, <?d, in y*£y gumdn, )yyo dngun, 3aijj gohar, 
V&yG magopat. 8) gan, gun, in (©p acwy, &y)y pargandak, pyo 
dngun. 

y 9) j#, jai?, in .ty jui, tyy javid, 10) jaw in yy JW<™. 11) 
jaZ in ^dj) ja/c/. 

uj gin, yen, in uj ?/*^ (often written u£ a"£n), M}))^ ycdrunycii. 



Declension of Substantives. 331 



II. Declension of Substantives. 

Pahlavi substantives admit of no variation except the addition of 
a plural suffix. The usual suffix is jaj -an, as in )*>£)$•£ marduman, 
YWWY* anshutddn, f^Wy rubdndn, y*))$> tanudn, ffl^^y* khu- 
ddjjdn. When the singular ends in a -/c, this letter often combines 
with the plural suffix to form the syllable y^ -gdn, in conformity with 
fjli in modern Persian, but this is more probably a change in writing 
than in pronunciation, as the regular plural termination wwa -kdn is 
more usual in old MSS.; in some cases the termination jq$ -gdn (see 
the glossary) is added to the a, -k. The suffix <*{y$ -ilia (see the 
glossary) is sometimes used to form the plural of a few words, but 
more commonly in the later writings. It should be observed that a 
plural suffix is rarely used when the substantive is preceded by a 
numeral, or adjective, which indicates clearly its plural nature. 

The relative meanings indicated by case terminations in other 
languages, are expressed in Pahlavi either by the position of the sub- 
stantive, or by the use of certain particles. 

"When one substantive precedes another and is not the nominative 
to the verb, and the two substantives are neither coupled together, 
nor in apposition, then the former substantive corresponds to a geni- 
tive, and defines the meaning of the latter, as in qdgj>00 Y*** M 
Airdn dahyupat, 'the ruler of Iran', -ajJj WfV* Midnak-1 babd, 
'the door of a house' ; sometimes a word, or phrase, intervenes between 
the two substantives, as in the case of the genitives £)»J3) in AY. 2,2. 

and )*0)p£ fv^O 1 * n ^* ^> 4, ^ ne g en iti ve a ^ so YeY J °^ eii fol- 
lows the other substantive, in which case they must be connected by 
the relative particle J »", 'that', as in -u^^) jptiy rftbdn-i anshiitd, 
'the soul of man' (lit. 'the soul that is of man'). 



332 Adjectives. 

All the remaining cases, except the nominative and accusative, 
are expressed by the use of the Huz. prepositions i) val (for the da- 
tive), £ min (for the ablative), 5) vad, & madam. £yy levatmav, 
))£J pa-van, uj yin, (see the glossary), or more rarely by their Paz. 
syu. )yo avd. $y az. )J($^> 2 and ah; j& avar, ^u& i avdk, pa 2 , 
)iyo andar ; also by the Paz. postposition -jwj rdi. 

The accusative usually follows the nominative, but is rarely dis- 
tinguished by any particle ; occasionally it is followed by the postposi- 
tion auJ rdi, as in AY. 1, 9. GF. 3, 9, 54, go. 4, 27. and this is more 
frequently the case in later writings, in accordance with the use of the 
corresponding U in modern Persian. 

III. Adjectives. 

Pahlavi adjectives often take the plural suffix yo -an when they 
are used as substantives, that is, independently (the word 'people 1 , or 
'things', being understood) as y*ny-*(y yasharubdn, 'the righteous', 
y^Aifyu Arvmdkdn, 'Roumanians', ^j^^o tishnakdn, 'the thirsty'. 
But when used as adjectives, in connection with plural substantives, 
they do not take the plural suffix, except in a few rare instances in 
the translations of the Avesta, as ))")ipjk(y yasharubodno (= Z. asha- 
vabyo) in Vend. 3,57, 5,143,144. and y^^y^^j pdhlumakdn (= Z. 
vahishtacibyo) in Yend. 2,45. 

The only trace of variation in a Pahlavi adjective on account of 
gender, occurs in a feminine form of Hy^y yasharubo, 'righteous', 
which is occasionally used in the translations of the Avesta, and is 
variously written y lyay in Yend. 19,62. Yas. 6,14. Yisp. 3, 20., 

1 These Paz. forms are also very rare in Pahlavi. 

2 This Paz. preposition has not been found in Pahlavi. 



Adjectives. % 333 

V) \r J iy m ^ as * 2 , 22., ) k MJr"*ty m ^ enc *- i^ 12 ^., and V>>Hy- fc (y 
in Yas. 2, 49. 

The comparative is formed with the suffix J^o -tar, as i^C005^ 
zishttar, 'uglier', ■V)VJ*^ shamguntar, 'more frightful', )^>^)i3 sard- 
tar, 'colder', 3^3i^ saritar 'worse'. When the comparison is definite, 
the comparative is construed either with the preposition fi min, 'from, 

than', or the conjunction axu aigli, 'that, than', as ) 3^y^y ^3 £ 
3^4W) min zak roshantar va naduktar , 'more brilliant and excellent 
than that', ajjj* 9JW J^d^yja sakhttar aigh hamdk, 'severer than all'. 
Sometimes the comparative is used indefinitely, like a superlative, as 
)^f$3 ^ maman garmtar ? 'what is the hotter?' The Huz. ad- 
jective -fag)-^ shapir , 'good', and its Paz. syn. ~yj) vch, are often 
used in a comparative sense ('better') without the suffix. 

The superlative is formed with the suffix ^^ -turn, as ^)^*)}>£'<£ 
sahmguntum, 'most frightful', <£)^4~*t)t)>\ bardzishaktum, 'most embel- 
lished', ^j^OO^ sarydtum, 'worst'. It is construed with the prepo- 
sition £ min, 'from, of, as £)^to)fity y$)f-G £ min minavaddn 
afzuniktum, 'the most munificent of spirits'. 

The adjective, like the genitive, can either precede, or follow, its 
substantive, but in the latter case it also requires the relative particle 
J i, 'that', to connect it with the substantive; thus we find fifty* -»H^ 
rabd hanjaman, 'a great assembly', )j$ ^d^D shapir dino, 'the good 
religion', and AJ-^i J^H boi-i basim, 'a pleasant scent' (lit. 'a scent 

that is pleasant'), -fa^jjy j)ffo dino-i shapir, 'the good religion' (lit 
'the religion that is good'). When several adjectives follow a substan- 
tive, they are connected together either by the conjunction ) va repeated 
before each adjective after the first, or by a similar repetition of the 
relative particle J i. 



334 Numerals. 

Many adjectives can be used adverbially without change, but most 
Paz. adjectives are converted into adverbs by adding the suffix o/y* 
-yishy equivalent to -Jy in English, as in -JQOW) nihdnyish, 'secretly', 
^OOitS)))^ dr&styish, 'perfectly', jy^l5>i> S^o tag-diliryish, 'cour- 
ageously'. 

IV. Numerals. 

Pahlavi numerals are usually expressed by ciphers; but when 
words are used, the numerals 1, 2, 3, 10 are generally written in Huz., 
5, 6, 7, 8 in Paz., and 4 , 9 in either. Numerals above 10 have no 
Huz. form in ordinary use. 

Pahlavi ciphers consist chiefly of three elements : first, the unit \ 
which is sometimes written 3, and is reduced in size to J when joined 
to other units ; second , the ten a w T hich is also often reduced to * 
when joined with units; third, the score 3 w r hich is always reduced 
to 3 , or J , when more scores than one are written together. All 
numerals below 100 are expressed by a combination of these three 
elements, and 100 and 1000 are represented by the score cipher with 
special additions. 

The whole series of numerals and ciphers, with their variants, 
is contained in the following list, in which the Huz. form (of the first 
ten numerals only) is given first, then the Paz., and finally the various 
forms' of cipher. 

1. jjQf khaduk, ou' khad, or ac; ^ 2 ak; \ 3 , i 8 . 



1 Always follows it substantive, sometimes written JM , and may be either 
Huz., or Paz, 

- Only in compounds, as C"£}3l ajj alibrld, V)^** aJcvin. 
3 These ciphers follow their substantives. 



Numerals. 335 

2. y)ys trSn, field; y l , A3, ,-JJ. 

3. -ufly^o telatdj m si] y>, ja^, ,OJ3 . 

4. .mYu arbd, }«*()>£ chahdr 2 ;^ ^S £>&, /Oii5. 

5. J^jy^*^ khomshyd, £)£) panch: y )» 3 , \>J^ A3 Att, ,-JA ,OA3. 

6. -w^x^ s/uYa, ^^ shash] ^^J**)**? -^ -^ r^-^ r^^' 

7. _a^> sfa&a, ^ hafi;^ju»y*3, && & , ^o^j ^j^. 

8. ~H}£)^> tomanya, ftyyu hasht: ^puj* , A3A3 A3A3 , ,OA3a ,-JAtt. 

9. J^-J^A^ tishgd, ^a>) ;z«y 4 ;^^>»)k»jw, AdO Att Att, ,-JAD ,OA5 ^JAS. 

10. «^ja)jj asryd, j^, or )0 5 ' dah] ^'° A, 5 . 

11. J(3oO yazdah', )^'°* 

12. -J(3o*^ dvdzdah 6 ; jsj 5 '_^K5 S r^-^J 5 - 

13. J(3^ii slsdafi ; 3^3 ? J >6? r°-^3- 

14. ^yj^y^ chahdrdah : ^J**^ •> _ lL _J»** i r^*^* 

15. -x3^e) panzdah 7 : ^j*J»3 i >>_^ J /° 3 /^^ ■ 
!6. ^OeH^O s sk^dah ; _J*J*3 j y» »6 j /~>*> r^^- 
17. J(3^o» haftdah; ^j^^T^jHyyo, ,-J.att /OA^. 



1 These and similar ciphers have their tails sometimes reversed, as in ur for yj. 

2 jO^ 6 ^ s " als0 0CClirs in tne com P°^ n d C^^lfO^ 5 tasubrid. 

3 Either cipher may be placed first, but this position is the most usual. 

4 Or ju)j ftavo, but this Paz. numeral and all the following, as far as 19, 
are rarely used, except with the ordinal suffix. 

5 Generally circumflexed here and elsewhere. 

6 Also -JMOHV dubdzdali, or ,j^$)»iA duMzdah. 

7 Also -J(^£)£) pancftdah. 

8 Also ~ii\5 



^CH^O 



336 Numerals. 

19. -£(°W) nduzdah ; ^JJJJ^J) , ^J^J^ 7 /•*>* /■*>* /O^j. 

30. itt si ; J± . 

40. )*£ chihal, or 3j^(y£ chdhal] *(j. 
50. oq*^^ pawjaft; ^ , j* . 
60. pQ>^5 s/ias£; ^ 7 Jtt. 
70. JtV^o* haftdd] ^3^7 _3^- 
80. ^^OO^ hashtdd; *q*> 7 *>ja , ^^ , ^u. 
90. ^)) navad; ^-Q&i _3*>-^7 ,3*0*07 ,3*0*- 
100. j^j) sad, or )fQ) sa£o; 3) 7 3i3. 
1000. Yuo> tear; jJ, ^. 
10,000. 3uj &&w; ^j. 

The ciphers for the hundreds and thousands are 3 Ju , or 3 )y , 
200 ; 5)ju> , or -£}yi , 500; 3 3jui , or S\p» , ^00 ; 3jiipi , or ^Vy* 7 

500; etc. <j\u ? or <l)j>, 2000; ^Yw, or 0_J» 7 5000; etc. In all 
intermediate numbers, the component ciphers are generally (but not 
always) connected by the conjunction ) va y 'and', as y ) j) 20 vet 

2 (= 22), >a> ) ^j) 50 v« 4 (= 34), t >»> )_^ -^D* 50 ° 

50 t;a 4 (= 554). 

The ordinal numbers are Huz. j*Jy* avid, 'first', Paz. -fiflyg) 
fratum, 'foremost, first', pQ)}*>) nakhust, 'first', fQ)$3) nazdist, 'nearest, 



1 Probably for \J '0110 score', which would be read 21 if the \ \v< 
not reduced in size. 



Pronouns. 337 

first'; Huz. 3)^0 tanid \ 'second, another', Paz. jjd^ dadigar, 'second'; 
^Jti) sadigar, 'third'; ^-^(a chahdrum, 'fourth', <GfOy> tasum, 
'fourth'; and all other ordinals are formed by adding the suffix £) -urn 
to the numerals ; and the same suffix is also added to the numeral 
ciphers for the same purpose, as ^)y 2 d , •£)) M 3 d , e * c - 

V. Pronouns. 

Pahlavi pronouns admit of no variation, except that the personal 
pronouns and one, or two , others have a plural form. All distinctions 
of case are indicated by the position of the pronoun, or by the use of 
particles, as with substantives; and adjective pronouns are treated as 
adjectives, but generally precede their substantives. 

a) The personal pronouns are of two classes : independent and 
suffixed. The independent personal pronouns are Huz. ) li, 'I, me, 
m yVpl' i£r tonwow, 'we, us, our'; a) lak, 'thou, thee, thy', pi. ,£U) 
lekum, 'you, your'; and their Paz. equivalents, which are very rare in 
Pahlavi, are £ man, pi. -up amd ; ^ tu, pi. -aj^k^ shumd. In some 

cases the verb <$£y* homanam, 'I am', or its variant )£y* , or ^yii 
is used for the first personal pronoun (see glossary, p. 55, note). The 
third person is expressed by the demonstrative pronouns Huz. tf?) val- 
man, 'that one, he, she, it', etc. pi. p(^Otv) valmanshdn, 'those, they, 
them, their'; Paz. (rare in Pahl.) )yu rivd] and the Huz. i) val, or 
)4 glial, which is sometimes substituted for tf?) valman. 

The suffixed personal pronouns are used only for oblique cases of 
the pronouns, and include the meaning of any preposition (such as 'of, 
to, for, by, through', etc.) necessary to complete the sense ; these suf- 
fixes are £ -am, 'me', ^ -at, 'thee', -qj -ash, 'him, her, it', with their 



1 Used more as a pronoun than as a numeral. 

43 



338 Pronouns. 

plurals y*G -man, W, yoy -tan, 'you 1 , yfjQ -slum, 'them'. They are 
suffixed either to certain adverbs, conjunctions, and relatives, which 
usually begin a clause in the sentence (see fty hat, o* a f~> TO** o,d%n, 
^j* amat. £lu aigh, )T0& chigitn, ^3 zy-. ^ merman, )fimim, $) 
vad, in the glossary), or to certain prepositions in the midst of the 
sentence (sec $y az, w aub-, ^*g pad-, £ min, in the glossary); 
also occasionally to other adverbs and conjunctions, as in -^(©i-A^y 
akharich-ash in Vend. 5, 48., -*0£JWf a yuf~ as h m Vend. 3, 138,139. 5, 41.; 
and even to verbs, substantives, and adjectives, beginning a clause in 
the sentence, as in ay^ogjy guft-ash in Vend. l,i., ^tfj-u ait-am, 
£)&}** a itd-am, £)&$Y lotto-am in Vend. 4,2., ^^■^ maud-ash in 
Vend. 5,26., -Jy^flyg) fratum-ash in Vend. 5, 150. These pronominal 
suffixes are also found unattached, at the beginning of a clause, when 
there is no adverb, or particle, to which they can be suffixed, but in 
this case they generally take the forms of £0 l am, ^y at, oyj) 
ash, )*>£** amdn, yofty atdn, yw** ashdn. 

b) The demonstrative pronouns, which are used either substantively, 
or adjectively, are Huz. sff) valman, 'that', (for which i) 2 val , or 
aj2 ghal, is sometimes substituted) pi. y^Ofv) valmanshdn, 'those', 
Paz. (rare in Pahl.) )yo 2 avo, 'that'; Huz. ^3 zak, 'that, those 1 , Paz. 
(rare) )y* and, 'that, those'; Huz. -uy* hand, 'this, these', Paz. aw, 
or u» , ac, 'this, these', (sometimes written y at, or \ 6) ; Huz. 
^u denman, c this, these', (occasionally j£u) Ic-dcnman), Paz. (very rare 
in Pahl.) u in, 'this, these'. 

c) The relatives )£mun, ^3 3?/-, J -i, 'that, who, which', are 
rather conjunctions than pronouns, for when used with a preposition, 



llarcly written w , except by modern writers. 

These words are moro commonly prepositions meaning 'to, far, at'. 



Pronouns. 339 

the latter does not precede the relative, but is either combined with 
a pronominal suffix in the midst of the sentence, as c£X}3 -^^J )£ 
mun padash rikht, 'on whom was poured' (lit. 'that on him was poured' J ; 
or it is used with another pronoun, or substantive, as )y*\r *fa )£ 
^))W ^r ^ K5 mun kabed riibano yin zak rud yehevund, 'in 
which river were many souls' (lit. 'that many souls were in that river') ; 
or it may be used adverbially with the verb, as uj g)<£3gj ^>$y )£ 
tfy))S$yy* mun haft frasp yin hankhetundd, 'in which seven lintels 
were fixed' (lit. 'that seven lintels were fixed in') ; or the preposition 
may be understood in a pronominal suffix attached to the relative itself, 
as <•{}**)) ^)j£* munash vands, 'whose sin' (lit. 'that the sin of him'). 
Sometimes the conjunction $jw aigh, 'that', is used as a relative (see 
AY. 86,3. GF. 1,4.). 

d) % The interrogative pronouns are )£ rutin, 'who? which? what?', 
j*>^d4 kadam, )u^a kaddr, 'which? what?' (all applied to either 
persons, or things), and ^ maman, 'which? what?' (applied only to 
things); these are real pronouns, as they are used with prepositions 
in the same manner as substantives. The other interrogatives are ad- 
verbs, as qju aigh, 'where?', cptfy aemat, 'when?', )]f}(* chigun, 
'how?', 3)(o chand, 'how much?', ■£*£ chim, or up chim, 'why?'. 

e) Other pronouns are fty hdn, or )y^y hand, 'other', )ufty 
addr, 'whoever', JJja>^» avdrik, 'other', \u har, 'every', £)i3pjj har- 
visp, or fQ)y^ harvist, 'all', u£)43y.u harvispin, or wftDr-* 1 harvisttn, 
'every kind', ***£ hamdk, 'all', u p hamo-kun, 'every kind', yyo khud, 
'self, $y* and, 'so many', 3)& dyo and chand, 'as much as', «J0^ 
khvesh, 'own', £}jj Inch, 'any', sj^jj acchand, 'several', -iy^ khadih, 
'anyone', (pi. POO*** khadihdn, 'others'), £J(^.u khadihich, or ^jyi^i 
khadihich, 'anyone whatever', .^^JH benafshman, 'self, 4)^» timid, 



340 Verbs. 

'another', (*y*(° chdnch, 'whatever', -\)G elvish, 'something', 3\(o chand, 
'some', -juiqu/.1)£o chigdmchdi, 'whatsoever' (also written j^Dg), 
-uo3 zak-ac, 'other' (also written o3 zak-c, ^3 and -uu^3 ), 
-ju)^aj^oa kaddrchdt, -jw^ja/^a kaddmchdi , or jwqpja kandmchdi, 
'any whatever', -uu /jo/«, 'every', V-w)^ kold-2, 'both', (*-u)j koldich, 
or ^C -uu kola maman, 'whatsoever', ■fy^ mindavam, 'something', 
%}•£»£ mindavamich , 'anything whatever', .^fcj) ?iafshma?i, 'own'. 
Several of these pronouns are, however, oftener used as adjectives, or 
adverbs. 

VI. Verbs. 

1. The crude form of the Pahlavi verb occurs as the last mem- 
ber of certain compound adjectives and substantives, where it has the 
meaning of a present participle, as in ))*0)l -^^OO^ dshtih-bavihutij 
'peace-seeking', y v»y* andmurz, 'unforgiving', O^CfQV rist-dkJicz, 
'dead-arising', £y$ Dv^-f mitrd-druj, 'promise-breaking'. In Huz. verbs 
the crude form always ends in )) -un, but in Paz. its terminations are 
various. All other verbal forms are constructed by adding suffixes to 
the crude verb, but when the suffix begins with ^ t, d, it often oc- 
casions a change in the final of the crude form. 

2. The infinitive mood is formed by adding the suffix ))ys -tano, 
(anc. Pers. tanaiy, mod. Pers. ^3) to all Huz. crude verbs, excepting 
some which adopt the infinitive terminations ))fQ) -astano and ))c£y 
-ddano from their Paz. equivalents. The Paz. infinitive suffix is ge- 
nerally ))c£} -tdano, or ))^ -tano, -dam, and sometimes j)fQ) -astano-, 
but the final of the crude Paz. verb is generally altered before the 
suffix ))^o -tand, -dano ; thus the finals o^y -ah, 3d -dr, m -dy, 

i -b (or £j -v), (o (or <a) -j or -z, $) -and, y -m, usually become 
•tt-u -as, -jq-u -ash, ) -u, y -f, jj -kh (sometimes ^ -sh), *> -as, 3 -i, 



Verbs. 341 

respectively, as in ^fCD^)^ khvdstand from ^{yyo khvdh, U^XJ^O 
ddshtano from J-i$ dar, ))$*£) numudano from $**•$) niimdy, U^£))J 
guftano from ijj #«&, ))^t)*^ tdftano from $y^o fc/t', ))^XV r ^>' 
tano from ^3 r8j, ))tfy {* dmukhtano from <o a* awiws, ))^O0^ 
yaslitano from ^5 g/as, HflQ)l hastano from aw &aweZ, 11X5(2 chidand 
from U£» c/«?2. Other more exceptional changes of the crude form (or 
rather that of the present tense) occur in ))Jt2)*"-D drdstano from 
Smju dray, ))fflyy rostano from ay rod, ))$ zadano from fS sa«, 
II^OO dddano from -J0 <:/«/>, ))pQ))H) sktistano from aji^ s/u%, ))^ 
kardano from jja fcww, Ufly^ murdano from i3.£ wwr, 1)Jt2> -Vl nisha- 
stano from JO^) nishin, ))^g)33 gereftano from JaS gtfr, etc. The crude 
forms }tfl)^ tubdn, u3 jsCi;, iJii saft. ja£ daw, j*>4 fcam, yj varo, 
jjjiu dubdr, take the infinitive suffix ))f£2) -astand, -istuno, or -stand. 
The infinitives i)^£" madano and ))tf)3 didano have no crude (presen- 
tial) forms extant, and the crude form u) i?cra has no infinitive in use. 
When a final ) n remains in the crude form of Paz. verbs, the infini- 
tive suffix ))^o -dano is usually changed into jw -dano, or u -c/«?z, as 
in jj^ kandandj )pY*G mdndano, )y)M nqkandano , and often in 
1)>>>*000* afshdndano, )fi$ty afgandano, )f>y*y* khvdndand; this rule 
does not, however, apply to Huz. verbs. The infinitive is generally 
used merely as an abstract substantive, unless it be connected with 
another verb. ' When connected with the verbs 1)^0)^$)* avdyastano, 
))$}&> sazidano, and 1)^2)^*00 'shdydstano (which are generally used 
impersonally) the infinitive is occasionally contracted into the same 
form as the past participle. 

3. The past participle is formed by adding the suffix ^o -<:/, or 
l^o -to, to all Huz. crude verbs, excepting some which adopt the suf- 
fixes fQ) -ast, j?Q) -astd, fty ad. )^y -ado, from the past participles 



342 Verbs. 

of their Paz. equivalents. The past participles of Paz. verbs end in 
^O -*4 ( or )^0 ""/"> V "*> '4 (° r )V -t°, -do) and fQ) -ast (or )ft2) 
-as£o) precisely in the same manner as their infinitives end in ))&} 
-aland, ))$> tandj -dano, and jj^Q) -astern o ; so that, practically, the 
past participles of all Pahlavi verbs differ from the infinitives merely 
by the loss of the final )) -and, or its alteration into | o, or o; and 
when the past participle is used as an adjective, it takes the additional 
adj. suf. ^ -ah instead of the optional final ) -d, or -6. 

4. The preterit is identical with the past participle, and is used 
without change for all persons and numbers. 1 

5. A future participle is formed by adding the suffix y^ -ishn, 
or y^5 -ishn , to the crude verb, as in ^)p5^ yedrunishn, 'to be 
carried', )^-iy dahishn, 'to be given' ; this form is, however, like the 
infinitive, mostly used as an abstract substantive. Such abstract sub- 
stantives will often be found with the additional abstract suffix ~ji* -th ; 
this occurs when they have become the final members of compound 
adjectives, such as ffiQu ayazishn, 'non-worshiping', y^jy* ^O^J 
bisrayd-khurishn, 'meat-eating', yi^^^G) -«)J bard-uzdahishn, 'uplift* 
m §\ )*0^ OM£) frdz-l$hurishn, 'devouring, yi^fO^ ^CO^J P^ddk- 
rdyinishn, 'publicly urging', etc. which are converted into compound 
abstract substantives, by the addition of the abstract suffix «jy -ih. 

C. Present participles are rare, but are generally formed by the 
suffix yo -an (see the glossary), and occasionally by the suffix 3) -and 
which, with the addition of the adj. suf. a -ah, forms the participial 
adjective -*>)w3 zivandak, 'living'. Adjectives with the meaning of 
present participles are formed from the crude verb by the suffix ^i) 
-dk (sec the glossary). 



1 The verb 5yi) k))D yekavimundnd in AY. 70,!. seems an exception to 
tins rule, but it may probably be taken as the conjunctive 3^ pi. 



Verbs. 343 

7. The imperative 1 st sing, and pi. arc formed by the suffix 3y» 
-ani., or 3u -cut) the 2 d sing, is the same as the crude form, and the 
2 d pi. takes the suffix tfj -cd. In Huz. verbs the imperative 2 d sing, 
sometimes takes the suffix uj, or AAJ. 

8. The present tense is formed by the following suffixes : 1 st sing. 
£ -am, (.£) -6m in most Paz. verbs, and occasionally u -cm), pi. a> 
-cm; 2 d sing, -u, or y, -ih (occasionally au -fft, *jy -j/j, or <*(y -ylh), 
pi. p£j -cd; 3 d sing. tfj -£d (sometimes A -rf, or -erf, in a few Paz. 
verbs after ) r, ) ?i, 3 z, or £) i>, as a)i owrrf, Aj*(£ denied, a3^o 
tazed, 5^5 yazed and dazed, A£)3 raved), pi. 5 -rf in Huz. verbs and 
3) -em?, or 3u -ewrf, in Paz. verbs. 

9. A future signification is given to the present tense by pre- 
fixing the particle juu bard (see the glossary), though the object, espe- 
cially if it be in the dative, often intervenes between it and the verb. 
As this particle is likewise often used with all forms of certain verbs, 
to intensify their meaning, its presence before a present tense does not 
always indicate the future. 

10. A continuative meaning is given not only to the present tense, 
but also to the preterit, past participle, and perfect tense, by prefixing 
the adverb ou£> hamdi, 'ever'. 

11. A potential, or gonditional meaning sometimes attaches to 
the present tense after certain adverbs, as in AY. 1,24. 5,7. 10. 12. 
GF. 1,12. after 5) cad, in GF. 2, 41,47. after tun aigh, and in GF. 0,21. 
after feu a din. 

12. Conjunctive suffixes are: 3 d sing, ffy -dd, as in ^y)^ hhu- 
rdd, ftV(0^ tajdd, y&)Y^) vazlundd, ^y))) AJ ycmalclundd, ^y^5 
yedrundd] 3 d pi. Aja> -dud, or A^ and, as in 5^^ patdnd , S^p 
rodclnd, 5^))^XJ ydtdndnd, a^))^-q() shedkundfuL A^jp^ ketru : 
ndnd, 5yfjQU) vahhshdnd : aja^ varzdnd. 



344 Verbs. 

13. Optative suffixes are: 2 d sing. j^3 *, or o^y, -csh, as in «-V)<^l 
buresh, ^j^)^oi3^ yezbekhfinSshj -a^^yn ycdruncsh; 3 d pi. U$ 2 -ye?i, 
as in H5))^-00 shedkunydn, KJ))^) vddunycn, «3)y3) vazlwiycn, 
ujjuiiy yanscgunyen, u$)y$5 ycdrunycn. 

14. Compound tenses are formed by the addition of the auxiliary 
IIuz. verbs £y* human, ))^>)))H$ yehevuntano, 'to be', Jj^yJif)- 1 * V c ~ 
kavimunddano , 'to remain", and occasionally by their Paz. equivalents ; 
these verbs occur in the following forms: 

Present tense : 1 st sing. <$£y* humanam, 4)iC)^ homanom, 'I am', 
pi. i>£y* humancm; 2 d sing. -u£y* ■> yfipi , homanih, -**>£)* ? y*lCY*i 
j^^aj, hdmanih, JL(y£yo humanyih, jqj^o humanoih, pi. &}jCy» 
humancd; 3 d sing, p^jj ait, ViC?* homand, pi. s£y* humand, $)£yo 
humanend. Conjunctive 3 d sing. ^gy£y* humandd, pi. 3yo£yo human- 
and. Conditional for all persons and numbers -u^w, y^)"? humandc, 
ow^y^, y»^A> ? humanac, jyy^yo humanyde. Regarding the optative 
2 d sing. jny£y* humancsh, ~*o£y* humanesh, it may be doubted if it 

can be distinguished from the pres. 2 d sing., or the conditional. All 
these forms are used as independent verbs, as well as auxiliaries, espe- 
cially the pres. 3 d sing, which is very rarely used as an auxiliary. Their 
Paz. equivalents are rarely used, being sometimes suffixed to substan- 
tives as independent verbs, and more rarely to verbs as auxiliaries; 
they are: Present 1 st sing, p am, J$ -am, £) -6m, pi. j» -cm; 2 d sing. 

1 There is some doubt about this suffix which is generally written «VO in 
the old MS. L 4 . 

2 The reading and uses of this suffix require further investigation ; it appears 
to occur only in some IIuz. verbs, and it is found sometimes also in their impera- 
tives, past participles, and present tenses; in some cases it is probably a miswrit- 

A 

ing for &j. The Paz. verb MJW^)^ m Z.-Pahl. Glos. 3, 5 , c- is written ^W5)^ 
tojend in both the old MSB. II r, and K 20 . 



Verbs. 345 

-u, y, -ih, (sometimes -*Qo), pi tf} -Gd\ 3 d sing. ^Q)jj /*as£, pi. 3yo 
and. Conjunctive 3 d sing. &y{} ydd. Conditional for all persons and 
numbers -u , y , -ac, uui , )w 7 -ac, u^y -«/ae (sometimes j^j ) . 

Infinitive J)^)))^ yehevuntano, 'to be' ; past participle and preterit 
WW yehevfind. Imperative 2 d sing. Jy-U)))^ yehevundsh \ pi. ^))^ 
yehevuned. Present 1 st sing. ^*)))^0 yehevunam, pi. £))y^ yehevuncm ] 
2 d sing. y)^)H5 yehevunih, etc. pi. tf})))^ yehevuned] 3 d sing. c£$))^ 
yehevuned, pi. ^))^3 yehevund. Conjunctive 3 d sing. ^>>))^0 2/c/i.c- 
vunddj pi. 3p))^o yehevundnd. Their Paz. equivalents, which are 
rarely used, are: Infinitive ))^)i budano, past participle and preterit 
^u fold. Imperative 2 d sing, ^s^jji &«s7i, pi. C£$l beef. Present 1 st pi. 
A>i 6cm; 2 d pi. *qi feed; 3 d sing, e^u &<%/, pi. an bene?, 5u j 6eftc/. 
Conjunctive 3 d sing, ^yi bad, pi. 3yAJi frawd. 

Infinitive ))fty) »)*> yekavimunddano, 'to remain'; past participle 
and preterit tfy)J>)>v yckavimundd. Imperative 2 d sing. j u)D yekavi- 
mun, pi. ^) ajj.d yekavimuned. Present 1 st sing. £)g)& yekavimu- 
nam, pi. £)£)*> yekavimuneni] 2 d sing. V) g)** yekavimunih, etc. 
pi. ^ AJj-U yekavimuned] 3 d sing. ^)JJ)^ yekavimuned, pi. S) u)D 
yekavimund. Conjunctive 3 d sing, fty) »)*) yekavimundd, pi. $yt) »)*> 
yekavimundnd. Their Paz. equivalents, which are rarely used, are: 
Infinitive ))^tVfQ)^ istddano, or DftVfQ)-** astddano] past participle 
^VJtD^ fotdd* Imperative 2 d sing. y^)d ist, pi. ^5t2)3 ?stcd. Pre- 
sent 1 st sing. 4)ft&* istom, pi. AJfQp istcm] 2 d sing. ttflQ)^ istih % 
ej;c. pi. ^5ti)^ Istcd] 3 d sing. ^f£D^ fc^d, pi. ^JpQ)^ Zstercd. Con- 
junctive 3 d sing. C^yjtl)^ istdd, SftfQ)* istdnd. 



1 This exceptional form of the imperative 2 d sing, is derived from the Paz. 

of; this particular Huz. verb. 

44 



34G Verbs. 

15. These auxiliaries are also used very frequently as independent 
verbs, and ))^)))H5 yehevuntano, ))S$y)J*)±> yekavimunddano, and their 
Paz. syn. form compound tenses with the various forms of £yo human, 
and with each other, in the same manner as other verbs. 

16. Perfect tenses af apparently identical meaning, are formed 
by adding the present of any of the auxiliaries to the past participle 
of the verb, as $fiy* ^)))*0 yehevund homanam, 'I have been', ^)^id) 
rasid-om, 'I have arrived', tfj i y>£ mad bed, 'has come', c^) am.d ^au 
hard yekavimuncd, 'has done', c^ytl)-* ^-£ mad istcd, 'has come'. 

17. Passive present tenses are formed in the same manner, as 
Gfiy* ^)j hard homanam, 'I am made', 3)))H$ ^O^Jti) stdyid yehe- 
vundj 'they are praised', e^) amaJ Ry^Y* cmdokht yekavimuned, 'is 
acquired', tf)flQ)«* ^£)W guft isted, 'is said'. 

18. Pluperfect tenses are formed by adding the preterit of any 
of the auxiliaries (except £yo homan and its Paz. syn.) to the parti- 
ciple of the verb, as y*))W yG ma 4 yehevund, 'had come', ^£y) AJ)Ai y>)j 
hard yekavimundd, 'had performed'. 

19. Passive preterits are formed in the same manner as c£)O0^£) 
^)) yi$ parddkht yehevund, 'were consumed', cgy) u)D <?)y$i yedrund 
yekavimundd, 'was carried'. 

20. Passive perfect tenses are formed by adding the perfect tenses 
of the same auxiliaries to the past participle of the verb, as ^OO-U 
££W C£)M #fM& ddsht yekavimundd homanam, 'I have been considered'. 

21. Passive pluperfect tense may perhaps be formed by adding 
the pluperfect tenses of the same auxiliaries to the past participle of 
the verb, similarly to ^)))<0 ^OMliJ^* , ?4 ma ^ yekavimundd yehe- 
viind, in AV. 89,8. which however, can hardly have a passive meaning. 

22. Conjunctive perfect tenses are formed by adding the conjunc- 



Verbs. 347 

tive of any of the auxiliaries to the past participle of the verb, as ^)))*0 
^y£yo yehevimd homandd, 'may, or shall, have become', 9£y) AJ)i3 ^^ 
mad yekavimdndd, 'may, or shall, have come'. 

23. Passive conjunctiva are formed in the same manner, as 
fty£y* ^j^jj) vakhshid homandd, 'may it be increased', Wj)p£* l 
tyy yedrunyen ydcl, 'shall be borne', ^V))^ v*))^-"-f makhitund 
yehevundd, 'may he be destroyed', fty) AJ).i> j^ hard yckavimundd, 
'may be done'. 

24. A conditional present tense is formed by adding the auxiliary 
conditional -u 7 y 7 -de, -jw ; y* 7 -de, to the present tense of the 
verb, as }£)){$) vdduncm-de, 'we shall make', yjj)y.j3 yedrunem- 
de, 'we shall carry'. 

25. Conditional preterits are formed by addiDg any of the aux- 
iliary conditionals -w^)A), yiC^i homande, -^j^ 1 ^p> £y* ) ho- 
mande, jyy^yu homanyde, -w 1 y ? -de, -iw 7 u* ? -de, oq» -yde, to 
the past participle of the verb, as -Uj£)A> ^)* hard homande, 'would 
have caused', }£)*> v 4 )))^ yehabund homande, -&£)** ^OO dad 
homande, 'should have created', jyy^yo ^)))^0 yehevund homanyde, 
'would have been', -«)^>0)) hushto-de, 'would have slaughtered', 
■"^vOWi? yemaleJunid-de , 'would have said'. These form?:, like the 
other preterits, are used for all persons without change. And it is 
probable that similar forms may sometimes be used in a passive con- 
ditional sense. 

26. A verbal form with the meaning of the passive present 3 d 



1 This form seems to be used here (Yend. 15, 93 , i 01 .) for the past participle. 
In Yend. 15, 55 , 6 3 , 69 . the passive present is used in the same connection, instead 
of the passive conjunctive, and in Yend. 55, 77; 8 3, 85 , 10 9, m- some MSS. use one 
form and some the other. 



348 Verbs. 

sing., is constructed by adding c^jj ait, c it is' (or its Paz. syn. f^)ii 
hast) to an abstract substantive consisting of the crude verb with an 
abstract suffix 5 -%, as tf)-^))) V yemalcluni-ait, 'it is said' (lit. 'there 
is a saying'), C()~^)iy34 yedrmii-ait, 'is borne', C^^O^ rcji-ait, 'is 
poured', ft^^OSP^S) frwt'hast, 'is deceived'. Similar forms are con- 
structed from abstract substantives consisting of an adjective with the 
abstract suffix 3 -7, as CfJ^O^CO^j pcddki-ait, 'is manifested', 
JtD^tpJO* dzvari-hast, 'is coveted'. 

27. A form with the meaning of a passive infinitive (but always 
used as an abstract substantive) is similarly constructed by using the 
termination ))fQ).u hastano, instead of pfj.u ait, or ft!)- 11 bust, as in 
))FQ)-*0))5tD' u khaditilni-hastand, 'to be seen', ))ft2)- J U9 aM ^0&) pcddki- 
hastano, 'to be manifested'. 

28. Causal verbs have their crude forms constructed by adding 
the syllable y -in to the crude form of the primitive verb and they 
always take the infinitive suffix ))&} idano , even when the primitive 
verb is Huz., as ))^W))fO J<jd sdtuninidand, 'to make go', ))C£) y ))^4?ta 
ydmtuninidano, 'to make happen', ))tfuj.ttjjj^)) qfrdsinidano, 'to make 
exalt', ))c£MJgj£$ sdjtnidano, 'to make burn'. 

29. Denominative verbs are formed by adding the same syllable 
u -in to substantives, or adjectives, to make a crude verb which like- 
wise takes always the suffix ))&$ -idano for its infinitive, as ))CfMJ££) 
peminidano, 'to give milk, suckle, foster', from ^^j pern, 'milk'; ))CO y ^fO 
sudinidano, Ho cause profit', from c*fO s & c h 'profit'; JjtfM^COfc) P?' 
ddkinidano, 'to manifest', from 4<utf)£J peddk, 'evident'; MtfMJ^iy 
rahdkinidano, 'to circulate', from ^\y riibdk, 'current'. 

30. All the regular verbal forms, detailed above, are here collected 
in the conjugation of the Paz. verb ))tf)^))£) pursidano, 'to ask'; and 



Verbs. 349 

examples of the special Huz. forms are added, from the Huz. verb 

))^6)My) vddufitano, 'to do'; but it will be necessary to refer to the 

above notes for all irregular forms. 

The regular Pazand verb ))tf^))£) pursidano, 'to ask'. 

Crude verb : -{}))£) purs (used as a final in compound adjectives). 

Infinitive: ))C£^1)£J pursid and (used as an abstract substantive). 

Past participle, or preterit: c£^))£) pursid. 

Future participle: }*(3-tt))&) pursishn (used as an abstract substantive). 

Present participle : )*>■£))£) pursdn, or 3j(J))£J pur sand. 

Imperative: sing. 1 st ^i3))£) pursdni, or 3u.tf))£j purseni, 2 d <^)))gj 
purs. PI. 2 d c£).tt))£j pursed. 

Present: sing. 1 st >£&))& pursam : -£){)•&))£) pursom, or AJ^))^) pur- 
scm; 2 d -»£>))£) , or oi^, pursih , -*«.tt))£j, j^^))^ or 
-V^MdJ pursth ; 3 d ^-tt))£J pursed. PL i si £&))# pursem; 2 d 
^0^))£J pursed; 3 d -*)0))£J pur sand, or SjJ.tf))£J pur send. 

Future: -uu &ara -f- present. 

Conjunctive: sing. 3 d ^>^))£J pursdd; pi. 3 d 3y*&))g) pursdnd. 

Optative : sing. 2 d ,j^j£fl))£j purseh. 

Perfect, or passive present : sing. 1 st •fyCy* tf}-^))£) pursid homanam, 
■fj^tV^Dd) pfirsid-dm , -f))HO ^t^))£) pursid yehevunam, ^^))£J 
£) ajjJ> pursid yekavimunam, or ^)5tl)^ yt}"^))^ pursid istom; 
and similarly with the other persons. 

Pluperfect, or passive preterit: all persons y>)))q$ CO^))£J V ur8 ty yehe- 
vund 1 ^ou yO^))£J pursid bud, #}>)£)■*> CO^))d pursid yekavi- 
mundd, or ^>»pQ)^ yt^))£) pursid istdd. 

Passive perfect: sing. l 8t £fiyo ?)))H$ yt^))d pursid yehevund ho- 
manam, $£y* yu y^*>))£J pursid bud homanam, y*)^))£J 
jfifyi ytyJiJ) 13 pursicl yekavimundd homanam^ etc. 



350 Verbs. 

Passive pluperfect: all persons ^tV) iM- 1 * ^DW ^0^))£j pursid ychc- 
vund yekavimunad. 

Conjunctive perfect , or passive conjunctive : sing. 3 d p£y-£uj CO^))£J 
pursld homandd, ^tVMW ^0^))£J pursld yehevunud, tf^)f£) 
ft?) ij) 1 * pursid yckavimimdd, etc. PI. 3 d 3y*fi)H ^0^))£) P^ r " 
sid homandnd, $)*>)))H$ ^0^))£J pursul ychevwidnd : ^)^))£J 
Syo) A>)13 pursld yckavimundnd, et\ 

Conditional present: sing 1 st V-£)0))£) P^ rs ^ m -^ e i ~ d J iy^))^} pu r ~ 
sih-de, 3 d ytf}-^))£J purscd-de] pi. 1 st ViJ-^Dd) pursem-dc, 
2 d ytf)-tt((£) piirsed-de, 3 d y^u.tt))£) piirscnd-dc. 

Conditional preterit, or passive conditional: all persons y^W CfV^))£J 
pursid homande, -u>j£)a> e£^))£J pursid homande, ycO^))£J 
purstd-de, or similar forms. 

Passive present phrase: tf)J(^))£J pursi-ait, or ^Q) ~-iy^))£J pursi-hast. 

Passive infinitive phrase : ))flQ) ^O^Jfcl pursi-hastand (abst. sub.). 

Causal infinitive : ))tf)y^))£J pursinidano. 

Denominative infinitive: ))&})> W^Q pursdkinidano, 'to make inquiry'. 

31. The Huzvaresh verb ))^»)My) vdduntano, 'to do', differs from 
the regular Pazand verb only in the following forms : 
Crude verb : )uy\ vddun. 
Infinitive : ))^)My) vdduntand. 
Past participle, or preterit: ^°)Hy) vddund. 
Imperative: sing. 2 d )wyj vddun. 

Present: sing. 1 st -^Hy) vddCnam; pi. 3 d ^)HV) vddund. 
Optative: pi. 3 d U}))fJ) vddunijCn. 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proces 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: July 2007 

PreservationTechnologiej 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATIO 
1 1 1 Thomson Parte Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



